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P5 Kinetics

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P5 Kinetics

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P5: KINETICS

Kinetics 1: Collision Theory

1. Reactions can only occur when collisions take place between particles having sufficient energy.
2. This energy is called the activation energy.
3. Students should be able to:
• define the term activation energy
• explain why most collisions do not lead to a reaction.

Kinetics 2: Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

1. Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in gases.
2. Students should be able to draw and interpret distribution curves for different temperatures.

Kinetics 3: Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate

1. Meaning of the term rate of reaction.
2. The qualitative effect of temperature changes on the rate of reaction.
3. Students should be able to use the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution to explain why a small temperature increase
can lead to a large increase in rate
Required practical 3
Investigation of how the rate of a reaction changes with temperature.

Kinetics 4: Effect of Concentration and Pressure

1. The qualitative effect of changes in concentration on collision frequency.
2. The qualitative effect of a change in the pressure of a gas on collision frequency.
3. Students should be able to explain how a change in concentration or a change in pressure inﬂuences the rate of a
reaction.

Kinetics 5: Catalysts
1. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in chemical
composition or amount.
2. Catalysts work by providing an alternative reaction route of lower activation energy.
3. Students should be able to use a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution to help explain how a catalyst increases the rate
of a reaction involving a gas
Q1. Sodium thiosulfate solution (Na2S2O3) reacts slowly with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a precipitate. The rate of this
reaction can be studied by measuring the time (t) that it takes for a small fixed amount of precipitate to form under
different conditions. The fixed amount of precipitate is taken as the amount needed to obscure a cross on paper.
The equation for this reaction is shown below.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + S + SO2 + H2O
Q1(a) Identify the insoluble product of this reaction which forms the precipitate.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q1(b) When this reaction takes place, the collision between the reacting particles requires an activation energy.
State what is meant by the term activation energy.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q1(c) In terms of particles, explain why, at a fixed temperature, you might expect the rate of this reaction to double when the
concentration of sodium thiosulfate is doubled and the concentration of hydrochloric acid remains the same.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q1(dii) Consider the description of the way in which this experiment is carried out.
1
Use your understanding of the term rate of reaction to explain why it is possible to use a simplified formula as a
t
measure of the rate of this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q2. Group 2 metals and their compounds are used commercially in a variety of processes and applications.
Q2(a) State a use of magnesium hydroxide in medicine.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q2(b) Calcium carbonate is an insoluble solid that can be used in a reaction to lower the acidity of the water in a lake.
Explain why the rate of this reaction decreases when the temperature of the water in the lake falls.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q2(c) Strontium metal is used in the manufacture of alloys.
Q2(ci) Explain why strontium has a higher melting point than barium.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q2(d) Magnesium can be used in the extraction of titanium.
Q2(di) Write an equation for the reaction of magnesium with titanium(IV) chloride.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q2(dii) The excess of magnesium used in this extraction can be removed by reacting it with dilute sulfuric acid to form
magnesium sulfate.
Use your knowledge of Group 2 sulfates to explain why the magnesium sulfate formed is easy to separate from
the titanium.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q3. Nitric acid is manufactured from ammonia in a process that involves several stages.
Q3(a) In the first stage, ammonia is converted into nitrogen monoxide and the following equilibrium is established.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇌ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = –905 kJ mol–1
The catalyst for this equilibrium reaction is a platinum–rhodium alloy in the form of a gauze. This catalyst gauze is
heated initially but then remains hot during the reaction.
Q3(ai) In terms of redox, state what happens to the ammonia in the forward reaction.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q3(b) In the second stage, nitrogen monoxide is converted into nitrogen dioxide. The equation for the equilibrium that is
established is shown below.
2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) ∆H = –113 kJ mol–1
Explain why the equilibrium mixture is cooled during this stage of the process.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q3(c) In the final stage, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water as shown by the following equation.
2NO2(g) + H2O(l) → H+(aq) + NO3–(aq) + HNO2(aq)
Give the oxidation state of nitrogen in each of the following.

NO2............................................................................................................................................................................................

NO3–...........................................................................................................................................................................................

HNO2......................................................................................................................................................................................... (3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q4. An equation for the equilibrium reaction between hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen iodide is shown below.
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)
Q4(a) The curve in the diagram below illustrates the reaction profile for this equilibrium reaction without a catalyst.

Q4(ai) Draw on the diagram a curve to illustrate the reaction profile for this equilibrium reaction with a catalyst.
(2)
Q4(aii) Use the diagram to deduce whether the formation of hydrogen iodide from hydrogen and iodine is exothermic or
endothermic.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q4(aiii) State what the diagram suggests about the sum of the bond enthalpies for the reactant molecules compared with the
product molecules.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q4(aiv) In terms of p and q, identify the following for this equilibrium without a catalyst.

A value for the activation energy for the forward reaction.........................................................................................................

A value for the overall enthalpy change for the forward reaction.............................................................................................. (2)
Q4(b) A mixture of H2(g) and I2(g) was allowed to reach equilibrium.
Q4(bi) State the effect of a catalyst on the rate of attainment of this equilibrium.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q4(bii) State and explain the effect of an increase in total pressure on the rate of attainment of this equilibrium.

Effect of an increase in pressure on rate..................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q5. The diagram below shows a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for a sample of gas at a fixed temperature.
Ea is the activation energy for the decomposition of this gas.

Q5(ai) On this diagram, sketch the distribution for the same sample of gas at a higher temperature.
(2)
Q5(aii) With reference to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate of a
chemical reaction.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q5(b) Dinitrogen oxide (N2O) is used as a rocket fuel. The data in the table below show how the activation energy for the
decomposition of dinitrogen oxide differs with different catalysts.
2N2O(g) → 2N2(g) + O2(g)

Ea / kJ mol–1
Without a catalyst 245
With a gold catalyst 121
With an iron catalyst 116
With a platinum catalyst 136

Q5(bi) Use the data in the table to deduce which is the most effective catalyst for this decomposition.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q6. The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by the size of the activation energy. Catalysts are used to increase the
rates of chemical reactions but are not used up in the reactions.
Q6(a) Give the meaning of the term activation energy.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q6(c) The diagram below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies, at a constant temperature, in a gas
at the start of a reaction.
On this diagram the most probable molecular energy at this temperature is shown by the symbol Emp
The activation energy is shown by the symbol Ea

To answer the questions (ci) to (civ), you should use the words increases, decreases or stays the same. You may use
each of these answers once, more than once or not at all.
Q6(ci) State how, if at all, the value of the most probable energy (Emp) changes as the total number of molecules is increased
at constant temperature.
.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)

Q6(cii) State how, if at all, the number of molecules with the most probable energy (Emp) changes as the temperature is
decreased without changing the total number of molecules.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q6(ciii) State how, if at all, the number of molecules with energy greater than the activation energy (Ea) changes as the
temperature is increased without c hanging the total number of molecules.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q6(civ) State how, if at all, the area under the molecular energy distribution curve changes as a catalyst is introduced
without changing the temperature or the total number of molecules.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q6(d) For each of the following reactions, identify a catalyst and name the organic product of the reaction.
Q6(di) The fermentation of an aqueous solution of glucose.

Catalyst.....................................................................................................................................................................................

Name of organic product...........................................................................................................................................................

Catalyst.....................................................................................................................................................................................

Name of organic product...........................................................................................................................................................

Q7. The diagram shows the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a gas at two different temperatures.

Q7(a) One of the axes is labelled. Complete the diagram by labelling the other axis.
(1)
Q7(b) State the effect, if any, of a solid catalyst on the shape of either of these distributions.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q7(c) In the box, write the letter, V, W, X or Y, that represents the most probable energy of the molecules at the lower
temperature.
(1)
Q7(d) Explain what must happen for a reaction to occur between molecules of two different gases.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q7(e) Explain why a small increase in temperature has a large effect on the initial rate of a reaction.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q8. A student carried out an experiment to determine the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and
oxygen gas.
The student used 100 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm–3 solution of hydrogen peroxide at 298 K and measured the volume of
oxygen collected.
Curve R, in each of Figures 1, 2 and 3, shows how the total volume of oxygen collected changed with time under
these conditions.
Q8(a) Draw a curve on Figure 1 to show how the total volume of oxygen collected will change with time if the experiment
is repeated at 298 K using 100 cm3 of a 2.0 mol dm–3 solution of hydrogen peroxide.
Figure 1

(2)
Q8(b) Draw a curve on Figure 2 to show how the total volume of oxygen collected will change with time if the experiment is
repeated at 298 K using 100 cm 3 of a 0.4 mol dm–3 solution of hydrogen peroxide.
Figure 2
(2)
Q8(c) Draw a curve on Figure 3 to show how the total volume of oxygen collected will change with time if the original
experiment is repeated at a temperature higher than 298 K.
You should assume that the gas is collected at a temperature of 298 K.
Figure 3

(2)
Q8(d) Explain why the slope (gradient) of curve R decreases as time increases.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q8(e) The student discovered that hydrogen peroxide decomposes at a faster rate when a few drops of aqueous hydrogen
bromide are added to the solution.
The student found on the Internet that this decomposition is thought to proceed in two steps as shown by the following
equations.
Step 1 H2O2 + HBr → HBrO + H2O

Step 2 HBrO + H2O2 → H2O + O2 + HBr

Q8(ei) Write an equation for the overall reaction.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)

Q8(eii) Give one reason, other than the increase in rate of reaction, why the student was able to deduce that hydrogen bromide
behaves as a catalyst in this two-step reaction.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q9(a) Figure 1 shows the volume of hydrogen gas collected when a sample of magnesium reacted with an excess of
dilute hydrochloric acid.
The rate of this reaction can be studied by measuring the time it takes for a given volume of hydrogen to be collected.
Figure 1

Time / s
Q9(ai) State the meaning of the term rate of reaction.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q9(aii) State and explain what has happened to the rate of this reaction at point W in Figure 1.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q9(aiii) In terms of collision theory explain why, at a fixed temperature, the rate of this reaction doubles when the concentration
of the hydrochloric acid doubles.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q9(b) In a study of the reaction in part (a), a student referred to activation energy.
Q9(bi) State the meaning of the term activation energy.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)

Q9(bii) Complete Figure 2 by drawing the shape of the reaction profile from reactants to products for an exothermic reaction.
Show the position of the products. Show and label the activation energy.
Figure 2

(2)
Q9(c) Barium metal reacts very quickly with dilute hydrochloric acid, but it reacts more slowly with water.
Q9(ci) Write an equation for the reaction of barium with water.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q9(cii) A solution containing barium ions can be used to show the presence of sulfate ions in an aqueous solution of sodium
sulfate.
Write the simplest ionic equation for the reaction that occurs and state what is observed.
Simplest ionic equation

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)
Q9(ciii) State one use of barium sulfate in medicine.
Explain why this use is possible, given that solutions containing barium ions are poisonous.

Use............................................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Explanation...............................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q10. A study of equilibrium is important for understanding chemical reactions.

Q10(a) State le Chatelier’s principle.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q10(b) Catalysts play an important role in many reactions.
Q10(bi) State the meaning of the term catalyst.
Explain, in general terms, how catalysts work.

Meaning of the term catalyst.....................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

How catalysts work...................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q10(bii) State the effect, if any, of a catalyst on the time taken to reach equilibrium.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q10(c) Consider the following equilibrium reactions.
ΔHθ / kJ mol−1
P H2(g) + l2(g) ⇌ 2Hl(g) −10
Q CO2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) −49
R N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) +58
S N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) −92
T C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CH3CH2OH(g) −42

In each of parts (ci) to (cv), you should record in the box one of the letters, P, Q, R, S or T, that corresponds to
the equilibrium that best fits the information provided.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.

Q10(ci) A decrease in temperature at constant pressure shifts the position of this equilibrium from right to left.
(1)

Q10(cii) This equilibrium uses concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst in a hydration reaction.
(1)
Q10(ciii) A decrease in pressure at constant temperature shifts the position of this equilibrium from left to right.
(1)

Q10(civ) There is no change in the position of this equilibrium when the pressure is increased at
constant temperature.
(1)

Q10(cv) An increase in the concentration of steam at constant temperature and constant pressure
shifts the position of this equilibrium from right to left.
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q11. The diagram shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for a sample of gas at a fixed temperature.
Ea is the activation energy for the decomposition of this gas.

Energy Ea

Emp is the most probable value for the energy of the molecules.
Q11(a) On the appropriate axis of this diagram, mark the value of Emp for this distribution.
On this diagram, sketch a new distribution for the same sample of gas at a lower temperature.
(3)
Q11(b) With reference to the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, explain why a decrease in temperature decreases the rate of
decomposition of this gas.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q12. The following figure shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a sample of gas at temperature T.
Q12(a) One of the axes is labelled. Label the other axis. (1)
Q12(b) State why the curve starts at the origin.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (1)
Q12(c) Which of the following, A, B or C, describes what the value of Y represents in the figure?
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in the box.
A The energy needed for a successful collision
B The minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur
C The most probable energy (1)

Q12(d) On the figure above, draw a distribution of molecular energies in this sample of gas at a higher temperature. (2)
Q12(e) The pressure of the original sample of gas is doubled at temperature T.
State the effect, if any, of this change on the value of Y.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Q13. Methanol, for use as a fuel, can be produced by the reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) ΔH = –90 kJ mol–1
The reaction is typically carried out at 300 °C and 3 × 107 Pa, in the presence of a catalyst.
Q13(a) The graph shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 300 °C.
Q13(ai) Sketch a second curve on the graph to show the distribution of molecular energies in this mixture at a higher
temperature. (1)
Q13(aii) Explain with reference to both curves on the graph how a small change in temperature leads to a large change in the
rate of reaction.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)

Q13(b) Both the rate of production and equilibrium yield of methanol are considered when choosing the most appropriate
conditions for the operation of this process on an industrial scale.
Q13(bi) State and explain the effect of a higher pressure on the equilibrium yield of methanol.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3)
Q13(bii) By considering both rate and yield, state why the reaction is carried out at a temperature of 300 °C rather than at
a higher temperature.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) M1 The activation energy is the minimum / least / lowest

Mark these independently
1

M2 Energy for a reaction to occur / to go / to start

OR
Energy for a successful / effective collision
1

M2 More / twice / double (effective) collisions (in a given time)

OR
Double / greater / increased collision frequency
1

(d) (i) (Measured) change in concentration (of a substance) in unit time

/ given time
May be written mathematically
OR the gradient of the concentration (against) time
1

(ii) The measured change / amount (of precipitate) / cloudiness is

fixed or constant or unchanged
1
[7]
Q2.
(a) Antacid

to neutralise acidity

eases indigestion
Credit suitable reference to indigestion or to laxative or to relief of
constipation
1

(b) M1 Decrease in T decreases the energy of the particles/ions/H+/molecules

M2 (also scores M1) Decrease in the number of/less particles/ions/

H+/molecules with E ≥ EAct or E ≥ minimum energy to react
In M1 and M2, credit “atoms” but ignore “calcium carbonate”, ignore
“calcium”, ignore any ion formula except H+

M3 Few(er)/Less effective/productive/successful collisions

QoL
3

Correct reference to size of cations/proximity of electrons

M1 (For Sr) delocalised electrons closer to cations/positive
ions/atoms/nucleus

OR cations/positive ions/atoms are smaller

OR cation/positive ion/atom or it has fewer (electron) shells/levels

Ignore general Group 2 statements
Penalise M1 if Sr or Ba is said to have more or less delocalised
electrons
Ignore reference to shielding
CE = 0 for reference to molecules or intermolecular forces or covalent
bonds

Relative strength of metallic bonding

M2 (Sr) has stronger attraction between the cations/positive ions/
atoms/nucleus and the delocalised electrons

OR stronger metallic bonding

(assume argument refers to Sr but accept converse argument for Ba) 2
Ignore “Van der Waals forces (between atoms)” but penalise if
“between molecules”
(ii) Sr + 2H2O → Sr(OH)2 + H2
Or multiples
1

(d) 2Mg + TiCl4 → 2MgCl2 + Ti

Or multiples
1
[9]
Q3.
(a) (i) Oxidation
OR Oxidised ONLY
1

(ii) Any one from

• to provide/overcome activation energy
• to provide the minimum energy to make the reaction go/start
NOT simply to increase the (initial) reaction rate.
1

(iii) The reaction is exothermic OR releases heat (energy)

(iv) M1
Catalysts provide an alternative route/pathway OR an alternative
mechanism
OR
(in this case) surface adsorption occurs (or a description
of adsorption)
Ignore reference to "surface" alone
M2
Lowers the activation energy
OR
of lower activation energy
2

(b) M1
The (forward) reaction is exothermic OR the (forward) reaction
releases heat

The reverse reaction is endothermic or absorbs heat

M2 – Direction of change N.B. M2 depends on correct M1

At lower temperatures,

• the equilibrium yield of NO is greater

• more NO is formed
2

• equilibrium shifts (left) to right

• (equilibrium) favours the forward reaction

(OR converse for higher temperatures)

NO 3
-
(+) 5

HNO 2 (+) 3
3
[10]
Q4.
(a) (i) M1 drawn curve starts at reactants and ends at products
Tapered lines into the original curve gain credit for M1

M2 curve peak is below the one drawn in the question

(and may show one/two humps)
Mark M1 and M2 independently
2

(ii) Exothermic (reaction)

Ignore “ΔH is negative”
1

(iii) Σ bond (enthalpy) reactants < Σ bond (enthalpy) products

The sum for H2 and I2/reactants is less than/lower than/smaller than

the sum for 2HI/products
OR
The sum for 2HI/products is more than/larger than/bigger than the
sum for H2 and I 2/reactants

Accept “It OR the sum will be smaller or less”

(iv) M1 p
2

M2 – (q – p)

p–q

–q+p
M2 demands that the sign for an exothermic reaction is part of the
outcome mathematically.
Ignore case

(b) (i) Increase/speed up/faster (rate of attainment of equilibrium)

Increase/speed up/faster rate of both forward and reverse reaction

Increase/speed up/faster rate of reaction

Credit “It took less time”
1

(ii) M1 Increase/speed up/faster (rate of attainment of equilibrium)

M2 More particles/molecules in a given volume/space

OR the particles/molecules are closer together
OR an increase in concentration.

M3 More/higher chance of successful/effective/productive

collisions (between particles)
OR more collisions/higher chance of collisions (of particles)
with E>EAct
If M1 is blank, mark on and credit M1 in the text
If M1 is given as “decrease”/“no effect”/”no change” then CE = 0 for
clip
In M1, if increase both the forward and reverse reaction, but no
mention of rate, penalise M1 but mark on.
In M1, if increase either forward rate or reverse rate only, then
penalise M1 but mark on.
Penalise M3 if an increase in the value of EAct/energy of particles is
stated.
Max 1 for M2 and M3 if reference to “atoms”
3
[10]
Q5.
(a) (i) M1 The peak of the new curve is displaced to the right.

M2 All of the following are required

• The new curve starts at the origin

• The peak of the new curve is lower than the original

• and the new curve only crosses the original curve once

• and an attempt has been made to draw the new curve

correctly towards the energy axis but not to touch the
original curve

• the new curve must not start to diverge from the original curve
M1 is low demand
M2 is higher demand.
2

(ii) M1 Increase in the number/proportion of molecules with E ≥ Ea

OR more molecules have E ≥ Ea

OR more molecules have sufficient energy to react

M2 More effective/productive/successful collisions

Ignore “molecules have more energy”
Ignore “more energetic collisions”
Ignore “molecules gain activation energy”
Ignore “more collisions”
Accept “particles” for “molecules” but NOT “atoms”
Ignore “chance of collision”; this alone does not gain M2
2

(b) (i) Iron OR Fe

(ii) M1 Catalysts provide an alternative route/pathway/mechanism

(in this case) surface adsorption/surface reaction occurs.

For M1, not simply “provides a surface” alone

M2 that has a lower activation energy

lowers the activation energy

For M2, the candidate may use a definition of activation energy
without referring to the term
2
[7]
Q6.
(a) M1 The activation energy is the minimum / least / lowest energy
Mark independently
Ignore “heat” and ignore “enthalpy”

M2 (energy) for a reaction to occur / to go / to start

OR (energy) for a successful / effective collision

Ignore “breaking the bonds”
2

(b) M1 Catalysts provide an alternative route OR an

alternative mechanism OR alternative / different path(way)

M2 Lowers the activation energy

Mark independently
Ignore reference to “surface”
2

(c) (i) Stay(s) the same

(ii) Increases
Credit “increase” or “increased”
1

(iii) Increases
Credit “increase” or “increased”
1

(iv) Stay(s) the same

(d) (i) M1 yeast or zymase

M2 ethanol
Ignore “enzyme”
In M2, ignore “alcohol” and ignore any formula
2

(ii) M1 (Concentrated) H3PO4 OR (Concentrated) H2SO4

M2 butan-2-ol
Credit correct names
Ignore “hydrogenphosphate or hydrogensulfate”
Ignore “dilute” or “aq”
Do not penalise absence of hyphens in name.
In M2, ignore any formula
2
[12]
Q7.
(a) Number / proportion / percentage / fraction of molecules
Ignore “particles”
1

(b) None OR no effect OR no change

(d) Answers in either order

M1 collision OR collide
Mark independently

M2 collision / molecules / particles

Ignore “correct” amount of energy

with the activation energy

OR with E > Eact

OR with sufficient /enough energy

OR with the minimum energy

OR with the correct orientation

(e) A small increase in temperature results in many more / much higher proportion of
/ a lot more / significantly more molecules / particles / collisions with E ≥ Eact/ energy greater
than the activation energy / sufficient energy / enough energy / minimum
energy to react
(compared with a small increase in concentration)
Not just “more molecules with E ≥ Eact”
The answer must convey that the increase is significant
Accept reference to “atoms”, “molecules”, “particles”
Ignore “species”
1
[6]
Q8.
(a) Award in either order for curve
“Steeper” requires line to be on the left of the original line, starting
from the origin

M1 curve is steeper than original and starts at the origin

M2 curve levels at the top line on the graph

(b) Award in either order for curve

“Shallower” requires line to be on the right of the original line, starting
from the origin

M1 curve is shallower than original and starts at the origin

M2 curve levels at the first line on the graph

(c) M1 curve would be steeper than original

“Steeper” requires line to be on the left of the original line, starting
from the origin

M2 curve levels at the same original volume of O2

(d) M1 The (concentration / amount of) H2O2 or reactant falls / decreases / used up
Mark independently

The number of H2O2 or reactant molecules/ particles falls / decreases

The rate of reaction / rate of decomposition / rate of formation of oxygen /

frequency of collisions / (effective) collisions in a given time decreases / is
slower
2

(e) (i) 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

Ignore state symbols
Accept only this equation or its multiples
Extra species must be crossed through
1

(ii) hydrogen bromide / it does not appear in the overall equation

OR
hydrogen bromide / it is not used up in the reaction / unchanged at the end of
the reaction

OR
hydrogen bromide / it is regenerated / re-formed (in Step 2)
1
[10]
Q9.
(a) (i) Change in concentration (of a substance / reactant / product) in unit time / given time /
per (specified) unit of time
This may be written mathematically OR may refer to the gradient of a
graph of concentration / volume against time

Amount of substance formed / used up in unit time / given time / per (specified)
unit of time
Ignore additional information including reference to collisions
1

(ii) At W

M1 (QoL)

The rate / it is zero

The magnesium has all reacted / has been used up

Ignore reference to the acid being used up

No more collisions possible between acid and Mg

Reaction is complete / it has stopped

No more hydrogen / product is produced

(iii) M1

Twice / double as many particles / hydrogen ions (in a given volume)

Penalise reference to (hydrochloric acid) molecules in M1
Penalise reference to “HCl particles” in M1

Twice / double as much hydrochloric acid

Twice / double as many effective / successful collisions (in a given time)

Twice / double as many collisions with either sufficient energy to react OR with E
≥ Ea

double the successful / effective collision frequency

2
(b) (i) The activation energy is the minimum energy for a reaction to go / start

Minimum energy for a successful/ effective collision

(ii) M1 Products lower than reactants on the profile

Mark independently

M2 Activation energy (Ea) shown and labelled correctly from reactants to peak
of curve
Mark independently
2

(c) (i) Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2

Ba + 2H2O Ba + 2OH + H2
2+ −

Allow multiples
Ignore state symbols
1

(ii) M1 Ba + SO4
2+ 2−
BaSO4
Ignore state symbols in M1
Not multiples in M1

M2 White precipitate / solid

Extra ions must be cancelled
Penalise contradictory observations in M2
2

(iii) M1 Barium meal / barium swallow / barium enema

Accept a correct reference to M1 written in the explanation in M2,
unless contradictory

OR used in X-rays OR to block X-rays OR X-ray contrast medium OR CT scans

M2 BaSO4 / barium sulfate is insoluble (and therefore not toxic)

For M2 NOT barium ions
NOT barium
NOT barium meal and NOT “It”
Ignore radio-tracing
2
[13]
Q10.
(a) (If any factor is changed which affects an equilibrium), the (position of) equilibrium will shift /
move so as to oppose / counteract the change.
Must refer to equilibrium
Ignore reference to “system” alone
A variety of wording will be seen here and the key part is the last
phrase

(When a system / reaction in equilibrium is disturbed), the (position of) equilibrium

shifts / moves in a direction which tends to reduce the disturbance
An alternative to shift / move would be the idea of changing / altering
the position of equilibrium
1

(b) (i) M1
A substance that speeds up the reaction / alters the rate but is chemically unchanged
at the end / not used up
Both ideas needed for M1
Credit can score for M1, M2 and M3 from anywhere within the
answer

M2
Catalysts provide an alternative route / alternative pathway / different mechanism

M3
that has a lower activation energy / Ea

OR
lowers the activation energy / Ea
3

(ii) (Time is) less / shorter / decreases / reduces

Credit “faster”, “speeds up”, “quicker” or words to this effect
1

(iii) None
1

(ii) T
1

(iii) R
1

(iv) P
1

(v) Q
1
[11]
Q11.
(a) M1 On the energy axis Emp at the maximum of the original peak
M1 The limits for the horizontal position of Emp are defined as above
the word “the” in the sentence below the graph.

M2 The peak of their new curve is displaced to the left and higher than the original.

M3 All of the following are required

• The new curve starts at the origin and should begin to separate from the original
almost immediately

• and the new curve crosses the original curve once

• and an attempt has been made to draw the new curve correctly towards the
energy axis below the original curve but not to touch the original curve or the axis
3

(b) The rate of reaction decreases as the temperature decreases because

M1 A decrease in the number / proportion of molecules with E ≥ Ea

OR fewer molecules have E ≥ Ea
OR fewer molecules have sufficient / enough energy to react / decompose
In M1
Ignore “molecules have less energy”.
Ignore “less energetic collisions”.
Ignore “molecules do not gain activation energy”.
Ignore “fewer collisions”.
Credit “particles” for “molecules” but NOT “atoms”.

M2 Fewer effective / productive / successful collisions in a given time / given period

OR fewer frequent effective / productive / successful collisions
OR lower rate of effective / productive / successful collisions
Ignore “chance of collision”; this alone does not gain M2
2
[5]
Q12.
(a) Amount / number / proportion / percentage / fraction / moles of molecules / particles
Penalise an incorrect qualification of the number eg NOT number of
molecules with E greater than Ea.
Not ‘atoms’.
1

(b) There are no molecules / particles with zero energy

All of the molecules / particles are moving / have some energy

Not ‘atoms’.
The answer should relate the energy to the molecules.
1

(c) C (The most probable energy)

(d) M1 The peak of the new curve is displaced to the right and lower than the original

M2 All of the following needed

• The new curve starts at the origin and should begin to separate from the original
almost immediately

• and the new curve only crosses the original curve once

• and the total area under the new curve is approximately the same as the original

• and an attempt has been made to draw the new curve correctly towards the axis
above the original curve but not to touch the original curve
2

(e) None / no effect / stays the same

1
[6]
Q13.
(a) (i) Curve drawn from origin with peak clearly lower and to right.
New curve crosses original once only, finishes above original and
does not clearly curve up
IGNORE relative areas
1

(ii) (Relative areas under curves indicate) many (owtte) more

molecules with E greater than or equal to Ea (at higher T)
or reverse argument
ALLOW ‘particles’
IGNORE ‘atoms’
1
(Large) increase in (number of) successful (owtte) collisions per unit time
OR ‘frequency of successful collisions’
1

(b) (i) Yield increases

Yield decreases/stays the same CE = 0
If not answered mark on
1
More moles/molecules (of gas) on left/fewer on right/3 on left 1 on right
1
Equilibrium shifts/moves (to right) to reduce pressure/oppose higher pressure
No M3 if ‘more moles on right’ in M2
IGNORE ‘favours’
NOT just ‘oppose the change’
QoL means that M3 is only awarded if these ideas are clearly linked
in one statement
1

(ii) Higher T would increase rate but decrease yield/make less

methanol
OR
Lower T decreases rate but increases yield;
If no mention of both rate AND (idea of) yield max 1
1
Chosen T is a compromise/balance (between rate and yield) owtte
1
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