Image Processing

Semester VII
Department of Computer Engineering
Dharmsinh Desai University

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 Text Book

Title: Digital Image Processing

Author : Rafael C. Gonzalez
Richard E. Woods

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 Meaning of image processing

In today 's world, each day countless number of images

(such as medical, surveillance and remote sensing) are
collected using various image acquisition devices.

The course of actions taken to enhance the acquired

image quality, to extract meaningful information from
the acquired image, and to represent these information
in a compact fashion is known as image processing.

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 Image Processing

Advantage of DIP Techniques

Digital image processing techniques have been
significantly improving the accuracy of automatic
decision making systems, dramatically reducing
human intervention, as a result reducing the manual
labor cost significantly.

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 Image Definition

An image is defined as a two-dimensional function

f(x,y) , where x and y are spatial coordinates and
amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is
called intensity or gray level of the image at that
point.

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 Image Definition

How image is represented in digital computer?

F (x, y) = r( x , y) * i(x ,y)
Where, r is reflectivity and i is intensity of light
that is falling on the object surface.
Image to be represented in the form of a finite 2-
D matrix.
Can we store analog image in our digital
computer?
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 Image Processing

Computer vision
Ultimate goal is to use computers to emulate human vision,
including learning and being able to make inferences and
take actions based on visual inputs.

This area itself is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) whose

objective emulate human intelligence

There are no clear cut boundaries in the continuum from

image processing at one to computer vision at the other.
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 Image Processing
However, one useful paradigm is to consider three types of
computerized processes in this continuum.
Low level processing
Involve primitive operations such as image preprocessing to
reduce noise, contrast enhancement and image sharpening.
Input and output are images.

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 Image Processing
Mid level processing
Involves tasks such as segmentation (partitioning an image
into regions or objects)
Inputs are images and outputs are attributes extracted from
those images (e.g. edges, objects)
Higher level processing
“making sense” of an ensemble of recognized objects, as in
image analysis and at the far end of the continuum,
performing the cognitive functions normally associated with
vision.

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 Image Processing

Why do we need digital image processing?

Improvement of pictorial information for human
perception
Noise filtering
Contrast enhancement
De blurring
Remote sensing
Brain tumor detection
Cancer detection
Ultra sonogram

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 Image Processing
 one purpose is improve quality of image by using
pictorial information.
Autonomous machine applications
Purpose is extract attributes, features from images
Inspection (ex. Bottling plant automation, Boundary
Information)
Automated inspection (Structure information ,Surface
information)
Fingerprint Recognition
Machine processing of satellite images for weather prediction
and crop assessment etc.

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 Image Processing applications
Noise filtering

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 Contrast enhancement

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 Electromagnetic spectrum

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 Image Processing
 Gamma-Ray Imaging
 Used to locate sites of bone pathology such as infections or
tumors.

Complete bone scan

obtained by using
gamma-ray imaging

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 Image Processing
 X-Ray Imaging
 Used Medical Diagnostics
 It is generated using X-ray tube , which is a vacuum tube with
a cathode and anode.

Chest X-ray generated

simply by placing the
patient between an X-ray
source and a film sensitive
to X-ray energy

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 Image Processing
 X-Ray Imaging
 Angiography is another major application in an area called
contrast enhancement radiography.
 It is used to obtain images(called angiograms) of blood
vessels. A Catheter (a small ,flexible, hollow tube) is inserted
into the vein.

 It is also used to examine circuit boards for flaws in

manufacturing , such as missing components or broken
traces

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the visible and infrared bands
 Infrared band often used in conjunction with visual imaging
 It is used in remote sensing.
 Primary function of satellite is to obtain and transmit images
of the earth from space for purposes of monitoring
environment.

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the visible and infrared bands

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the visible and infrared bands
 It is part of the NIGHTITME LIGHTS of the world data set
 It is not difficult to imagine writing a computer program that
would use these image to estimate of total electrical energy
used by various regions of the world.

Infrared
satellite
image

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the visible and infrared bands
 A major area of imaging in the visual spectrum is in
automated visual inspection of manufactured goods. Ex.
Controlled Board.
 A typical image processing task with products like this is to
inspect them missing parts

Controller
Board

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the visible and infrared bands
 Pill Container
 The objective here is to have a machine look for missing pills

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the visible and infrared bands
 Bottles
 The objective here is to look for bottles that are not filled up
to an acceptable level.

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the visible and infrared bands
 Thumb print
 These images are processed by computer to enhance them
or find features that aid in the automated search of a
database for potential matches.

Thumb Print

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the visible and infrared bands
 Applications of digital image processing in this area include
automated counting and in law enforcement , the reading of
serial number for the purpose of tracking and identifying
bills.

Number
Plate

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the Microwave band
 The dominant application of imaging in the microwave band
is radar. The unique feature of imaging radar is its ability to
collect data over virtually any region at any time, regardless
of weather or ambient lighting conditions.
 Some radar can penetrate clouds and under certain
conditions can also see through vegetation, ice and dry sand.
 In many cases, radar is the only way to explore inaccessible
regions of the earth surface.

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the Microwave band
 It shows a space borne radar image covering a rugged
mountainous area of southeast Tibet , about 90 KM east of
the city of Lhasa.

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 Image Processing
 Imaging in the Radio band
 It is used in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
 This technique places a patient in a powerful magnet and
passes radio waves through his or her body in short pulses.

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 Imaging in Medical domain: X-rays,
CT scans, MRI scans, Ultrasound

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 Medical applications

Brain Tumor Sonogram

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 surface inspection

testing for:
color,
soiling,
scratches and
damage
checking for shape

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 Disposable syringes

completeness
inspection
testing for:
correct assembly,
completeness,
writing,
damage and color

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 Cosmetic bottles

printing check
testing for:
color,
completeness,
size,
legibility and
precision details

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 Face detection

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 Iris detection

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 finger print detection

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 Image stitching

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 Human Computer Interface: Gesture
recognition, Face recognition from video

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 Artistic and Visual Effects: Computer
Graphics, Animation, Special Effects

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 Video Doorbell & Video Security

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 Traffic Monitoring

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 Fundamental steps in digital image processing

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 Fundamental steps in digital image processing

Image acquisition : involves preprocessing

Image Enhancement: Process of manipulating an image so
that the result is more suitable than the original for a
specific application
Image Restoration : deals with improving the appearance
of an image
Image enhancement is subjective and image restoration is
objective
Restoration techniques is based on mathematical or
probabilistic models of image degradation while
enhancement is based on human subjective preferences
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 Fundamental steps in digital image processing

Color image processing : area that has been gaining in

importance because of the significant increase in the use of
digital images over the internet.
Wavlets : representing images in various degrees of
resolution.
Compression: deals with techniques for reducing the
storage required to save an image or bandwidth required to
transmit.
Morphological processing : deals with tools for extracting
image components that are useful in the representation and
description of shape.

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 Fundamental steps in digital image processing

Segmentation : partition an image into its constituent parts

or objects.
Representation and description: it follows output of
segmentation stage , which is usually is raw pixel data,
constituting either the boundary of region.
Example: Set of pixels separating one image region from
another.
Object recognition : process that assigns a label (e.g.
Vehicle) to an object based on its descriptors.

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 Components of a general purpose image
processing system

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 Components of a general purpose image
processing system
Image sensors: two elements are required to acquire digital
images.
The first is physical device that is sensitive to the energy
radiated by the object we wish to image.
The second called a digitizer, is a device for converting the
output of the physical sensing device into digital form.
Specialized image processing hardware usually consists of
the digitizer and hardware that performs arithmetic and
logical operations in parallel on entire images .
Computer in an image processing system is a general –
purpose computer .
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 Components of a general purpose image
processing system
Software for image processing consists of specialized
modules that perform specific tasks .
Mass Storage :
Short term storage for use during processing
Online storage
Archival storage
Image displays in use today mainly color TV
monitors(included graphics card)
Hardcopy devices like printer, film cameras, heat sensitive
devices .
Networking is a default function in any computer system .
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 Thank you

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