Literature

• Derived from the Latin term ‘litera’ which

means letter.
• Faithful reproduction of man’s manifold
experiences blended into one harmonious
expression.
• The body of all written works
Philippine Literature
• It is the body of works, both oral
and written, that Filipinos, whether
native, naturalized, or foreign born Analyzing Poetry
have created about the experience
of people living in or relating to  Most significant assumptions of people
Philippine society. when analyzing poetry is that it has a
Pre-colonial Period hidden message.
Spanish Period  There are some types of poems where the
Revolutionary Period message is clearly there and there is no
American Period meaning at all.
Japanese Period
Contemporary
First Approach: Theme
Fiction
A form of any narrative or informative work that  The theme is the central concept or idea of
deals with informative/events that are imaginary. the poem
ex: short story, novels, films  It is the message an author wants to
communicate through the piece
Non- Fiction  Often the theme of a story is a broad
Form of any narrative account or other message about life.
communicative work based on facts, When looking for the theme, you need to ask
Ex: news, biography, history, etc. yourself:
1. What is this poem talking about?
Prose 2. Does this poem involves issues and what
Consists of those written within the common flow are these issues?
of conversation in sentences and paragraphs 3. What is the general message of this poem?
4. Are there life realizations that this poem is
Poetry trying to convey?
Refers to those expression in verse, with measure 5. What is the conclusion in this poem?
and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more
melodious tone.

Second Approach: Emotion

Emotion in poetry is the mood or feeling created For example:

by the writers for the readers and it is vital for a First, a poem must be magical, (a)
story’s lasting power Then musical as a seagull. (a)
Poets love to emanate emotions through their It must be a brightness moving (b)
works. They are expressive in nature and this can And hold secret a bird’s flowering (b)
be seen in the way that they write -First, A Poem Must Be Magical, Jose Garcia Villa
The common questions you ask yourself would be:
1. How does this poem make you feel? Rhyme Scheme - is the pattern of end rhymes that
2. Is there a certain emotion the author is may be designated by assigning a different letter of
trying to project? the alphabet to each new rhyme
3. What emotions is the speaker of the poem
feeling? Fourth Approach: Rhyme and meter

Third Approach: Structure and Form Meter- describes the rhythm (or pattern of beats) in
 Lines-the way poems are written, may or a line of poetry
not be sentences
 Stanzas-are series of lines grouped together -it is a combination of the number of beats and the
and separated by an empty line from other arrangement of stressed and non-stressed syllables
stanzas. in each line
Couplet- two lines
Tercet- three lines Iambic meter- one unstressed syllable followed
Quatrain- four lines by a stressed syllable
Cinquain- five lines
Example: That time | of year | thou mayst |
Sestet- six lines
in me | behold
Septet- seven lines
Octave-eight lines Trochaic- one stressed syllable followed by
unstressed syllable
Fourth Approach: Rhyme and meter
Example: Tell me | not in | mournful | numbers
 Rhyme- similarity of sounds at the end of
words Anapestic- two unstressed syllable followed by a
 End rhyme-occurs at the end of the lines stressed syllable
 Internal rhyme- occurs within the line of
poetry Example: And the sound | of a voice | that is still

Dactylic- stressed syllable followed by two

unstressed syllable
Fourth Approach: Rhyme and meter
Example: This is the | forest pri | meval, the
Each line of a poem contains a certain number of | murmuring | pine and the | hemlocks
feet of iambs, trochees, dactyls or anapests
monometer- 1 foot pentameter- 5 feet Example - And all the air a solemn stillness holds.
(T. Gray)
dimeter- 2 feet hexameter- 6 feet - Mike likes his new bike
trimeter- 3 feet heptameter- 7 feet
Onomatopoeia: words that sound like that which
tetrameter- 4 feet octameter- 8 feet they describe -
Example:
 • That time | of year | thou mayst | in me | Boom! Crash! Pow! Quack! Moo!
behold
Repetition: the repetition of entire lines or phrases
(Iambic pentameter) to emphasize key thematic ideas.
• Tell me | not in | mournful | number Example:
The president said “work, work, and only work
(Trochaic tetrameter) are the key to success”
• And the sound | of a voice | that is still
Parallel Stucture: a form of repetition where the
(Anapestic Trimeter) order of verbs and nouns is repeated; it may
involve exact words, but it more importantly
• This is the | forest pri | meval, the repeats sentence structure
| murmuring | pine and the | hemlocks Example:
"I came, I saw, I conquered"
(Dactylic hexameter)
Fifth Approach: Sound Sixth Approach: Meaning
Sound Devices
Alliteration: the repetition of initial sounds on the Connotation – this uses symbolism. A word or a
same line or stanza phrase may have associations to it or symbols that
Example - Big bad Bob bounced bravely. would stand as its meaning. E.g. heart = love
Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds
(anywhere in the middle or end of a line or stanza) Denotation – this is taking the literal route of the
Example - Tilting at windmills word or phrase. Anything uttered will mostly focus
Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds on the dictionary definition. E.g. heart = a
(anywhere in the middle or end of a line or stanza) muscular organ that pumps blood through the
circulatory system of a living creature.

Sixth Approach: Meaning

Figurative Devices
Simile – a comparison of the subject to another
and are usually introduced or connected with like
or as. E.g. “My love is like a red, red rose” –
Robert Burns
Metaphor – a comparison between the subject and
another but without like or as. E.g. “Life is a
broken-winged bird” – Langston Hughes
Hyperbole– a figure of speech that uses extreme
exaggeration to make a point or show emphasis
e.g. - This game is taking forever
Personification – occurs when an inanimate object
is given humanistic qualities.
E.g. “O wind, that sings so loud a song!”- Robert
 Louis Stevenson

GE 10
POINTERS

*The components in the ecosystem

*Population and urbanization
*The rule of species in the ecosystem
*Ecological footprints
*Predator and prey relationship
*Extinction & evolution
*Mechanism of food chain and food web
*Different interactions
*Natural selection
*Sustainability
*Process of photosynthesis & energy flow
*Difference between population, community
*Fossils & pioneers
*Cells & genetics / genetics of the cell
*Energy flow
*Trophic levels