Titrations, pH and pOH, hydrogen ion transfer

1 [H+ (aq)] [OH– (aq)]

a 2.5 10–3 4.0 10–12 f 1.0 10–7 1.0 10–7

b 1.26 10–12 7.94 10–3 g 1.0 10–14 1.0

c 3.9 10–8 2.6 10–7 h 0.63 1.6 10–14

d 5.0 10–6 2.0 10–9 i 2.5 10–14 0.40

e 1.00 10–10 1.00 10–4 j 1.0 1.0 10–14

a 0.3 e 10.1 i 7.0

b 1.7 f 11.8 j 7.0

c 2.2 g 11.0

d 13.7 h 7.0

a I– c NH2– e HS–

b CN– d CO32–

a HI c NH4+ e OH–

b HPO42– d H2CO3

Conjugate Acid Substance Conjugate Base

H3O+ H2O OH–

H2O OH– O2–

NH4+ NH3 NH2–

H2SO4 HSO4– SO42–

HCO3– CO32– none

H2CO3 HCO3– CO32–

H3PO4 H2PO4– HPO42–

a 2.0 c 6.0

b 4.0 d 7.0

a 1.23 mL b 6.0
8

a [H+] = 1.6 10–13 M, [OH–] = 6.2 10–2 M

b 12.8

9 200 mL 10 12.7

11

a Na+ cannot be an acid or base, Cl– is a too weak as a base to take H+ ions out of water
so the solution remains neutral

b Na+ cannot be an acid or base, F– is a strong enough base to take H+ ions out of some
of the water molecules: F– (aq) + H2O (l) HF (aq) + OH– (aq) so the solution has an
excess of OH ions
–

c NH3 acts as a base in water, taking some of the H+ ions from water molecules:

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH– (aq)

d Cl– is a too weak as a base to take H+ ions out of water, NH4+ acts as an acid and gives
H+ ions to some water molecules:

NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l) NH3(aq) + H3O+ (aq)

e Na+ cannot be an acid or base, CH3COO– acts as a base in water:

CH3COO– (aq) + H2O(l) CH3COOH(aq) + OH–(aq)

12

a 1.6 c 12.0

b 1.3 d 7.0

e 12.2

13

a conjugate acid is H3PO4, conjugate base is HPO42–

b conjugate acid is H2PO4–, conjugate base is PO43–

c conjugate acid is HPO42–, conjugate base is impossible

d NaH2PO4
14

a HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl– (aq)

stronger base weaker base

b HF (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + F– (aq)

weaker base stronger base

c F– > H2O > Cl–

d HCl > H3O+ > HF

e The fluoride ions would “steal” most of the H+ ions from the H3O+ (aq) in the solution
(and so the pH would increase.)

F– (aq) + H3O+ (aq) H2O (l) + HF (aq)

stronger base weaker base

15

a 0.010 M

b 0.020

16

a CH3COOH (aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO– (aq)

b 4.0 10–3 M

c 0.40 % d 0.0040 M

17

a 1.58 10–3 M

b NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH– (aq)

c 1.6 %

d 62:1

e most of the dissolved substance is present as NH3 (aq) molecules and only a tiny
percentage have changed into NH4+ (aq) and OH– (aq) ions by reacting with H2O.

18

a 0.010 mol b 1.50 10–3 mol c 1.34

19

a HSO4– (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + SO42– (aq)

b 10 %
21

a 1.5 d 7.0 g 12.3

b 1.8 e 11.4

c 2.6 f 12.0

22

a nitric acid

b nitric acid

c nitric acid

d both acids

e both acids neutralise the same amount of NaOH

23

a <7 e >7 i =7

b =7 f <7 j <7

c <7 g =7

d >7 h <7

24

a LiOH = 13.0, CaBr2 = 7.0, NH3 = 11.2, NH4NO3 = 5.2, HI = 1.0

b 0.10 M

25 2.89

26

a red b yellow c green

27

a 1.0 10–4 M H3O+(aq) and 1.0 10–10 M OH– (aq)

b blue

c seawater

d blood

e Hydrolysis of carbonate ions produces hydroxide ions which then raise the pH:

CO32– (aq) + H2O (l) OH– (aq) + HCO3– (aq)

28

a #1

b all require the same amount (i.e. 0.010 mol) of NaOH

29

a 2.25 g

b 1. Weigh out exactly 2.25 g of solid oxalic acid using an analytical balance.

2. Dissolve the acid in water and transfer to a 250 mL volumetric flask (use a funnel).

3. Rinse to ensure all the acid is transferred.

4. Fill the volumetric flask to the meniscus with water, stopper and mix thoroughly.

30

a 2g

b Weigh out approximately 2 g of solid NaOH, dissolve in water and make up to 500 mL
in a volumetric flask. Standardise this solution by titrating it against the standard
oxalic acid solution from Q.22.

31 9 mL; Measure out approximately 9 mL of the concentrated acid using a measuring

cylinder. Add this to some water in a beaker then transfer this solution to a 500 mL
volumetric flask and make up to 500 mL. Standardise the approximately 0.2 M HCl
solution by titration against the standard NaOH solution from Q.23

32 0.0858 M

33 Both pipettes and burettes measure exact volumes of solutions. These instruments must
be rinsed with the solution to be measured to ensure that the concentration and purity
remain constant. Beakers and flasks have an exact numbers of moles of a substance
placed into them, so adding water does not affect the number of moles of the measured
substance.
34

a phenolphthalein – colourless to pink b bromothymol blue – yellow to green

c methyl orange or methyl red – red to orange.

35 0.0400 M

36

a 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O

b 0.154 mol c 45.0 %

37

a hydrofluoric > cyanic > formic > acetic > hypochlorous

b OCl– > CH3COO– > HCOO– > OCN– > F–

38

i H2O (l) + 3O
–
(aq) CH3OH (aq) + OH– (aq)

ii HNO3 (aq) + 2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3– (aq)

iii H3O+ (aq) + CN– (aq) HCN (aq) + H2O (l)

iv HCN (aq) + –
(aq) H2O (l) + CN– (aq)

b CH3O– > OH– > CN– > H2O > NO3–

c HNO3 > H3O+ > HCN > H2O > CH3OH

39

a HF(aq) + SO42– (aq) HSO4– (aq) + F– (aq) L.H.S. favoured

b H3PO4(aq) + NO3– (aq) HNO3 (aq) + H2PO4– (aq) L.H.S. favoured

c NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) H2O(l) + NH3(aq) R.H.S. favoured

40

a 3.66 10–3 mol c 2.44 10–3 mol

b 2.44 10–3 mol d 6.10 10–4 mol

e 6.10 10–3 M Na2CO3 and 0.0244 M NaOH

41 7.0 mL

42 90.0 u

43

a 0.00500 mol c 0.00352 mol

b 0.00148 mol d 284 u

44
 a 1.08 10–2 mol d 4.69 10 –3
mol

b 1.42 10–3 mol e 24.5%

c 9.38 10–3 mol f 1.09 g BaSO4

45

a the pH decreases showing that H+ (aq) concentration increased

b approx. 6

c This is a weak base /strong acid titration so the salt formed hydrolyses to produce
some H+ (H3O+) ions and these lower the pH

d phenolphthalein changes colour before the equivalence point is reached

e No. Cresol red changes colour after the equivalence point is reached

f 100 mL g 0.700 M

46 KOH = 0.500 M, HNO3 = 0.200 M

47

a 1.0 d 2.6 g 12.0

b 1.5 e 7.0 h 12.3

c 1.8 f 11.4
48

Indicator Colour of HIn Colour of In– Transition pH

Methyl orange red yellow 3 – 4.5
Litmus red blue 5–8
Bromothymol blue yellow blue 6 – 7.5
Phenolphthalein colourless purple 8.5 – 10

b methyl orange (because the smallest number of OH– ions are needed to remove its H+
ions and thus change its colour);

c phenolphthalein d C27H27Br2O5S–