CHAPTER 6

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 CHAPTER 6

Content

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Bridge Super structures

6.3 Solid Slab Bridge

6.4 T-Beam Bridges or Deck Girder Bridge

6.5 Box-Girder Bridges

6.6 Design Example

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 CHAPTER 6

6.1 Introduction

 Concrete is a versatile building material.

 It can be shaped to confirm to almost any alignment.

 Concrete bridges can be designed to satisfy almost any geometric

alignment from straight to curved as long as the clear spans are
not too large.

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 CHAPTER 6

 Advantage of concrete superstructure

-Can satisfy any geometric alignment

-Long life time

-Low cost of maintenance

-Better resistance against temporary overloading and impact load

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 CHAPTER 6

 Disadvantages of concrete superstructure

-Form work and false work is very expensive

-Longer construction time

-Difficult to widen and rebuild

-Large foundation required (self weight of the structure is high)

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 CHAPTER 6

6.2 Bridge Super Structure

 Bridge superstructures consist of structural and nonstructural

components

 Structural Components:
-Girder (the big beam)
-Roadway Deck (slab)
-Diaphragm

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 CHAPTER 6

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 CHAPTER 6

 Nonstructural Components:
-Asphalt Surface
-Traffic Barriers
-Railings and post
-Signs

-Lighting

-Drainage etc…

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 CHAPTER 6

6.3 Solid Slab Bridge

 The simplest type of reinforced concrete bridge

 it is used for short spans up to approximately 12m.

Solid Slab Bridge

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 CHAPTER 6

 Advantages

 Less labor and form work

 Simple to arrange reinforcement and easier concrete placing

 Neat, simple and pleasing in appearance

 Disadvantage

 Not used for longer spans or non economical for longer spans

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 CHAPTER 6

 Design of Slab bridge

 The deck slab may be designed as One-Way Slab using strip

method analysis with main reinforcement parallel to the traffic
direction.

 Min Depth of slab

D=1.2(S+3000)/30 Simple

D=(S+3000)/30>165mm

(Continuous Span)
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 Distribution of Loads for Slab Structures

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 Distribution of Loads for Slab Structures

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 Distribution of Loads for Slab Structures

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.

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.

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.

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.

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 CHAPTER 6

6.4 T-Beam Bridges or Deck Girder Bridge

 Most commonly used type of bridge. It is generally economical

for spans between 10 to 25 m.

 Component of T-beam bridges

-Deck slab and Cantilever slab

-Curbs and handrails Typical X-section of T-beam

- Girder, Cross beam (Diaphragm) and Wearing Surface

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 CHAPTER 6
 T-Beam Bridges or Deck Girder Bridge
 For girder bridges, all girders rest on the
pier/abutment – Thus, they all resist
the load (almost) equally
 The slabs rest on the top of the
girder
 Diaphragms are used to prevent
girders from bending out of plane
or to offer resistance to torsion and to transfer lateral loads
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 CHAPTER 6

 Spacing of Cross beam or Diaphragm

 For spans  20m at least two crossbeams at two ends and one at
the center.
 For spans >20m it should be placed at L/3 points

 Depth of Girder:
D=0.07*Effective Span length --------for Simple Span Bridge
D= 0.065*Effective Span length -------For Continuous Bridge

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 CHAPTER 6

6.5 Box-Girder Bridges

 A box–girder bridge span consists of longitudinal girders with top

and bottom slabs, which form hollow or box girders.

(a) Single rectangular cell (b) Single trapezoidal

(c) Multi-cellular

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 CHAPTER 6
 Advantages
 High torsional stiffness ( good for curved bridges)

 The in closed space may be used for different purposes (for

installation purpose, for walking

 Good appearance

 Disadvantages

 Maintenance problem

 Great core dimension

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 CHAPTER 6
 Analysis and Design of Box Girder Bridge
 Top slab thickness: not less than 1/16 of the clear span between
girder webs, fillets , or haunches or 175 mm(Art. 9.7.1.1)

 Bottom slab thickness not less than 1/16 of the clear span
between girder webs (for non prestressed girders) and 1/30 of
the clear span between girder webs (for prestressed girders) or
140mm (5.14.1.3.1b)

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 CHAPTER 6

Depth of girder D=0.06 *L for simple span

D=0.055*L for continuous spans

D=0.045L for precast, cast-in-place

prestressed, simple spans

D=0.040L for continuous spans

L= Effective Span length

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 CHAPTER 6

 Web: Optimum web spacing are suggested to be between 2.1

and 2.75 for spans up to 45 m, and as much as 3.66 for longer
spans.

 A web thickness of 200mm is considered a desirable minimum

for practical considerations for shear reinforcement and pouring
of concrete.

 For prestressed concrete, a minimum of 300mm is used for

placement of tendon ducts.
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 CHAPTER 6
 Girder design
 The structural analysis is based on two typical segments, interior
and exterior girders. Design is usually based on the assumption
that a box girder bridge is composed of separate girders.

Interior girder Exterior girder

Figure 3.4 Box-girder Bridges

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 CHAPTER 6
 The effective width of the slab as the top of an interior girder may be
taken as smallest of the distance center to center girder, one- fourth
the girder span, and 12 times the least thickness of slab plus girder web
width.

 The effective overhang width for an exterior girder may be taken as

one half the effective flange width of adjacent interior beam plus the
smallest of one–eighth of the girder span, and six times the average
thickness of the slab plus half the web thickness, the width of the
overhang

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 CHAPTER 6

6.6 Rigid Frame Bridges

 In rigid frame bridges, the deck is made monolithic with the pier
or the vertical supports.

Rigid Frame Bridge

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 CHAPTER 6

 Advantages of Rigid Bridges

 Less moment in deck being partly transferred to the support

member

 Better resistance against dynamic loads preferable used in seismic

regions

 No bearings are required

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6.7 Reinforced Concrete Continuous Bridges
 Advantages
 Less number of bearings

 Require less number of expansion joints due to which both the

initial cost and maintenance cost become less.

 Lesser depth of girder, hence economical supports.

 Better architectural appearance

 Lesser vibration and deflection

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 CHAPTER 6
 Disadvantages
 Analysis is tedious and cumbersome

 Not suitable on yielding foundation

Typical cross section of Continuous Bridge

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 CHAPTER 6
 Distribution Reinforcement
 For primary reinforcement parallel to traffic
(Example slab bridges):

 For primary reinforcement perpendicular to traffic

(Example decks of T‐girder bridges): :

where:
S = the effective span length in meter
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 CHAPTER 6

1. Solid Slab RC Bridge Design

 Design a simply supported typical solid slab bridge as shown in

figure for HL-93 live load with the given preliminary data. Allow
for a future wearing surface of 5mm thick bituminous overlay,
Use AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification 5th Edition 2005:
Material Concrete C-30 and Steel fy=420Mpa for bar greater
than or equal to 16mm and fy=300Mpa for bar less than 16mm

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1. Design of 10 m clear span simply supported slab bridge

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.

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.

Preliminary dimention
Clear span Lc= 10.00 m
Curb/Edge beam width (top) = 0.80 m
Curb/Edge beam width (bottom) = 0.80 m
Width of abutment = 0.40 m
Center to center of abutment S = L = 10+2*(.5*.4)= 10.40 m
Total length of superstructure = 10+0.4+0.4= 10.80 m
Clear width of superstructure = 7.30 m
Total width of superstructure = 7.3+0.8+0.8= 8.90 m
No of lane = 2
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.

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 1. Assumptions
- Main reinforcements are placed parellel to center line of roadway.
- The bottom of the slab is assumed level.
- Center to center of support is assumed perpendicular to supports, not neccesarily
parallel to centerline of roadway.
- The additional amount of concrete thickness for crossfall is not considered for
the flexural design.
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2. Check minimum depth of the slab

𝟏. 𝟐 𝑺 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = −−− −𝑨𝒓𝒕. 𝟐. 𝟓. 𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟑
𝟑𝟎

𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒉𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = 𝟓𝟑𝟔 ≈ 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟑𝟎

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒉 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

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3. Determine Live Load Strip width
𝒂. 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑
𝒊) 𝑶𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒅: 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒅 −− −𝟒. 𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟑. 𝟏
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝑳𝟏𝑾𝟏
Where, E is strip width in mm
L1 is modified span length taken equal to the lesser of the actual span or
18000mm
W1 is modified edge-to-edge width of the bridge taken to be equal to
the lesser of the actual length width or 18000 mm for multiple
loading or 9000mm for single loading
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑳𝟏 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏[ = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝑾𝟏 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏[ = 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
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𝑬 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟐𝟗𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝒊𝒊) 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒅: 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒅 − 𝟒. 𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟑. 𝟏
𝑾
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 𝑳𝟏𝑾𝟏 ≤
𝑵𝑳
Where, E is strip width in mm
L1 is modified span length taken equal to the lesser of the actual span or
18000mm
W1 is modified edge-to-edge width of the bridge taken to be equal to
the lesser of the actual length width or 18000 mm for multiple
loading or 9000mm for single loading
W is physical edge to edge distance of the bridge in mm
NL is number of design lane
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑳𝟏 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏[ = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝑾𝟏 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏[ = 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎

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 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝑬 = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐√(𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎) ≤
𝟐
𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝑬 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 ≤ = 𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟐
𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 {𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟐𝟗𝟏𝒎𝒎}
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑬 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝒎
The equivalent concentrated and distributed loads
𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝑲𝑵 𝑷
𝑯𝑺𝟐𝟎 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒌: 𝑷 = = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓 , = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝒎 𝟒𝑬
𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒎: 𝑷 = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟗𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟑. 𝟐𝟓𝟓
𝟗. 𝟑
𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅: 𝑾 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟑

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𝒃) 𝑬𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑:
𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒍 … . . 𝑨𝒓𝒕. 𝟒. 𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟏. 𝟒
𝟏
𝑬 = 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 + ∗ 𝑰𝒏𝒕. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑 ≤1800mm
𝟐
𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟓
𝑬 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 + = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟖𝒎𝒎 > 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟐
𝑬 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 (strip width is limited to 1800mm,one-lane loaded (wheel line=1/2 lane
load) with a multiple presence factor of 1.2 will be critical.
The equivalent concentrated and distributed loads
𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝑲𝑵 𝑷
𝑯𝑺𝟐𝟎 𝑻𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒌: 𝑷 = ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑 , = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖 𝒎 𝟒𝑬
𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒎: 𝑷 = ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟐 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟖
𝟗. 𝟑
𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅: 𝑾 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝟑
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4. Influence Line for shear force and Bending moment
• The applicability of the live load shall be based on Art 3.6.1.3.3
• Slab bridge shall be designed for all vehicular live loads specified
in AASHTO Art.3.6.1.2, including lane load.
a) Interior Strip
i) Maximum shear force
 Hs-20 truck loading
Vmax=44.5(1+.59)+11.3*.17

=72.70KN/m

VLL+IM =1.33*72.70 KN/m

=96.69KN/m
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 Tandem truck loading
Vmax=33.8(1+0.89)

=63.88KN/m

VLL+IM=1.33*63.88KN/m

=84.96KN/m

 Lane Load
Vmax=3.1*(0.5*10.40*1)

=16.12KN/m (IM ignored)

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ii) Maximum bending moment

 HS-20 truck Loading

Mmax=44.5*2.55+44.5*0.69+11.3*0=144.2KN.m/m

MLL+IM=1.33*144.2=192KN.m/m

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 Tandem Loading

Mmax=33.8*2.6+33.8*2.00=155.5KN.m/m

MLL+IM=1.33*155.5=206.8KN.m/m

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 Lane Loading

Mmax=0.5*2.6*10.40*3.1=41.9KN.m/m

=41.9KN.m/m (IM Ignored)

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b) Edge Strip
i) Maximum Shear force
 Hs-20 Loading
Vmax=48.3(1+.59)+12.1*0.17
=83.7KN/m
VLL+IM=1.33*83.7KN/m
=111.321KN/m
 Tandem Loading
Vmax=36.7*(1+0.89)
=69.36KN/m
VLL+IM=1.33*69.36KN/m
=92.25KN/m

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 Lane Loading
Vmax=3.1*0.5*1*10.40
=16.12KN/m
=16.12KN/m (IM ignored)

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ii) Maximum bending moment

 HS-20 truck Loading

Mmax=48.3*2.55+48.3*0.69+12.1*0=156.49KN.m/m

MLL+IM=1.33*156.49=208.1KN.m/m

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 Tandem Loading

Mmax=36.7*2.6+36.7*2.00=168.82KN.m/m

MLL+IM=1.33*168.82=224.53KN.m/m

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 Lane Loading

Mmax=0.5*2.6*10.40*3.1=41.9KN.m/m

=41.9KN.m/m (IM Ignored)

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5. Live Load Combination

a) Interior Strip

Comb 1 VHS-20 + VLane Load =96.69+16.12=112.81KN/m

Com 2 V tandem+ V lane Load =84.96+16.12=101.08KN/m

Vmax=112.81KN/m

Comb 1 MHs-20+M Lane Load=192+41.9=233.9KN.m/m

Comb 2 M tandem + M lane Load=206.8+41.9 =248.7KN.m/m

Mmax=248.7KN.m/m

Tandem Loading + Lane Loading has Governed

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5. Live Load Combination

b) Edge Strip

Comb 1 VHS-20 + VLane Load =113.32+16.12=129.44KN/m

Comb 2 V tandem+ V lane Load =92.25+16.12=108.37KN/m

Vmax=129.44KN/m

Com 1 MHs-20+M Lane Load= 208.1+41.9=250KN.m/m

Com 2 M tandem + M lane Load=224.53+41.9 =266.43KN.m/m

Mmax=266.43KN.m/m

Tandem Loading + Lane Loading has Governed

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6. Dead Load Force Effect
a) Interior Strip
𝐊𝐍
Take one meter strip width , 𝛾 = 𝟐𝟑
𝐦𝟑

 DC (Slab+Curb+Post &Railing)
DCslab=0.6*23*1=13.80KN/m
DCcurb=2*.25*.8*23/8.9=1.0KN/m
DCpost=2*.25*.25*.8*23/8.9*1.5=0.007KN/m

DCRailing=2*0.25*0.30*23/8.9=0.39KN/m

DC=13.8+1.0+0.007+0.39=15.20KN/m

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 Dws (Dead load of wearing surface)
𝐊𝐍
 5mm of bituminous wearing surface, 𝛾= 𝟐𝟐
𝐦𝟑
Dwswearing surface=0.05*22=1.1KN/m

 Dead Load effect due to DC

𝒘𝑳
VDC= =15.20*10.40*.50=79.04KN/m
𝟐

𝑤𝐿2
MDC= =15.20*10.4*10.40/8=205.5KN.m/m
8

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 Dead load effect wearing surface

𝒘𝑳
VDW= =1.1*10.40*.50=5.72KN/m
𝟐

𝑤𝐿2
MDW= =1.1*10.4*10.40/8=14.87KN.m/m
8

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b) Edge strip
DCslab=0.6*23=13.8KN/m

DCcurb=0.25*0.8*23/1.8=2.56KN/m

DCPost= =.25*.25*.8*23/1.8*1.5=0.43KN/m

DCRailings=0.25*0.30*23/1.8=0.96KN/m

DC=13.8+2.56+0.43+0.96=17.75KN/m

VDC=17.75*10.4/2=92.30KN/m

MDC=17.75*10.4*10.4/8=239.98KN.m/m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 60
 Dead load effect of the wearing surface

𝒘𝑳
VDW= =1.1*10.40*.50=5.72KN/m
𝟐

𝑤𝐿2
MDW= =1.1*10.4*10.40/8=14.87KN.m/m
8

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 61
7. Select Resistance Factor --------------------Art. 5.5.4.2.1
Type Resistance Factor( 𝝋)
Flexure & Shear 0.90
Shear & torsion 0.90
Axial Compression 0.75
Bearing on concrete 0.70

8. Select Load Modifier and summary of service load

Strength Service Fatigue Art.
Ductility(𝜂𝐷) 1 1 1 Art.1.3.3
Redundancy (𝜂R) 1 1 1 Art.1.3.4
Importance (𝜂𝐼) 1 1 1 Art.1.3.5
𝛈𝐃*𝛈𝐑*𝛈𝐈 1 1 1
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 62
 Summary of service shear force and bending moment

Summary of service shear force and Bending moment

Interior Strip Edge Strip

VLL (KN/m) 112.81 129.44

VDC (KN/m) 79.04 92.30
VDW (KN/m) 5.72 5.72
MLL (KN.m/m) 248.70 266.43
MDC (KN.m/m) 205.50 239.98
MDW (KN.m/m) 14.87 14.87

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 63
9. Select applicable load combination --------------------table 3.4.1-1
Strength I 𝛈(1.25DC+1.5DW+1.75(LL+IM))
Service I 𝛈(1.0DC+1.0DW+1.0(LL+IM))
Fatigue 𝛈(0.75(LL+IM))

10. Design of main reinforcement parallel to traffic

10.1 Flexure: Equivalent Rectangular stress distribution ----------Art. 5.7.2.2.2

a) Interior Strip

Mu=1.00(1.25MDC+1.5MDW+1.75M(LL+IM))

Mu=1.00(1.25*205.5+1.5*14.87+1.75*248.7)=714.41KN.m/m
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 64
 Dprovided=600mm
beff=1000mm
∅=30mm
fy=420 Mpa (∅>20mm)
Cubic Comp.=30Mpa
fc’=30/1.25=24Mpa (cylindrical comp
strength)
Cover=50mm
dprovided=600-50-30/2=535mm
as=3.1416*30*30/4=706.86mm2

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 65
For rebar greater than or equal to 16mm

𝒇𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎 24 600
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷𝟏 ∗ ∗ = 0.85 ∗ .85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0243
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 420 600 + 420

𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑎 = 78.49 Mu = 714.41KN. m/m

𝑴𝒖 714.41∗106
𝑨𝒔 = 𝒂 = 78.49 = 3812.31mm2
𝝓𝒇𝒚 𝒅−
𝟐 (0.9∗420(535− )
2

𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 3812.31 ∗ 420
𝑎= = = 78.49𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 24 ∗ 1000

So that As=3812.31mm2 (total area of reinforcement steel)

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 66
 1000𝑎𝑠
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆 =
𝐴𝑠

706.86
𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 185mm Smax = 450mm
3812.31

𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 30 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 150𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝------S1

𝑎𝑠 706.86
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1000 ∗ = 1000 ∗ = 4712.39𝑚𝑚2
𝑆 150
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒇𝒄 24
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝆𝒃 = 0.75 ∗ 0.0243 = 0.0182 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = 0.03 ∗ = 0.0017
𝒇𝒚 420

𝐴𝑠 4712.39
𝜌𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = = 0.0088 (0.0182 < 𝜌𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 0.0017 𝑶𝑲!
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 535
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 67
b) Edge Strip

Mu=1.00(1.25*239.98+1.5*14.87+1.75*266.43)=788.53KN.m/m

𝒇𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎 24 600
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷𝟏 ∗ ∗ = 0.85 ∗ .85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0243
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 420 600 + 420

𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑎 = 87.42 Mu = 788.53KN. m/m

788.53∗106
𝑨𝒔 =
𝑴𝒖
𝒂 = 87.42 = 4246.08mm2
𝝓𝒇𝒚 𝒅−𝟐 (0.9∗420(535− )
2

𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 4246.08 ∗ 420
𝑎= = = 87.42𝑚𝑚
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ∗ 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 24 ∗ 1000
So that As=4246.08mm2 (total area of reinforcement steel)
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 68
 1000𝑎𝑠
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆 =
𝐴𝑠

706.86
𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 166mm Smax = 450mm
4246.08
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜙 30 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 130𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 −−− −𝑆2

𝑎𝑠 706.86
𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1000 ∗ = 1000 ∗ = 5437.37𝑚𝑚2
𝑆 130
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝒇𝒄 24
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝆𝒃 = 0.75 ∗ 0.0243 = 0.0182 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = 0.03 ∗ = 0.0017
𝒇𝒚 420

𝐴𝑠 5437.37
𝜌𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = = 0.0102 (0.0182 < 𝜌𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 > 0.0017 𝑶𝑲!
𝑏𝑑 1000 ∗ 535
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 69
10.2 Check for shear

a) Interior strip

Vu=1.00(1.25VDC+1.5VDW+1.75V(LL+IM))

Vu =1.00(1.25*79.04+1.5*5.72+1.75*112.81)

Vu=304.80KN/m

Allow. shear stress(𝜎)=0.166*sqrt(fc’)=0.166*sqrt(24)=813KN/m2

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 𝜎 ∗ b ∗ d = 0.9 ∗ 813 ∗ 1 ∗ .535 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝐊𝐍/𝐦

If factored Shear force 𝑉𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅𝑉𝑛 … . . 𝑂𝐾‼!

304.80KN/m < 391.46KN/m…………………………..OK!!!

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 70
b) Edge strip

Vu=1.00(1.25VDC+1.5VDW+1.75V(LL+IM))

Vu =1.00(1.25*92.30+1.5*5.72+1.75*129.44)

Vu=350.48KN/m

Allow. shear stress(𝜎)=0.166*sqrt(fc’)=0.166*sqrt(24)=813KN/m2

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 𝜎 ∗ b ∗ d = 0.9 ∗ 813 ∗ 1 ∗ .535 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝐊𝐍/𝐦

If factored Shear force 𝑉𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅𝑉𝑛 … . . 𝑂𝐾‼!

350.48KN/m < 391.46KN/m…………………………..OK!!!

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 71
10.3 Distribution reinforcement for main reinforcement parallel to traffic … Art
5.14.4.1
a) Interior strip
The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a percentage
of the main reinforcement required for positive moment as :

𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎 1750
≤ 𝟓𝟎% , = 17.20%
𝑺𝒒𝒓𝒕 𝑳 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡 10400
𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠. = 0.172 ∗ 4712.39 = 810.53𝑚𝑚2 𝑢𝑠𝑒∅16 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑠 = 210𝑚𝑚2

201
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 247.98𝑚𝑚
810.53
So use ∅ 16, c/c 210mm for bottom distribution reinforcement----------S3
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 72
a) Edge strip

The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a

percentage of the main reinforcement required for positive moment as :

𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎 1750
≤ 𝟓𝟎% , = 17.20%
𝑺𝒒𝒓𝒕 𝑳 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡 10400
𝐴𝑆 𝑑𝑖𝑠. = 0.172 ∗ 5437.37 = 935.23𝑚𝑚2 𝑢𝑠𝑒∅16 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑠 = 210𝑚𝑚2

201
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 215𝑚𝑚
935.23

So use ∅ 16, c/c 210mm for bottom distribution reinforcement-------S3

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 73
10.4 Shrinkage and Temperature reinforcement
a) Edge strip/Interior Strip
Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stress shall be provided near surface of concrete
exposed to daily temperature changes. The stress shall be distributed on both sides.

𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝑨𝒈
𝑨𝒔 ≥ 𝐴𝑟𝑡. 5.10.8
𝒇𝒚

600 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 0.11 ∗ 1000 ∗ = 220 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒∅12, 𝑎𝑠 = 113𝑚𝑚2
300 𝑚

1 𝑚𝑚2 113
𝑇𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟, 𝐴𝑠 = ∗ 220 = 110 𝑠𝑜 𝑆 = 1000 ∗ = 1027𝑚𝑚, 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450𝑚𝑚
2 𝑚 110

So use ∅ 12, c/c 450mm for Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement------S4 & S5

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 74
11. Control of cracking (Service Limit states)
 To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well
distributed within the maximum flexural zones. To prevent this kind of cracking,
the calculated stress in the reinforcement at service load ,fs, in MPa shall not
exceed fsa,
1
𝑍 = 𝑓𝑠 ∗ 𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝐴 3

𝑓𝑠 ≤ 0.6𝑓𝑦 = 0.6 ∗ 420 = 252𝑀𝑝𝑎

Where z=cracked width parameter in N/mm,30,000N/mm for moderate climate
dc=depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar ;
for calculation purpose, the thickness of clear cover used to compute dc
shall not be taken greater than 50mm.
dc=50+30/2=65mm
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 75
A=Area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile
reinforcement and bounded by the surface of the cross section and a
line parallel to the neutral axis divided by the number of bars
(mm2)clear cover less than or equal to 50mm.
Y=50+30/2=65mm
S=130mm for edge strip
S=150mm for interior strip
For single layer reinforcement
S=b/No bars
Aedge=2*65*130=16,900mm2
Aintrior=2*65*150=19,500mm2

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 76
 The concrete considered cracked if tensile stress in concrete > 80% of
the modulus of rapture, fr=0.63*sqrt(fc’)…………Art.5.7.3.4 &5.4.2.6

a)Interior strip: Check concrete tensile stress against 0.8fr

Ms=1*(1*205.5+1*14.87+1*248.7)=469.07KN.m/m

𝑀𝑠 106
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 2 = 469.07 ∗ = 7.8𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑏ℎ 6002
1000 ∗
6 6
0.8𝑓𝑟 = 0.8 ∗ (.63 24 = 2.47𝑀𝑝𝑎

fcten>0.8fr ……..Section has cracked

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 77
 From previous, d=535mm,As=4712.39mm2, 𝜌=0.0088
𝐸𝑠
𝑛= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑐 = 4,800 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 48000 ∗ 24 = 23,515𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑠 200,000
𝑛= = = 8.5 ≈ 9
𝐸𝑐 23515
𝑘= 2𝜌𝑛 + 𝜌𝑛 2 − 𝜌𝑛
𝑘= 2 ∗ 0.008 ∗ 9 + 0.0088 ∗ 9 2 − 0.008 ∗ 9 = 0.3266

jd=(1-0.3266/3)*535=476.75mm
𝑀𝑠 106
𝑓𝑠 = = 469.07 ∗ = 208.79𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 0.6 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 = 252𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑂𝑘!
𝐴𝑠𝑗𝑑 4712.36 ∗ 476.75
1 𝑁 𝑁
𝑍 = 208.78 ∗ 65 ∗ 19500 3 = 22,595 < 30,000 … … … … … . . 𝑂𝑘‼
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
There fore the provided concrete section and reinforcement is adequate.
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 78
b) Edge strip: Check concrete tensile stress against 0.8fr

Ms=1*(1*239.98+1*14.87+1*266.43)=521.28KN.m/m

𝑀𝑠 106
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑛 = 2 = 521.28 ∗ 2 = 8.79𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑏ℎ 600
1000 ∗
6 6
0.8𝑓𝑟 = 0.8 ∗ (.63 24 = 2.47𝑀𝑝𝑎

fcten>0.8fr ……..Section has cracked

8.79Mpa>2.47Mpa …..section has cracked

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 79
 From previous, d=535mm,As=5437.37mm2, 𝜌=0.0102
𝐸𝑠
𝑛= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑐 = 4,800 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 48000 ∗ 24 = 23,515𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑠 200,000
𝑛= = 8.5 ≈ 9
𝐸𝑐 23515
𝑘= 2𝜌𝑛 + 𝜌𝑛 2 − 𝜌𝑛
𝑘= 2 ∗ 0.0102 ∗ 9 + 0.0102 ∗ 9 2 − 0.0102 ∗ 9 = 0.3464

jd=(1-0.3464/3)*535=473.23mm
𝑀𝑠 106
𝑓𝑠 = = 521.28 ∗ = 210.35𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 0.6 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 = 252𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑂𝑘!
𝐴𝑠𝑗𝑑 5437.37 ∗ 473.23
1 𝑁 𝑁
𝑍 = 210.35 ∗ 65 ∗ 16900 3 = 21,704 < 30,000 … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘‼
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
There fore the provided concrete section and reinforcement is adequate.
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 80
12. Fatigue Stress Limit
 Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m axle spacing. So the
maximum moment results when the two front axle on the span and the
rear axle is out of the span.
a) Interior Strip
Mmax=35*.6+145*2.58
Impact Factor
=395.1KN.m
Mfactored=1*0.75*395.1*1.15
=340.77KN.m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 81
a) Tensile Live load stress
299.77∗106
One lane loaded, E=4.291m
4712.39∗476.75
MLL+IM=340.77/4.291=79.4KN.m/m
MLL+DL=79.4+205.5+14.87=299.77KN.m/m fmax=133.4Mpa
106
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (205.5 + 14.87) ∗ = 98.08𝑀𝑝𝑎
4712.39 ∗ 476.75
fs =133.4-98.08=35.35Mpa
b) Reinforcing bar
ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h)-------------------ff=stress range
Take r/h=0.3
ff=145-0.33*98.08+55*(0.3)=129.14Mpa
35.35Mpa << 129.14Mpa ……….OK!!!
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 82
13. Deflection
13a Gross Moment of Inertia
𝑏ℎ3 600 3
𝐼𝑔 = + 𝐴𝑑2 = 1000 ∗ = 1.8 ∗ 1010 𝑚𝑚2
12 12
= 0.018𝑚4
Centroid =y=600/2=300mm
13.b Cracked Section Moment of Inertia
From previous, n = 9, 𝜌 = 0.0102,
𝑑 = 535𝑚𝑚, 𝑘 = 0.3464, 𝑘𝑑 = 185.32𝑚𝑚
As=5437.37mm2
Mservice=266.43+239.98+14.8=521.28KN.m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 83
 Cracked Moment of Inertia
Item Area(m2) Yi(m) Icg(m4) d=kd-yi(m) Ad2(m4) Itotal(m4)
beam 0.175 0.0875 0.00045 0.0875 0.00134 0.0017
Steel 0.0424 0.535 0 -0.36 0.0069 0.006
Yi is measured from the compressive side extreme fiber to C.G. Icr(m4) 0.0077
of the component. Icr(mm4) 7.7*10^9

𝑓𝑟∗𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = where fr = 0.63sqrt fc ′ = 0.63 ∗ sqrt 24 = 3.09Mpa Mcr=Cracked Moment
yt
1010
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 3.09 ∗ 1.8 ∗ = 𝟏𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝐊𝐍. 𝐦
300 ∗ 106
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐼𝑒 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
185.4 3 185.4 3
𝐼𝑒 = ∗ 0.018 + [1 − ]*0.0077=0.0084m4
<0.018m4
469.07 469.07
If Ie<Ig Section provided is adequate
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 84
13.c Dead Load Deflection
 Short term deflection
𝟓𝑾𝑳𝟒 𝑷𝑳𝟑
∆𝒔 = + −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− − 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝟑𝟖𝑬𝑰 𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰
𝐾𝑁 𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑊 = 17.75 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −1775
𝑚 𝑚
𝐾𝑁 𝑁
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑃 = 0.0 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −0.0
𝑚 𝑚
𝐸𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ: 𝐿 = 10.40𝑚 −−−−−−−−−−−−− −10.40𝑚

10
𝑁
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒: 𝐸 = 23515𝑀𝑝𝑎 −−−−−−−−−−− −2.3515 ∗ 10
𝑚2
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑒 = 0.00855𝑚4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −0.00855𝑚4

5 ∗ 1775 ∗ 10.44
∆𝑠 = 10
+ 0 = 0.0136m = 𝟏𝟒𝐦𝐦
38 ∗ 2.3515 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.0084

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 85
 Long term deflection
1.2𝐴𝑠 ′
∆𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 = ∆𝑠 3 − −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− − 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝐴𝑠 ′ = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0𝑚𝑚2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐴𝑠 = 5437.37𝑚𝑚2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 = 4712.39𝑚𝑚2

∆𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 14 ∗ 3 − 0 = 42mm
42 ∗ 100
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 = = 1.0% 𝑜𝑟 52𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
0.5 ∗ 10.40 ∗ 1000

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 86
13.d Live Load deflection

Load a b X

P/4 0.900 9.500 5.200

P 5.200 5.200 5.200

P 9.500 0.900 5.200

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 87
 Live Load deflection
Due to P/4, D1 = 0.00045 m
Due to P at Mid Span, D2 = 0.00700 m
Due to the rear P after Mid-Span, D3 = 0.00180 m
TOTAL = 0.00925 m

Total Live Load D = D1+D2+D3 = 0.00925 m

Total LL Deflection = 9.25 mm

Allowable Live Load Deflection Dall = L/800 = 13.00 mm

Live Load Deflection is below the maximum allowable, Ok!!

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 88
 Length of standard hook
L_hook=𝜋 ∗ 5𝜙 + 4𝜙 = 𝜋 ∗ 5 + 4 𝜙
Length of Bar S1 & S2= L𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 2 ∗ 5𝜙 + 2 ∗ 𝐿ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑘
L=10.8-2*.05-2*5*0.03+2*0.03*(3.14*5+4)=11.58m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 89
Bar Size(mm) Length(m) Spacing(mm) Number Type of bar
S1 30 11.58 150 33

S2 30 11.58 130 30

S3 16 8.78 210 52

S4 12 8.78 450 25

S5 12 10.7 450 16

C1 12 3.40 300 74

C2 12 10.7 12

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 90
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 91
Design of RC T-Girder
 Design an effective 15.6 meter simply supported typical T-Girder
bridge as shown in figure for HL-93 live load with the given
preliminary data. Allow for a future wearing surface of 50mm thick
bituminous overlay, Use AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification 5th
Edition 2005: Material Concrete C-30 and Steel fy=420Mpa for bar
greater than or equal to 20mm and fy=300Mpa for bar less than
20mm.

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 92
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 93
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 94
 Materials
• Type of concrete f’c = 24 MPa;
• Unit weight of concrete = 23 kN/m3
• Type of steel:
for bars greater than 20 mm diameter, fy = 420 MPa
for bars less than or equal to 20 mm diameter, fy = 300 MPa
• Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 4800 √f’c
= 4800 √24 = 23,515 MPa
• Modulus of elasticity of steel = 200,000 MPa
• Modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.63 √f’c
= 0.63 √24 = 2.82 MPa

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 95
1. Determination of section for superstructure
 Determination of Depth of Girder…………Table 2.5.2.6.3.1-1
For simple span T- girder, D=0.07*L, where L is Effective Span Length in meter
Dmin=0.07*15.6=1.09m
Take D=1.20m
 Determination of Spacing between the girders
C is in between 0.4S to 0.6S , take C=0.55S
2C+3S=8.90
2*0.55+3S=8.90
S=2.17m
Use, S=2.20m
C=(8.90-3*2.2)/2=1.15m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 96
 Minimum web thickness is 200mm for RC concrete
 But the width of the web has to satisfy the clear spacing between bars.
The clear spacing between bars in a row should not be less than 1.5∅ or
the minimum aggregate size and the minimum concrete cover is 50mm
Clear spacing between bars =1.5∅
Taking ∅32 bars, 3∅32 bars in a row require a beam width of
bw> 2*1.5*∅+ 3*∅+2*cover
bw> 2*1.5*32 + 3*32+ 2*50
bw>292mm
take bw=380mm

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 97
 Determination of slab thickness
𝑺+𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏 = ≥ 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝒎𝒎 −−− −𝑨𝒓𝒕. 𝟐. 𝟓. 𝟔. 𝟐. 𝟑
𝟑𝟎
𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎+𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝒎𝒎
𝟑𝟎
take ts=200mm
 Minimum over hang slab thickness: For concrete deck overhangs supporting
concrete parapets or barriers, the minimum deck overhang thickness is
200mm.
 Diaphragm
 Web width(0.25-0.30) take 0.30m
 exterior diaphragm depth=1200-350=850mm ,take 1000mm
 interior diaphragm depth=1000mm
 Total No of diaphragm=3
𝟏𝟓.𝟔
 C/c Spacing of diaphragm = = 𝟕. 𝟖𝒎
𝟑−𝟏
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 98
2. Design of overhang slab
Post size
b= 0.25m
w= 0.25m
hp= 0.80m
90cm Railing size
b= 0.25m
h=0.30m
Spacing of post=1.5m
Curb thickness=0.25m
• Overhang slab thickness=0.20m
Dis. b/n post and curb=0.05m
• Distance between back of railing
and end of curb =0.10 m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 99
 Dead load effect
Dead Load Moments about the face of the overhang

No Item Force (KN/m) Arm (m) M(KN.m/m)

1 Railing 0.25*0.3*23=1.725 .96-.05-.05-.125=.735 1.268

2 Post .25*.25*.8*23/1.5=0.77 .96-.05-.125=0.785 0.604

3 Overhang slab 0.2*0.96*23=4.416 0.96*0.50=0.48 2.120

4 Curb 0.25*0.8*23=4.6 .96-.8+.8/2=0.56 2.576

MDc total 6.568

5 Wearing surface 0.16*0.05*22=0.176 (0.96-0.8)/2=0.08 0.014

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 100

 Live load effect
 Design Truck Load (HS-20)
 The critical placement of a single wheel load is kept at 300 mm from the face
of the railing, when the side walk is not covered by crashworthy traffic
barriers.
 The equivalent width of a transverse strip is 1140 + 0.833X, where x is the
distance from wheel load to the face of support
E = 1140 + 0.833 (X)
X = 0.96 – 0.05-0.05 – 0.25-0.3= 0.31 m = 310 mm
E = 1140 + 0.833 (310) = 1398.23 mm
145
 The maximum wheel load = = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝐊𝐍
𝟐

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 101

 Load dispersed per ‘m’ width in the transverse direction to the span of
cantilever
𝟕𝟐. 𝟓 𝑲𝑵
= 𝟓𝟏. 𝟖𝟔
𝟏. 𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝒎
 Moment caused by this load
MLL= 51.86 * 0.31 = 16.1 kNm/m
 Moment due to truck load including dynamic load allowance
MLL+IM = 16.1 * 1.33 = 21.41 kNm/m
 Tandem Load
The design tandem load wheel load is smaller than the design truck load
and hence not considered for over hang design

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 102

 Lane load
Lane load =3.1KN/m and Arm length=0.96-0.8=0.16m
𝟑.𝟏∗𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝟐
Lane moment= =0.04KN.m/m
𝟐
MLL=21.41+0.04=21.45KN.m/m
 Total design moment
Q = Σ ηi γi Qi ;
Here, ηD = 1.00 ηR = 1.00 ηI = 1.00
 Design moment (Mu design)

= 1.00(1.25 DC + 1.5 DW + 1.75 LL+IM)

= 1.00(1.25 * 6.568 +1.5 * 0.014 + 1.75 * 21.45)
= 45.80 kNm/m
Mu design =45.80KN.m/m
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 103
 Design of Reinforcement for flexure

𝒇𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎 24 600
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷𝟏 ∗ ∗ = 0.85 ∗ .85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0384
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 300 600 + 300

𝟐𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖 , 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 ∗ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝟑𝟎𝟎

𝟒𝟓. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔
= 𝒔𝒒𝒓𝒕 = 𝟖𝟕𝐦𝐦
𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟎. 𝟗 ∗. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏−. 𝟓𝟗 ∗. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖 ∗
𝟐𝟒

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 104

d available=200-50-16/2=142mm

d required=87mm

d available >d required……………………………Ok!!!

MU 𝟒𝟓.𝟖∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
Assume a= 19.80mm AS   𝟏𝟗.𝟖 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐
f y (d  (a / 2)) 𝟎.𝟗∗𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟐−
𝟐

𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 ∗ = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝟎.𝟖𝟓∗𝟐𝟒∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

So take area of reinforcement is 1353.08mm2

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 105

As req=1358.08mm2

𝟏𝟔𝟐
𝒂𝒔 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔 ∗ = 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟒
𝒂𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟏
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ = 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝐦𝐦
𝑨𝒔 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟖. 𝟎𝟖
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎---------S1

𝟐𝟎𝟏
𝑨𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟒𝟎
𝑨𝒔 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟓.𝟕𝟎
𝝆𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = = =0.01------ 0.0288<0.01<0.0024 ------Ok!!
𝒃𝒅 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟒𝟐
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 106
3. Design of interior slab panel
 Dead load effect

Dead load per meter width

No Item Weight KN/m2
1 Slab 0.20*23=4.6
2 Wearing Surface 0.05*22=1.1

Slab with more than two girders

In slabs continuous over more than two supports the dead load moment at support and mid
span can be taken as mid span moment for simply supported beam reduced by 20%.

𝑲∗𝑾𝑫𝑳∗𝑺𝟐
𝑴𝑫𝑳 = where K is continuity factor, take 0.8
𝟖

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 107

 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝑾𝑫𝑳 ∗ 𝑺𝟐 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟒. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝑲𝑵𝒎
𝑴𝑫𝑪 = = = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟔
𝟖 𝟖 𝒎

𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝑾𝑫𝑳 ∗ 𝑺𝟐 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟏 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝑲𝑵𝒎
𝑴𝑫𝑾 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑
𝟖 𝟖 𝒎

 Live Load effect

 Truck Load
• Live load moment for continuous slab
𝑺+𝟐 𝑲𝑵𝒎
𝑴𝑳𝑳 = +𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒏𝒆𝒈 = 𝑲 ∗ ∗ 𝑷 −− − , 𝒑 = 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝟑𝟐 𝒎
Where K is continuity factor, 0.8
S in feet
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 108
 𝟐. 𝟐𝟎
𝟏 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟖𝒎 𝒔𝒐 𝑺 = = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕
𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟖
𝟕. 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐 𝑲𝑵. 𝒎
𝑴𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ ∗ 𝟕𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟏
𝟑𝟐 𝒎
Dynamic load allowance (33%)=0.33
MLL+I=1.33*16.71KN.m/m
=22.22KN.m/m
 Lane load
If the spacing of the girder is less than 4.6 meter an axle load of 145KN
considered but if the S>4.6 an axle load + lane load considered
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 109
Dead load factor= 1.25

Wearing surface factor= 1.5

Live load factor= 1.75

𝑴 = 𝟏 ∗ (𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 ∗ 𝑴𝑫𝑪 + 𝟏. 𝟓 ∗ 𝑴𝑫𝑾 + 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ (𝑴𝑳𝑳 + 𝑰𝑴)

M=1.25*2.226 + 1.5*0.53 +1.75*22.22

M=2.79+0.80+38.89

M=42.462KNm/m

Mu=42.47KNm/m
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 110
 Design of Reinforcement for flexure

0.9

𝒇𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎 24 600
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷𝟏 ∗ ∗ = 0.85 ∗ .85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0384
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝒇𝒚 300 600 + 300

𝟐𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖 , 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 ∗ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒
𝟑𝟎𝟎

𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔
= 𝒔𝒒𝒓𝒕 = 𝟖𝟒𝐦𝐦
𝟑𝟎𝟎
. 𝟗 ∗. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏−. 𝟓𝟗 ∗. 𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟖 ∗
𝟐𝟒

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 111

d available=200-50-16/2=142mm

d required=84mm

d available >d required……………………………Ok!!!

MU 𝟒𝟐.𝟒𝟕∗𝟏𝟎𝟔
Assume a= 16.80mm AS   𝟏𝟔.𝟖 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟔𝒎𝒎𝟐
f y (d  (a / 2)) 𝟎.𝟗∗𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟐−
𝟐

𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟔 ∗ = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝒎𝒎
𝟎.𝟖𝟓∗𝟐𝟒∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

So take area of reinforcement is 1177.36mm2

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 112

As req=1177.36mm2

𝟏𝟔𝟐
𝒂𝒔 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟔 ∗ = 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟒
𝒂𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟏
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝐦𝐦
𝑨𝒔 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟔
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎 at top -------S1

Use diameter 16mm center to center 140 mm at bottom---------S2

𝟐𝟎𝟏
𝑨𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝟏𝟒𝟎
𝑨𝒔 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟓.𝟕𝟎
𝝆𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = = =0.01------ 0.0288<0.01<0.0024 ------Ok!!
𝒃𝒅 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟒𝟐

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 113

 Distribution reinforcement
 the amount of distribution reinforcement shall be the percentage of the main
reinforcement steel required for positive moment as given by the following
formulas:
 for primary reinforcement parallel to traffic

𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎
𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = ≤ 𝟓𝟎%
𝒔𝒒𝒓𝒕(𝑺)

 for primary reinforcement perpendicular to traffic

𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟎
𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = ≤ 𝟔𝟕%
𝒔𝒒𝒓𝒕(𝑺)
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 114
 Distribution reinforcement

𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟎
𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟕% ≤ 𝟔𝟕%
𝒔𝒒𝒓𝒕(𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎)

Take 67%
As =1435.70mm2 use dia 16mm as=201mm2 b=1000mm
Asdist=0.67*1435.67
Asdis=961.9mm2
𝟐𝟎𝟏
Spacing=S=𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ = 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝒎𝒎
𝟗𝟔𝟏.𝟗

Use diameter 16mm c/c 200mm top and bottom--------S3/S4

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 115
4. Design of Girder
4.1 Computation of Dead loads
4.1.1 Exterior Girder Dead Load

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 116

 Dead load on exterior girder

No Item Weight (KN/m)

1 post 0.77
2 Railing 1.725
3 Overhang Slab 4.416
4 Curb 4.6
7 2.2+.38 5.934
Interior slab= ∗ .20 ∗ 23 = 5.934
2
8 Web stem=𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 ∗ 𝟏 ∗ 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟒 8.74
Total dead load exterior girder(WDC) 26.19
5 Wearing surface on overhang 0.176
6 2.2+.38 1.42
Interior wearing surface= ∗ .05 ∗ 22 = 1.42
2
Total wearing surface load (WDW) 1.596
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 117
 Diaphragm load
b=0.3m D-diap.=1m L-Diap=(2.2 - .38)/2=0.91m
Weight of Diap= 𝟎. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 ∗ 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝑲𝑵
4.1.2 Interior Girder Dead Load

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 118

 Dead load on interior girder
No Item Weight (KN/m)
1 Slab (2.2*0.2*23=10.12) 10.12
3 Web stem=𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 ∗ 𝟏 ∗ 𝟐𝟑 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟒 8.74

Total dead load Interior girder(WDC) 18.86

2 Wearing surface =2.2*0.05*22 2.42
Total wearing surface load (WDW) 2.42
Diaphragm load=2*6.28 12.56
Dead load and live Load effect on interior girder has governed
WDC= 18.86
WDW= 2.42
Wdiaphragm= 12.56
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 119
Dead load and diaphragm load---------------------(for interior girder)

 Reaction at Support R_DL_1 Due to Dead Load W_DC and Diaphragms =

𝟏𝟖.𝟖𝟔∗𝟏𝟓.𝟔 𝟑∗𝟏𝟐.𝟓𝟔
[(W_DC)*L/2]+(3*P_Diaph/2) = + = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟗𝟓𝑲𝑵
𝟐 𝟐
 Reaction at Support R_DW_2 Due to Wearing Surface Only = (W_DW)*L/2] =
𝟐. 𝟒𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔
= 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝑲𝑵
𝟐
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 120
 Maximum shear and moment due to DC and Diaphragm

𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟔 ∗ 𝟕. 𝟖𝟐
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑫𝑪 + 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟕. 𝟖 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 ∗ 𝟕. 𝟖 − = 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟐𝑲𝑵. 𝒎
𝟐
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑫𝑪 + 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟗𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟎𝑲𝑵

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 121

 Maximum shear and moment due to wearing surface

𝟐. 𝟒𝟐 ∗ 𝟕. 𝟖𝟐
𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑾𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝟕. 𝟖 − = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟔𝟒𝑲𝑵. 𝒎
𝟐
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑫𝑪 + 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟖𝑲𝑵

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 122

4.2 Computation of live load
 Check the range of applicability of the Parameters.
1. Center to Center of Girder Spacing - S (1.1m - 4.9m)
S=2.2m------------------OK!!
2. Thickness of the Deck Slab - ts (110mm - 300mm)
ts=200mm----------------OK!!
3. Length of the span 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝑳 ≤ 𝟕𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
4.2.1 Interior Girder
I) Distribution Factors for Live Load Moment (Interior Girder)
𝐸𝐵
𝑲𝒈 = 𝒏 𝑰 + 𝑨 ∗ 𝒆𝒈𝟐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 =
𝐸𝐷
EB and ED=Modulus of elasticity of the beam and Deck material in MPa

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 123

 Since the bridge is made of the same material n=1
𝑏ℎ3 13
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = 0.38 ∗ = 0.0317𝑚4
12 12
𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑏 ∗ ℎ = .38 ∗ 1 = 0.38𝑚2
0.2
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑘 (𝑦𝑑) = = 0.1𝑚
2
1
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚(𝑦𝑏) = 0.2 + = 0.7𝑚
2
𝑒𝑔 = 𝑦𝑏 − 𝑦𝑑 = 0.7 − 0.1 = 0.6𝑚
eg=0.6m
𝐾𝑔 = 1 ∗ 0.0317 + 0.38 ∗ 0.62 = 0.1685𝑚4

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 124

 Effective flange width of the girder
Effective flange width is the minimum of
𝐿 15.6
= = 3.9𝑚
4 4
𝑏𝑤 + 12𝐷𝑓 = 0.38 ∗ 12 ∗ .20 = 2.78𝑚
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 2.20𝑚
 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2.20𝑚
beff=2.2m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 125

 Section properties
Section Properties of the girder
X-Axis Moment of inertia and area
Item width Thickness Centroid Area A*Cgi I A*(Cgi-Cg)2 Itotal
(Cgi)
flange 2.2 0.2 0.1 0.44 0.044 0.0015 0.034 0.0355
Web 0.38 1 0.7 0.38 0.266 0.0317 0.040 0.0717
Total 0.82 0.31 Total moment of 0.1072
Cg. Centroid of the Whole Girder (from 0.31 Inertia
𝐴𝑖𝑐𝑔𝑖 C𝑔 = = 0.378
Top of the Deck Slab) =total( ) 0.82
Ai
Y-Axis Moment of inertia and area
flange 2.2 0.2 0 0.44 0 0.177 0 0.177
Web 0.38 1 0 0.38 0 0.0046 0 0.0046
Total 0.82 0 Total moment of 0.182
Cg 0 Inertia

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 126

A) Interior Girder Distribution factor for moment
 One design lane loaded
0.4 0.3 0.1
𝑆 𝑆 𝐾𝑔
𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑚1 = 0.06 +
4300 𝐿 𝐿 ∗ 𝑡𝑠 3
0.4 0.3 0.1
2200 2.2 0.1685
𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑚1 = 0.06 + = 0.50
4300 15.6 15.6 ∗ 0.23
 Two or more design lane loaded
0.6 0.2 0.1
𝑆 𝑆 𝐾𝑔
𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 0.075 +
2900 𝐿 𝐿 ∗ 𝑡𝑠 3
0.6 0.2 0.1
2200 2.2 0.1685
𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 0.075 + = 0.667
2900 15.6 15.6 ∗ 0.23
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 127
B) Interior Girder Distribution factor for Shear
 One design lane loaded
𝑆
𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟_1 = 0.36 +
7600
2200
𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟_1 = 0.36 + = 0.649
7600
 Two or more design lane loaded
2
𝑆 𝑆
𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟20𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 0.2 + −
3600 10700
2200 2200 2
 𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟20𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 0.2 + − = 0.769
3600 10700

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 128

C) Exterior Girder Distribution factor for Moment
 One design lane loaded (use lever rule)
o Check the range of applicability as follow −𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 ≤ 𝒅𝒆 ≤ 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
o de=1150-800=350mm……OK!!
o Take moment at B, 𝑀𝐵 = 𝟎
o Let p=1 then P/2=0.5
0.5*0.15+0.5*1.95=Ra*2.2
Ra=0.477
o Multiple presence factor 1.2
Ra= 1.2*0.477
g_Ext_Mom_1 =0.573

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 129

 Two or more design lane loaded
o g_ext_mom 2or more = e* g_int_mom 2 or more

𝑑𝑒
o 𝑒 = 0.77 +
2800

o g_int_mom 2 or more= 0.667

350
o 𝑒 = 0.77 + = 0.895
2800

o g_ext_mom 2or more=0.895*0.667=0.597

o g_ext_mom 2 0r more=0.597

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 130

D) Exterior Girder Distribution factor for Shear
 One design lane loaded
o Take moment at B, 𝑀𝐵 = 𝟎
o Let p=1 then P/2=0.5
0.5*0.15+0.5*1.95=Ra*2.2
Ra=0.477
o Multiple presence factor 1.2
Ra= 1.2*0.477
g_Ext_Shear_1 =0.573

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 131

 Two or more design lane loaded
o g_ext_shear 2or more = e* g_int_shear 2 or more
𝑑𝑒
o 𝑒 = 0.6 +
3000
o g_int_shear 2 or more= 0.769
350
o 𝑒 = 0.6 + = 0.717
3000
o g_ext_shear 2or more=0.717*0.769=0.55
o g_ext_shear 2 0r more=0.55
 DESIGN DISTRIBUTION FACTORS OF LIVE LOADS
o Df_Moment=max{0.5,0.667,0.573,0.597}=0.667 (interior has governed)
o Df_Shear=max{0.649,0.769,0.573,0.579}=0.769 (interior has governed)

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 132

4.3 Design vehicles and loads
4.3.1 HS20-44
HS20-44 Design Axle load W= 145KN
Design Total LL+IM = 145*1.33= 192.85KN/lane
4.3.2 Design Tandem/Military Loading
Design Military Axle load W= 110KN
Design Total LL+IM = 110*1.33= 146.3KN/lane
4.3.3 Lane load
Lane load = 9.3KN/lane
lane width =3m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 133

4.4 Influence Line for shear force and Bending moment (interior)
i) Maximum shear force
 Hs-20 truck loading
Vmax=145(1+.724+.447*.25)

=266.19*.769KN

=204.70KN

VLL+IM =1.33* 204.70KN

=272.25KN

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 134

 Tandem truck loading
Vmax=110(1+0.92)

=0.769*211.2KN

VLL+IM=1.33*162.26KN

=218.80KN

 Lane Load
Vmax=6.82*(0.5*15.6*1)

=53.196KN

=53.2KN (IM ignored)

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 135
ii) Maximum bending moment

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 136

 Tandem Loading

Mmax=110*3.9+110*3.3=792KN.m

=0.667*792=528.264KN.m

MLL+IM=1.33*528.264=702.59KN.m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 137

 Lane Loading

Mmax=0.5*3.9*15.6*6.82

=207.46KN.m

=207.46KN.m(IM Ignored)

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 138

4.5. Live Load Combination

Comb 1 VHS-20 + VLane Load =272.25+53.2=325.45KN

Com 2 V tandem+ V lane Load =218.80+53.2=272.0KN

Vmax=325.45KN

Comb 1 MHs-20+M Lane Load=796.21+207.46=1003.67KN.m

Comb 2 M tandem + M lane Load=702.59+207.46 =910.05KN.m

Mmax=1003.67 KN.m

HS-20 Truck Loading + Lane Loading has Governed

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 139

4.6. Summary of shear force and Bending Moment (Service Load)

Item Shear Force (KN) Bending Moment(KN.m)

DC 153.3 622.72
DW 18.88 73.64
LL 325.45 1003.67
Total 497.63 1700.03
4.7 Summary of shear force and Bending Moment (factored Load)
Load Factor of Dead Load = 1.25
Load Factor of Wearing Surface Load = 1.50
Load Factor of Live Load = 1.75
1.70

Item Shear Force (KN) Bending Moment(KN.m)

DC 191.63 778.40
DW 28.32 110.46
LL 569.54 1,756.42
Total 784.49 2,645.28

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 140

4.8. Flexural Design of the Girder

o Minimum Clear space between bars will be the maximum of

1.5* 𝜙=1.5*32=48mm

1.5*Aggregate size=1.5*30=45mm 48mm take 92mm

1.5’=1.5*25.4mm=38.10mm
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 141
4.9 Check the Girder is T-beam or Rectangular Beam
Try 12 bar 32mm diameter Re-bars
Try 3 bars per raw
as=3.1416*32*32/4=804.28
As= 12*804.28=9651.36
Layer 1= 3bar
Layer 2 = 3bar
Layer 3= 3 bar
Layer 4= 3bar
Y=160mm
d=1200-160=1040mm

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 142

 𝐴𝑠 9651.36
o Try 𝜌 = = = 0.00428
𝑏𝑑 2200∗1040

𝒇𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎 24 600
o 𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝜷𝟏 ∗ ∗ = 0.85 ∗ .85 ∗ ∗ = 0.0243
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎+𝒇𝒚 420 600+420

o 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 ∗ 𝜌b = 0.75 ∗ 0.0243 = 0.018 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0017

o 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝐦𝐚𝐱 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −𝐎𝐊‼!

o Check if the Girder is T-Beam or Rectangular Beam

A S fy 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟏.𝟑𝟔∗𝟒𝟐𝟎
a 
fC'
 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝒎𝒎
0 . 85 b 𝟎.𝟖𝟓∗𝟐𝟒∗𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎

o a< slab thickness Rectangular beam (No T-Beam analysis required)

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 143

 Determination of required reinforcements

MU 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟓.𝟐𝟖∗𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐
o Try a=67.19mm AS   = 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝐦𝐦
f y (d  (a / 2)) (𝟎.𝟗∗𝟒𝟐𝟎∗(𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎− 𝟔𝟕.𝟏𝟗
𝟐

𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟑.𝟓𝟔∗𝟒𝟐𝟎
= 𝟔𝟓. 𝟎𝟏𝒎𝒎 𝑶𝑲!
𝟎.𝟖𝟓∗𝟐𝟒∗𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎

𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟑.𝟓𝟔
No bar required = = 𝟗𝒃𝒂𝒓
𝟖𝟎𝟒.𝟐𝟖

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 144

o Provide 12 32mm Diameter Re-bars (As assumed above)

𝑎
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 𝑴𝒓 = 𝜑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 𝑑 −
2

−𝟔
𝟗𝟎. 𝟑𝟐
𝑴𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝟒𝟐𝟎 ∗ 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎 − = 𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟗. 𝟑𝟖𝐊𝐍. 𝐦
𝟐

Mu=2645.28KN.m

So, Mr>Mu ----------------------------------0K!!

Use 12 bar of 32mm diameter ………..G1

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 145
o Splice length for main reinforcement

o The length of lap for tension lap splices shall not be less than either
300mm or the 1.3 times the development length

𝟎.𝟎𝟐∗𝑨𝒃∗𝒇𝒚 Where,
o Development length: 𝒍𝒅𝒃 = ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝒅𝒃 ∗ 𝒇𝒚 Ldb=development
𝒔𝒒𝒓𝒕 𝒇𝒄′
length
Ab= area of bar
𝟎.𝟎𝟐∗𝟖𝟎𝟒.𝟐𝟖∗𝟒𝟐𝟎 db= diam. Of the bar
o 𝒍𝒅𝒃 = ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 ∗ 𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟒𝟐𝟎 fc in MPa
𝒔𝒒𝒓𝒕 𝟐𝟒

o ldb=1379mm > 806.4mm

o So the development length =1379mm

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 146
o Lap splice for diameter 32mm
Max{300mm, 1.3*1379mm}=1792.7mm=1800mm
o Total length of the main bar
o L=16.2 - 2*.05 - 2*5*0.032 + 2*0.032*(3.14*5 + 4)=17.04m

4.10 Longitudinal skin reinforcement

 longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed along
both side faces of the member for a distance d/2 nearest the flexural
tension reinforcement.

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 147

o deff= 1040mm

o As-Girder=9651.36mm2 Use dia bar=16mm as=201.06mm2

o As_skin =(deff-760)mm2/m=(1040-760)=280mm2/m

o As_Skin <= (As_Girder/1.2)mm2/m =(9651.36/1.2)=8042.8mm2/m

o Maximum Spacing of Skin reinforcement = Min (de/6, 300mm)

=min(173mm,300mm)=173mm
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟎𝟏.𝟎𝟔
o Required Spacing of Skin reinforcement = = 𝟕𝟏𝟖𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟖𝟎

o Use 16mm bar c/c spacing of 170mm skin reinforcement --------G2

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 148
o Shear reinforcement
𝑉𝑐 = 0.083𝛽 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑣 ∗ 𝑑𝑣 … … … . 𝑏𝑣, 𝑑𝑣 … 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑝𝑎 … … 𝑉𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝑁
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑢 − ∅Vc dv=effective shear depth
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
∅∗𝑏𝑣∗𝑑𝑣
∅𝐀𝐯 ∗ 𝐟𝐲 ∗ 𝐝𝐯
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙 =
𝐕𝐬

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 149

Calculate Av
2∗3.14∗122
In the case of one stirrup which has two legs Av= = 226.20𝑚𝑚2
4
Vu=784.49KN
Flange width=2200mm bv=380mm deff=1040mm 𝜌 = 0.0042
𝑨𝒔𝒇𝒚 9651.36 ∗ 420
𝒂= ′
= = 90.32𝑚𝑚
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝒇𝒄 𝒃 0.85 ∗ 24 ∗ 2200
𝑎
𝑑𝑣 = max{𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 − , 0.9 ∗ 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓, . 72 ∗ 𝐷}
2
90.32
𝑑𝑣 = max{(1040 − , 0.9 ∗ 1040, 0.72 ∗ 1200}
2
𝑑𝑣 = max 994.84,936,864
dv=994.84mm

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 150

Compute shear stress
784.49 ∗ 1000
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 2.3𝑀𝑝𝑎
0.9 ∗ 380 ∗ 994.84
𝑉𝑐(𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙) = 0.083 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡 24 ∗ 380 ∗ 994.84 = 314.84𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑐 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.9 ∗ 314.84 = 283.356𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑠 = 784.49 − 283.35 = 501.14𝐾𝑁

Since 2.3Mpa less than 0.125*24=3 , smax is the minimum of:

226.20 ∗ 300
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥1 = = 439𝑚𝑚
0.083 ∗ 𝑠𝑞𝑟𝑡 24 ∗ 380

Smax2=0.8*994.84=795.87mm 439mm

Smax3=600mm

Use dia 12mm bar for shear @120mm

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 151

11. Control of cracking (Service Limit states)
 To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well
distributed within the maximum flexural zones. To prevent this kind of cracking,
the calculated stress in the reinforcement at service load ,fs, in MPa shall not
exceed fsa,
1
𝑍 = 𝑓𝑠 ∗ 𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝐴 3

𝑓𝑠 ≤ 0.6𝑓𝑦 = 0.6 ∗ 420 = 252𝑀𝑝𝑎

Where z=cracked width parameter in N/mm,30,000N/mm for moderate climate
dc=depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of bar ;
for calculation purpose, the thickness of clear cover used to compute dc
shall not be taken greater than 50mm.
dc=50+32/2=66mm
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 152
A=Area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile
reinforcement and bounded by the surface of the cross section and a
line parallel to the neutral axis divided by the number of bars
(mm2)clear cover less than or equal to 50mm.
A=2*160*380/12
=10,133mm2
Assuming Beam acts as T-Beam under
Service Limit State, kd becomes:
2
1D_ f 
n   
2 d 
k 
D_ f 
n  
 d


=0.2452
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 153
 From previous, d=1040mm,As=9651.96mm2, 𝜌=0.0042
𝐸𝑠
𝑛= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑐 = 4,800 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 48000 ∗ 24 = 23,515𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑠 200,000
𝑛= = = 8.5 ≈ 9
𝐸𝑐 23515
𝑘 = 0.245 , Kd=254.8mm T-beam as assumed

jd=(1-0.245/3)*1040=955mm
𝑀𝑠 106
𝑓𝑠 = = 1700.03 ∗ = 108.81𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≤ 0.6 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 = 252𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑂𝑘!
𝐴𝑠𝑗𝑑 9651.96 ∗ 955
1 𝑁 𝑁
𝑍 = 108.81 ∗ 65 ∗ 10133 3 = 9516 < 30,000 … … … … … . . 𝑂𝑘‼
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
There fore the provided concrete section and reinforcement is adequate.

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 154

12. Fatigue Stress Limit
 Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m axle spacing. So the
maximum moment results when the two front axle on the span and the
rear axle is out of the span.
a) Interior Strip
Mmax=35*1.8+145*3.9
Impact Factor
=628.5*.667KN.m
Mfactored=1*0.75*419.21*1.15
=361.58KN.m

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 155

a) Tensile Live load stress
1057.9∗106
Mmax = 361.58KN.m
9651.96∗955
MLL+IM=361.58KN.m
MLL+DL=361.58+696.36=1057.94KN fmax=115.85Mpa
106
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (696.36) ∗ = 75.54𝑀𝑝𝑎
9651.96 ∗ 955
fs =115.85-75.54=40.31Mpa
b) Reinforcing bar
ff=145-0.33fmin+55(r/h)-------------------ff=stress range
Take r/h=0.3
ff=145-0.33*75.54+55*(0.3)=136.57Mpa
40.31Mpa << 136.57Mpa ……….OK!!!
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 156
13. Deflection
13a Gross Moment of Inertia

Item Area(m2) Yi(m4) Icg(m4) d=y-yi (m) Ad^2 I total m4

Slab 0.44 1.1 0.00147 -0.278 0.034 0.0355
Stem 0.38 0.5 0.0317 0.322 0.0394 0.07105
Gross Moment of Inertia(Ig) 0.1065
1.07*10^11 mm4

Sum Ai ∗ yi
Yfrom bottom = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟐
Sum(Ai)
13.b cracked section moment of inertia
n=9,p=0.0042,d=1040mm,Ms=1700.03KN.m
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 157
 Cracked Moment of Inertia
Item Area(m2) Yi(m) Icg(m4) d=kd-yi(m) Ad2(m4) Itotal(m4)
Flange 0.44 0.1 0.00147 0.1547 0.01057 0.0123
Stem 0.02089 0.22748 0.000005 0.02748 0.00002 0.00002
Steel 0.08686 1.04 0 -0.78503 0.05353 0.05353
Yi is measured from the compressive side extreme fiber to C.G. of the Icr(m4) 0.065
component.
Icr(mm4) 6.5*10^10

𝑓𝑟∗𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = where fr = 0.63sqrt fc ′ = 0.63 ∗ sqrt 24 = 3.09Mpa Mcr=Cracked Moment
yt
1011
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 3.09 ∗ 1.07 ∗ = 𝟖𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝐊𝐍. 𝐦
1200 − 822 ∗ 106
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐼𝑒 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
874.68 3 874.68 3
𝐼𝑒 = ∗ 0.107 + [1 − ]*0.065=0.0656m4
<0.107m4
1700.03 1700.03
If Ie<Ig Section provided is adequate
1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 158
13.c Dead Load Deflection
 Short term deflection
−−−−−−−−−−−− − 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐾𝑁 𝑁
𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑊 = 18.86 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −1886
𝑚 𝑚
𝐾𝑁 𝑁
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑: 𝑃 = 12.56 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −1256
𝑚 𝑚
𝐸𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ: 𝐿 = 15.6𝑚 −−−−−−−−−−−−− −1560𝑚

10
𝑁
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒: 𝐸 = 23515𝑀𝑝𝑎 −−−−−−−−−−− −2.3515 ∗ 10
𝑚2
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑒 = 0.0656𝑚4 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −0.0656𝑚4

∆𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 7.8𝑚 = 10.07𝑚𝑚 = 11𝑚𝑚

∆𝑠 (at quarter point x=3.9m)=7.16mm=8mm

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 159
 Long term deflection
1.2𝐴𝑠 ′
∆𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 = ∆𝑠 3 − −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− − 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝐴𝑠 ′ = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0𝑚𝑚2 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−− −𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐴𝑠 = 9651.96𝑚𝑚2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ + 𝐴𝑠 = 9651.96𝑚𝑚2

∆𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = 11 ∗ 3 − 0 = 33mm

∆𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 8 ∗ 3 − 0 = 24mm

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 160

13.d Live Load deflection

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 161

 Live Load deflection
Due to P/4, D1 = 0.58832 mm
Due to P at Mid Span, D2 = 3.71789 mm
Due to the rear P after Mid-Span, D3 = 0.79882 mm
TOTAL = 5.10502 mm

Total Live Load D = Dist. Factor *D1+D2+D3 = 9.03124 mm

Allowable Live Load Deflection Dall = L/800 = 19.50 mm

Live Load Deflection is below the maximum allowable, Ok!!

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 162

 Reinforcement detailing's

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 163

1/13/2017 Chalachew A. 164