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 PPS Unit-VI DIT,Pimpri

Dr. D. Y. PATIL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PIMPRI, PUNE-18

Department of First Year Engineering
Programming and Problem Solving
Unit- 4 Notes
_________________________________________________________________________
Unit IV: Strings
4.1 Strings and Operations

Q 1. What is String? With the help of example explain how we can create string
variable in python.
Ans:
 Strings data type is sequence of characters, where characters could be letter, digit,
whitespace or any other symbol.
a. Creation of Strings:
o Strings in Python can be created using single quotes or double quotes or even
triple quotes.
o Example:
string1 = 'Welcome' # Creating a String with single Quotes
string2 = "Welcome" # Creating a String with double Quotes
string3 = '''Welcome''' # Creating a String with Triple Quotes

b. Accessing strings:
o In Python, individual characters of a String can be accessed by using the method
of Indexing or range slice method [:].
o Indexing allows negative address references to access characters from the back
of the String, e.g. -1 refers to the last character, -2 refers to the second last
character and so on.

String W E L C O M E
Indexing 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Negative Index -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

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o Example:
string = 'Welcome'
print(string[0]) #Accessing string with index
print(string[1])
print(string[2])
print(srting[0:2]) #Accessing string with range slice
method

Output:
w
e
l
wel

c. Deleting/Updating from a String:

o In Python, updating or deletion of characters from a String is not allowed as
Strings are immutable.
o Although deletion of entire String is possible with the use of a built-in del
keyword.
o Example:
string='welcome'
del string

Q 2. Explain Operations on string.

Ans:
Operation Description Example Output
Concatenation(+) -It joins two strings x="Good" Good Morning
and returns new list. y="Morning"
z=x+y
print(z)

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Append (+=) -Append operation x="Good" Good Morning

adds one string at y="Morning"
the end of another x+=y
string print(x)
Repetition(*) -It repeats elements x="Hello" HelloHello
from the strings n y=x*2
number of times print(y)
Slice [] - It will give you x="Hello" e
character from a print(x[1])
specified index.

Range slice[:] -It will give you x="Hello" He

characters from print(x[0:2])
specified range slice.

4.2 Strings are immutable

Q 3. Python strings are immutable. Comment on this.
Ans:
 Python Strings are immutable, which means that once it is created it cannot be changed.
 Whenever you try to change/modify an existing string, a new string is created.
 As every object (variable) is stored at some address in computer memory.
 The id() function is available in python which returns the address of object(variable) in
memory. With the help of memory locations/address we can see that for every
modification, string get new address in memory.
 Here is the example to demonstration the address change of string after modification.
# prints string1 and its address
string1="Good"
print("String1 value is: ",string1)
print("Address of string1 is: ",id(string1)

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# prints string2 and its address

string2="Morning"
print("String2 value is: ",string2)
print("Address of string2 is: ",id(string2)

#appending string1 to string2

string1+= string2
print("String1 value is: ",string1)
print("Address of string1 is: ",id(string1)

Output:
String1 value is: Good
Address of String1 is: 1000

String2 value is: Morning

Address of String1 is: 2000

String1 value is: GoodMorning

Address of String1 is: 3000

 From the above output you can see string1 has address 1000 before modification. In
later output you can see that string1 has new address 3000 after modification.
 It is very clear that, after some operations on a string new string get created and it has
new memory location. This is because strings are unchangeable/ immutable in nature.
Modifications are not allowed on string but new string can be created at new address
by adding/appending new string.

4.3 Strings formatting operator

Q 4. Explain various ways of string formatting with example.
Ans:
 In python, % sign is a string formatting operator.

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 PPS Unit-VI DIT,Pimpri

 The % operator takes a format string on the left and the corresponding values in a
tuple on the right.
 The format operator, % allows users to replace parts of string with the data stored in
variables.
 The syntax for string formatting operation is:
"<format>" % (<values>)
 The statement begins with a format string consisting of a sequence of characters and
conversion specification.
 Following the format string is a % sign and then a set of values, one per conversion
specification, separated by commas and enclosed in parenthesis.
 If there is single value then parenthesis is optional.
 Following is the list of format characters used for printing different types of data:
Format Purpose
Symbol
%c Character
%d or %i Signed decimal integer
%s String

%u Unsigned decimal integer

%o Octal integer

%x or %X Hexadecimal integer

%e or %E Exponential notation

%f Floating point number

%g or %G Short numbers in floating point or exponential notation

Example: Program to use format sequences while printing a string.

name="Amar"
age=8
print("Name = %s and Age = %d" %(name,age))
print("Name = %s and Age = %d" %("Ajit",6))

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 PPS Unit-VI DIT,Pimpri

Output:
Name = Amar and Age = 8
Name = Ajit and Age = 6

In the output, we can see that %s has been replaced by a string and %d has been replaced by
an integer value.

4.4 Built-in String methods and functions

Q 5. List and explain any 5 string methods.
Or
Q. Explain the use of ______ ( ) with the help of an example.
Ans.
Sr. Function Usage Example
No.
1 capitalize() This function is used to capitalize str="hello"
first letter of string. print(str.capitalize())
output:
Hello
2 isalnum() Returns true if string has at least 1 message="JamesBond007"
character and every character is print(message.isalnum())
either a number or an alphabet and output:
False otherwise. True
3 isalpha() Returns true if string has at least 1 message="JamesBond007"
character and every character is an print(message.isalpha())
alphabet and False otherwise. output:
False
4 isdigit() Returns true if string has at least 1 message="007"
character and every character is a print(message.isdigit())
digit and False otherwise. output:
True
5 islower() Returns true if string has at least 1 message="Hello"

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character and every character is a print(message.islower())

lowercase alphabet and False output:
otherwise. False
6 isspace() Returns true if string contains only message=" "
white space character and False print(message.isspace())
otherwise. output:
True
7 isupper() Returns true if string has at least 1 message="HELLO"
character and every character is an print(message.isupper())
uppercase alphabet and False output:
otherwise. True
8 len(string) Returns length of the string. str="Hello"
print(len(str))
output:
5
9 zfill(width) Returns string left padded with str="1234"
zeros to a total of width characters. print(str.zfill(10))
It is used with numbers and also output:
retains its sign (+ or -). 0000001234
10 lower() Converts all characters in the string str="Hello"
into lowercase. print(str.lower())
output:
hello
11 upper() Converts all characters in the string str="Hello"
into uppercase. print(str.upper())
output:
HELLO
12 lstrip() Removes all leading white space in str=" Hello"
string. print(str.lstrip())
output:
Hello

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13 rstrip() Removes all trailing white space in str=" Hello "

string. print(str.rstrip())
output:
Hello
14 strip() Removes all leading white space str=" Hello "
and trailing white space in string. print(str.strip())
output:
Hello
15 max(str) Returns the highest alphabetical str="hello friendz"
character (having highest ASCII print(max(str))
value) from the string str. output:
z
16 min(str) Returns the lowest alphabetical str="hellofriendz"
character (having lowest ASCII print(min(str))
value) from the string str. output:
d
17 replace(old,new[, max]) Replaces all or max (if given) str="hello hello hello"
occurrences of old in string with print(str.replace("he","Fo"))
new. output:
Follo Follo Follo
18 title() Returns string in title case. str="The world is beautiful"
print(str.title())
output:
The World Is Beautiful
19 swapcase() Toggles the case of every character str="The World Is
(uppercase character becomes Beautiful"
lowercase and vice versa). print(str.swapcase())
output:
tHE wORLD iS
bEAUTIFUL
20 split(delim) Returns a list of substrings str="abc,def, ghi,jkl"

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 PPS Unit-VI DIT,Pimpri

separated by the specified print(str.split(','))

delimiter. If no delimiter is output:
specified then by default it splits ['abc', 'def', ' ghi', 'jkl']
strings on all whitespace
characters.
21 join(list It is just the opposite of split. The print('-'.join(['abc', 'def', '
function joins a list of strings using ghi', 'jkl']))
delimiter with which the function output:
is invoked. abc-def- ghi-jkl
22 isidentifier() Returns true if the string is a valid str="Hello"
identifier. print(str.isidentifier())
output:
True
23 enumerate(str) Returns an enumerate object that str="Hello World"
lists the index and value of all the print(list(enumerate(str)))
characters in the string as pairs. output:
[(0, 'H'), (1, 'e'), (2, 'l'), (3,
'l'), (4, 'o'), (5, ' '), (6, 'W'),
(7, 'o'), (8, 'r'), (9, 'l'), (10,
'd')]

4.5 Slice operation

Q 6. What is slice operation? Explain with example.
Ans.
Slice: A substring of a string is called a slice.
A slice operation is used to refer to sub-parts of sequences and strings.
Slicing Operator: A subset of a string from the original string by using [] operator
known as Slicing Operator.

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Indices in a String

Index from
P Y T H O N
the start
0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Index from
Syntax:
the end
string_name[start:end]
where start- beginning index of substring
end -1 is the index of last character

Program to demonstrate slice operation on string objects

str=”PYTHON”
print(“str[1:5]= “, str[1:5]) #characters start at index 1 and extending upto index 4
# but not including index 5
print(“str[ :6]= “, str[ :6]) # By defaults indices start at index 0
print(“str[1: ]= “, str[1: ]) # By defaults indices ends upto last index
print(“str[ : ]= “, str[ : ]) # By defaults indices start at index 0 and end upto last
#character in the string
#negative index
print(“str[-1]= “, str[ -1]) # -1 indicates last character
print(“str[ :-2 ]= “, str[ : -2]) #all characters upto -3
print(“str[ -2: ]= “, str[ -2: ]) #characters from index -2
print(“str[-5 :-2 ]= “, str[ -5: -2]) # characters from index -5 upto character index -3

OUTPUT
str[1:5]= YTHO
str[ :6]= PYTHON
str[1: ]= YTHON
str[ : ]= PYTHON

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 PPS Unit-VI DIT,Pimpri

str[-1]= N
str[ :-2 ]= PYTH
str[ -2: ]= ON
str[-5 :-2 ]= YTH

Specifying Stride while Slicing Strings

 In the slice operation, you can specify a third argument as the stride, which refers
to the number of characters to move forward after the first character is retrieved
from the string.
 The default value of stride is 1, i.e. where value of stride is not specified, its
default value of 1 is used which means that every character between two index
number is retrieved.
Program to use slice operation with stride
str=” Welcome to the world of Python“
print(“str[ 2: 10]= “, str[2:10]) #default stride is 1
print(“str[ 2:10:1 ]= “, str[2:10:1]) #same as stride=1
print(“str[ 2:10:2 ]= “, str[2:10:2]) #skips every alternate character
print(“str[ 2:10:4 ]= “, str[2:10:4]) #skips every fourth character

OUTPUT
str[ 2: 10]=lcome to
str[ 2: 10]= lcome to
str[ 2:10:2 ]=loet
str[ 2:10:4 ]=l
 Whitespace characters are skipped as they are also part of the string.

4.6 ord() and chr() functions
Q 7.Write a short note on ord() and chr() functions
Ans.
 The ord() function return the ASCII code of the character

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 The chr() function returns character represented by a ASCII number.

ch=’R’ print(chr(82)) print(chr(112)) print(ord(‘p’))

print(ord(ch))

OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT

82 R p 112

4.7 in and not in operators

Q 8.Write a short note on in and not in operators
OR
Q.With the help of example, explain significance of membership operators.
Ans.
 in and not in operators can be used with strings to determine whether a string is
present in another string. Therefore the in and not in operator is known as
membership operators.

 For example:
str1=” Welcome to the world of Python!!!“ str1=” This is very good book“
str2=”the” str2=”best”
if str2 in str1: if str2 in str1:
print(“found”) print(“found”)
else: else:
print(“Not found”) print(“Not found”)

OUTPUT OUTPUT
Found Not found

 You can also use in and not in operators to check whether a character is present in a
word.
 For example:
‘u‘ in “starts” ‘v‘ not in “success”

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 PPS Unit-VI DIT,Pimpri

OUTPUT OUTPUT
False True

4.8 Comparing strings

Q 9. Explain string comparison operator with example?
Ans.
 Python allows us to combine strings using relational (or comparison) operators such
as >, <, <=,>=, etc.
 Some of these operators along with their description and usage are given as follows:
Operator Description Example
== If two strings are equal, it returns True. >>>”AbC”==”AbC”
True
!= or <> If two strings are not equal, it returns True. >>>”AbC”!=”Abc”
True
> If the first string is greater than the second, it >>>”abc”>”Abc”
returns True. True
< If the second string is greater than the first, it >>>”abC”<”abc”
returns True. True
>= If the first string is greater than or equal to >>>”aBC”>=””ABC”
the second, it returns True. True
<= If the second string is greater than or equal to >>>”ABc”<=”ABc”
the first, it returns True. True

 These operators compare the strings by using ASCII value of the characters.
 The ASCII values of A-Z are 65-90 and ASCII code for a-z is 97-122.
 For example, book is greater than Book because the ASCII value of ‘b’ is 98 and ‘B’
is 66.

String Comparison Programming Examples: (Any one)

 There are different ways of comparing two strings in Python programs:

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 Using the ==(equal to) operator for comparing two strings:

 If we simply require comparing the values of two variables then you may use
the ‘==’ operator.
 If strings are same, it evaluates to True, otherwise False.

 Example1:
first_str='Kunal works at Phoenix'
second_str='Kunal works at Phoenix'
print("First String:", first_str)
print("Second String:", second_str)
#comparing by ==
if first_str==second_str:
print("Both Strings are Same")
else:
print("Both Strings are Different")

Output:
First String: Kunal works at Phoenix
Second String: Kunal works at Phoenix
Both Strings are Same

 Example2(Checking Case Sensitivity):

first_str='Kunal works at PHOENIX'
second_str='Kunal works at Phoenix'
print("First String:", first_str)
print("Second String:", second_str)
#comparing by ==
if first_str==second_str:
print("Both Strings are Same")
else:
print("Both Strings are Different")

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 PPS Unit-VI DIT,Pimpri

Output:
First String: Kunal works at PHOENIX
Second String: Kunal works at Phoenix
Both Strings are Different

 Using the !=(not equal to) operator for comparing two strings:
 The != operator works exactly opposite to ==, that is it returns true is both
the strings are not equal.
 Example:
first_str='Kunal works at Phoenix'
second_str='Kunal works at Phoenix'
print("First String:", first_str)
print("Second String:", second_str)
#comparing by !=
if first_str!=second_str:
print("Both Strings are Different")
else:
print("Both Strings are Same")
output:
First String: Kunal works at Phoenix
Second String: Kunal works at Phoenix
Both Strings are Same

 Using the is operator for comparing two strings:

 The is operator compares two variables based on the object id and returns
True if the two variables refer to the same object.
 Example:
name1=”Kunal”
name2=”Shreya”
print(“name1:”,name1)

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 PPS Unit-VI DIT,Pimpri

print(“name2:”,name2)
print(“Both are same”,name1 is name2)
name2=”Kunal”
print(“name1:”,name1)
print(“name2:”,name2)
print(“Both are same”,name1 is name2)
 Output:
name1=Kunal
name2=Shreya
Both are same False
name1=Kunal
name2=Kunal
Both are same True
 In the above example, name2 gets the value of Kunal and subsequently
name1 and name2 refer to the same object.

4.9 Iterating strings
Q. No.10 How to iterate a string using:
Ans.
i) for loop with example
ii) while loop with example
Ans.

 String is a sequence type (sequence of characters).

 We can iterate through the string using:

i) for loop:
 for loop executes for every character in str.
 The loop starts with the first character and automatically ends when
the last character is accessed.
 Example-

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 PPS Unit-VI DIT,Pimpri

str=”Welcome to python”
for i in str:
print(i,end=’ ’)
Output-
Welcome to Python

ii) while loop:

 We can also iterate through the string using while loop by writing the
following code.
 Example-
message=” Welcome to python”
index=0
while index < len(message):
letter=message[index]
print(letter,end=’ ‘)
index=index+1
Output-
Welcome to Python

 In the above program the loop traverses the string and displays each
letter.
 The loop condition is index < len(message), so the moment index
becomes equal to the length of the string, the condition evaluates to
False, and the body of the loop is not executed.
 Index of the last character is len(message)-1.

4.10 The string module

Q. No. 11 Write a note on string module?
 The string module consists of a number of useful constants, classes and functions.
 These functions are used to manipulate strings.

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 String Constants: Some constants defined in the string module are:

 string.ascii_letters: Combination of ascii_lowecase and ascii_uppercase
constants.
 string.ascii_lowercase: Refers to all lowercase letters from a-z.
 string.ascii_uppercase: Refers to all uppercase letters from A-Z.
 string.lowercase: A string that has all the characters that are considered
lowercase letters.
 string.uppercase: A string that has all the characters that are considered
uppercase letters.
 string.digits:Refers to digits from 0-9.
 string.hexdigits: Refers to hexadecimal digits,0-9,a-f, and A-F.
 string.octdigits: Refers to octal digits from 0-7.
 string.punctuation: String of ASCII characters that are considered to be
punctuation characters.
 string.printable: String of printable characters which includes digits, letters,
punctuation, and whitespaces.
 string.whitespace: A string that has all characters that are considered
whitespaces like space, tab, return, and vertical tab.
 Example: (Program that uses different methods such as upper, lower, split, join,
count, replace, and find on string object)
str=”Welcome to the world of Python”
print(“Uppercase-“, str.upper())
print(“Lowercase-“, str.lower())
print(“Split-“, str.split())
print(“Join-“, ‘-‘.join(str.split()))
print(“Replace-“,str.replace(“Python”,”Java”))
print(“Count of o-“, str.count(‘o’))
print(“Find of-“,str.find(“of”))

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