CHAPTER FIVE

Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of

Elements
 Energy

• Energy: The ability to do work

• Earth has two sources of heat energy:
a. External source: The energy provided
by the sun
b. Internal source: The decay of
radioactive substances and
compression inside the Earth
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Electromagnetic Energy
• Electromagnetic Energy: a type of energy that is given off in the form
of transverse waves from all matter not at absolute zero
• Transverse waves: vibrate at 90 degree angles to the direction in
which they are moving
• Visible light is the type of electromagnetic energy that we are most
familiar with.

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• Electromagnetic Spectrum—name for the range of
electromagnetic waves when placed in order of
increasing frequency

ULTRAVIOLET GAMMA
RADIO INFRARED
RAYS RAYS
WAVES RAYS
MICROWAVES X-RAYS
VISIBLE LIGHT

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 Noticethe
Notice thewavelength
wavelengthisis
long(Radio
long (Radiowaves)
waves)and
andgets
getsshorter
shorter(Gamma
(GammaRays)
Rays)

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Some Definitions
• Wavelength: The distance from one crest to the next crest or the
distance between any two corresponding points on two consecutive
waves

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Electromagnetic waves and us
• Visible light is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can
been seen by humans
• Infrared energy is often felt due to its heating effects
• Ultraviolet waves causes the skin to tan or burn

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 •Brief SUMMARY
• A. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed.
(300,000,000 meters/second) in a vacuum.
• B. They all have different wavelengths and different
frequencies.
• Long wavelength-lowest frequency
• Short wavelength highest frequency
• The higher the frequency the higher the energy.

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Brief SUMMARY

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Characteristics of Waves

• Wavelength (λ – lambda) – the shortest distance between the same points

on a wave; usually measure in meters, centimeters, or nanometers
• Frequency (f)– the number of waves that pass a given point per second; 1
Hertz equals 1 wave per second (1/s or s-1)
• Amplitude is a waves height from origin to crest

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Speed of Light
• All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light
in a vacuum and this value is a very important
constant
c = 3.00 x 108 meters per second (m/s)

• The speed of light is related to wavelength and

frequency by the following equation:
c = wavelength x frequency
or
c=λf

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Using the Equation
•c=λf
• Looking at the
equation, you can
see that
wavelength and
frequency are
inversely related,
so as one increases
the other
decreases and vice
versa.

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Calculations
• Because all electromagnetic radiation travels at the same speed
(speed of light), we can use the formula c = λ f to calculate
wavelength and frequency any wave. Remember c = speed of light!

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4. The yellow light given off by a sodium vapor lamp used for public
lighting has a wavelength of 589nm. What is the frequency of this
radiation?

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Quantum?
• A quantum is the minimum amount of energy that can be
gained or lost by an atom; so matter can gain or lose energy
only in small, specific amounts.

• So how does that relate to energy levels in

an atom?

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Ground State vs. Excited State
The ground state of an electron is the
lowest energy level possible for that
electron. It’s comfortable there. By
adding energy, like heat or light,
electrons can be exited and move up to
a new energy level – they would then be
in an “excited state”.
This “excited state” is very
uncomfortable for the electron, it wants
to be back home in its ground state
energy level, so it loses the energy it
gained (the quantized amount) and
begins to drop back down to its lowest
energy level (kind of like stepping down
a ladder).
Sometimes the energy it loses can be
seen as colors of light because the
frequency of the energy is in the “visible
light” range.”
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Photons
• A photon is a particle of electromagnetic radiation
(like visible light) with no mass that carries a quantum
of energy. So basically, it’s a package of
electromagnetic radiation with a set amount of
energy.
• Photons can travel at different wavelengths and
frequencies, so we interpret that as different colors of
light. (remember, visible light can have different
wavelengths and frequencies that we see as different
colors!)

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Bohr’s Model

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• We can use this equation to relate the amount of
quantum energy to the actual frequency of the
radiation.
E = hf
E is the quantum energy or a photon’s energy, h is
Planck’s constant (6.626 x 10-34 J · s), f is the
frequency
E = hv

• E = energy (J)
• h = Planck’s constant (6.626 x 10-34 J.s)
• v = frequency (Hz or s-1)
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Practice
1. What is the energy for the following type of radiation?

6.32 x 1020 s-1

2. Use the Electromagnetic Spectrum to determine the type of

radiation described in problem #1.

3. When copper is bombarded with high-energy electrons, X rays are

emitted. Calculate the energy (in joules) associated with the photons if the
wavelength of the X rays is 0.154 nm.

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Bohr’s Model

Nucleus

Electron

Orbit

Energy Levels
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Bohr Model of Atom
Increasing energy
n=3 of orbits

e- n=2 e-

n=1 e-
e-
e-
e- e- e-

e-
e-
e-
A photon is emitted
with energy E = hf

The Bohr model of the atom, like many ideas in

the history of science, was at first prompted by
and later partially disproved by experimentation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry
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 Modern View

• The atom is mostly empty space

• Two regions
• Nucleus
• protons and neutrons
• Electron cloud
• region where you might find an electron

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Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals
• The Bohr model assumes that the electron is in a circular orbit of a
particular radius.
• In the quantum mechanical model, the electron’s location is based on
the probability that the electron will be in a certain region of space.

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Quantum Numbers
possible
quantum number symbol represents
numbers
principle quantum energy 1, 2, 3, 4,
n
number level 5, 6, 7
angular momentum
l sublevel 0, 1, 2, 3
quantum number
magnetic quantum -3, -2, -1,
ml orbital
number 0, 1, 2, 3
spin magnetic +1/2 or
ms spin
quantum number -1/2

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Sample Exercise
• Predict the number of subshells in the fourth shell, n = 4. Give the
label for each of these subshells. How many orbitals are in each of
these subshells?

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Practice Exercise
• What is the designation for the subshell with n = 5
and l = 1?

• How many orbitals are in this subshell?

• Indicate the values of ml for each of these orbitals.

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Representations of Orbitals

• The s orbital has spherical symmetry. As n increases, the distance

from the nucleus increases for s orbitals.
• An intermediate point at which a probability function goes to zero is
called a node.

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p Orbitals
• The electron density for p orbitals occurs in two regions on either side
of the nucleus, separated by a node. The two regions are called lobes.
• Each p orbital has the same energy.

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d Orbitals
• There are 5 d orbitals which all have the same energy.

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f Orbitals
• There are 7 f orbitals which all have the same energy.

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Order of the Sublevels

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 Electron Spin
• Electron spin is a property that causes electrons to
behave as if it were a tiny sphere spinning on its own
axis.
• A spinning charge produces a magnetic field.
• The two opposite directions of spin therefore produce
oppositely charged magnetic fields.

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Pauli Exclusion Principle
• The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom
can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers, so an orbital can hold
a maximum of 2 electrons and they must have opposite spins.

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Electron Configurations

• The way in which the electrons are distributed among the various
orbitals of an atom is called the electron configuration.
• Aufbau’s principle states that electrons fill the orbitals in order of
increasing energy.

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Electron Pairing
• Electrons having opposite spins are said to be paired when they are in
the same orbital.
• An unpaired electron is one that is not accompanied by a partner of
opposite spin.

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Hund’s Rule
• Hund’s rule states that for degenerate orbitals, the lowest energy is
attained when the number of electrons with the same spin is
maximized.
• Hund’s rule is based on the fact that electrons repel one another.

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Sample Exercise
• Draw the orbital diagram for the electron configuration of oxygen.
How many unpaired electrons does an oxygen atom possess?

Practice Exercise
• Write the electron configuration for phosphorus. How many unpaired
electrons does a phosphorus atom possess?

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Noble Gas Configuration
• In writing the condensed/noble gas electron
configuration, the nearest noble gas of lower atomic
number is represented by its symbol in brackets.
• The inner-shell electrons (core electrons) are left out,
only the outer-shell electrons (valence electrons)
are used.

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 Section 6.9 – Electron Configurations and the
Periodic Table

• The periodic table is structured so that the elements with the same
valence electron configuration are arranged in columns.

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Odd Electron Configurations
• Sublevels are the most stable when ½ full or completely full.
• It is more acceptable for a large sublevel to be stable.
• Most odd electron configurations such as chromium and copper are
based on this fact.

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