-

-
 1

M
Frequent Topics of Paper 2

0 Atomic Structure
O
· -
Number of Subatomic
particles in atums/ions O
and
isotopes
S
02 -
Chemical
Bonding
A
Dot
diagrams
01 - and cross

03
- States of Mater

B
Rate of diffusion
01-

H
and
Stoichiometry
04-Moles

⑦
·) -

Concentrations/volume/Stoichiometry
/Excess Reactant
Questions

Limiting
02

K
-

-03 Emperical formula

-

-Percentage composition by mass

H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

M
05 _
REDOX REACTIONS · Oil Right n

Reduced (oxidised
O
Identify
0 -
which substance is

-
20 [Reducti

O
-
O - I

Clz + 2 Br > 2kC)

-
+ Br2
06 Metals Br- Bro

S
-

Coxid
01 .

Reactivity Series
A
Reactive of Metals
02 -

Displacement
03
-
Metallic
Bonding
04-
Properties of Metals

· 5 -

Properties of Transition metals

07 -
ELECTROLY SIS B
Seert of Agreous
H
8) -

Electrolysis
a -
HCL C dilute and concentrated (
b -
H2S0y
c -
GS04

02
Electrolysis of Molten
Electrolyte
K
-

a Al2O3
b -

Mg 42 H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

Active
M
03
-
Electrolysis
metal
O
Electroplating by Copper
a -

04-Advantages of H2102 fuel cell

O
08 -Acid ,
Bases and Salts S
% - Definition of
Strong/weak acids A
02 -
Indicator colours

a _ Litmus
↓ -

Methyl orange
-
Thymolpthalein
· 3
-
Reaction of Ammonium Salts with alkali B
04-Solubilities of Salt
H
-Salt Call methods)
05
preparation .

06 -
Test for Dons
Test for
07-
gases
08 -
Flame colours .
and how to Perform flam Test

09-Junic Equations.
10 -

Hydrated
Salts .
and colours
of
K
water
L crystallization
white- Cuson L
C8%. 52
⑳ H
(Blue)
Anhydrous
Salt
hydrated
- A
Blue Co42 CoC/z .
GH20

Anhydous pink .

0345-2494359
N
 1

Nz + He = NH3
M
Alic1-1ast -NHy
Lead
O
C G
↑
C1 + NaOH >
-
NaCI + Hz + HAz
Reactive
for
Test
s keet
O
NHeT + NoOH-
> NHS
S

H +

foiL
AL - > He A

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

09-Rate of Reaction
M
O
or-Graphs
to
Experimental Methods Measure eats of
02
-

Reaction ;
with
diagrams .
O
of Reaction
affecting
Factors eate
S
03 -
a

with E x
planation

A
10 -
Reversible Reactive ;
Ammonia & Sulfuric Acid

o -
Chemical Equilibrium definition and conditions

of
· -
Factors
affecting position Chemical Equilibrium
B
03 -
Conditions of Haber Process/Contact Process
H
"- Chemical
Energetics
Enclothermic Exothermic terms
01 -

Explain and in

of Bond Bond
Breaking and
making K
Profile
of
-Energy diagrams
H
03 . Definition of Catalyst
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

the Environment
M
=
Chemistry of

Air
O
01-
composition
Air
pollutants (their sources and affects
of -
.

O
Methane , Cy
a
S
-

↓ -
Carbon dioxide , CO2
-Carbon monoxide, CO

c) -
Sulfur dioxide ,
SO2 A
e-Nitrogen Oxida ,
NO and NO2

Convertor Equative
on
-Catalytic N2
2NO +210 >
-

CO2
04 .
Test for water

B
a -

Anhydeous Coppe <11) Sulfate Hydrated C S04 SH20

, .

H
↓
Anhydeous Cobalt (1) Chlorida Hydrated C21 G20
, .

05 -
Purification of water .

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

M
13-
Experimental Chemistry
O
-Chromatography
02-Collection of Gases
O
S
A

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

14-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
M
01 Fractional distillation of Petrolevan
O
Uses of fractions
02

·
-

3
-

change in
properties of fractions from
O
fractivating
to Colum
Boon
top of
S
· 4 Substitution Reactive of alkanes (Photochemical)
A
-

os-stackia Reaction of alkenes

-Bromination
· 2 -

Hydration of alkenes

of Alcohols
production from
B
Lsp Propane to form
a - Alkene .

and propan-2-oL)/Isomers
H
propan-1-oL
with conditions

b -
Fermentation
,
Equative and conditions

Reactions of
07 -

Carboxylic acids

K
· 8 Oxidative of alcohols with MnOy to form
H
-

Carboxylic acids
.

A
22H50H + [07 >
-
CH3COOH

0345-2494359
N
 1

09
. Esterification
M
O
10
-

O
Polymers O
11- Addition
polymer Repeat unit
S
12
- Disposal problem of addition
polymers/plastics
13 -
Condensative
polymer EA

-Polyester /PET ② O

I II
C -
olf
C -

02-Polyamide/Nylon H - N -

I
↓
↓

03 -

Polyamide / Proteins
↓ O
Il
B
14-Amino acids
A -

↓
H +
J - c - 01
H
Repeat unit of Condensative
polymers
15
- .

15
-
Periodia table
K
)
·
Displacement Reaction of Halogans with

H
-

Ionic
Equations

02 -
Colour and States of Halogens .
A

0345-2494359
N
1

M
O
O
S
A

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 >
Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Details of the assessment

• rates of reaction
• salt preparation
• separation and purification techniques, including:
– filtration
– crystallisation
– simple distillation
– fractional distillation
– chromatography
• electrolysis
• identification of metal ions, non-metal ions and gases
• chemical tests for water
• test-tube reactions of dilute acids, including ethanoic acid
• tests for oxidising and reducing agents
• heating and cooling curves
• titrations
• solubility
• melting points and boiling points
• displacement reactions of metals and halogens
• temperature changes during reactions
• conditions under which iron rusts or other metals corrode
• procedures using simple apparatus, in situations where the method may not be familiar to the candidate

Candidates may be required to do the following:

• demonstrate knowledge of how to select and safely use techniques, apparatus and materials (including
following a sequence of instructions where appropriate):
– identify apparatus from diagrams or descriptions
– draw, complete or label diagrams of apparatus
– use, or explain the use of, common techniques, apparatus and materials
– select the most appropriate apparatus or method for the task and justify the choice made
– describe tests (qualitative, gas tests, other tests)
– describe and explain hazards and identify safety precautions
– describe and explain techniques used to ensure the accuracy of observations and data

• plan experiments and investigations:

– identify the independent variable and dependent variable
– describe how and explain why variables should be controlled
– suggest an appropriate number and range of values for the independent variable
– suggest the most appropriate apparatus or technique and justify the choice made
– describe experimental procedures
– identify risks and suggest safety precautions
– describe how to record the results of an experiment
– describe how to process the results of an experiment to form a conclusion or to evaluate a prediction
– make reasoned predictions of expected results

-
>
Back to contents page www.cambridgeinternational.org/olevel 31
=>
Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Details of the assessment

• make and record observations, measurements and estimates:

– take readings from apparatus (analogue and digital) or from diagrams of apparatus
– take readings with appropriate precision, reading to the nearest half-scale division where required
– make observations, measurements or estimates that are in agreement with expected results or values
– take sufficient observations or measurements, including repeats where appropriate
– record qualitative observations from chemical tests and other tests
– record observations and measurements systematically, for example in a suitable table, to an appropriate
degree of precision and using appropriate units

• interpret and evaluate experimental observations and data:

– process data, including for use in further calculations or for graph plotting, using a calculator as appropriate
– present data graphically, including the use of best-fit lines where appropriate
– analyse and interpret observations and data, including data presented graphically
– use interpolation and extrapolation graphically to determine a gradient or intercept
– form conclusions justified by reference to observations and data and with appropriate explanation
– evaluate the quality of observations and data, identifying any anomalous results and taking appropriate
action

• evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements, including:

– evaluate experimental arrangements, methods and techniques, including the control of variables
– identify sources of error
– suggest possible improvements to the apparatus, experimental arrangements, methods or techniques

=>>
32 www.cambridgeinternational.org/olevel Back to contents page
 1

and
M
Stoichiometry
04-Moles

O
⑦
·) -

Concentrations/volume/Stoichiometry
/Excess Reactant
Questions

Limiting O
02 -

- 03 -

Emperical formula
- 4
Percentage composition by
S
·
- mass

A
Basic Mole Concept HAMNa
L
1 mot of atoms 6 02x10attens
any
.

Na
1 mot of Na atoms = 6 . 02x10 Na Atums =

25g
6 .
02x183 atoms
B
1 of 02x13 Ar
En
23g ( H
mot atoms 6 a atom = 65
g
. =
= .

1 mod of atoms 6 02x18c

<1
355g
-

= =

OR

1 mol of Na Element
1 mol of En Element

1 mos of
any moleule/compound =
Molecular Masc
(Mr)
Mr K
↓ mol of -
molecules
<12 =
2 x 35 => 7
Ig =
6 .
02x10d
molecules
1 mod of CO2 molecules 12 x 1
=
+ 16 x 2 =

44g H
1 mol of Nac( =

1 mod of Ca203 =
A
↓ mol of Datums 6 02x10) Atoms 35
5g
-
= .
=

71g N
↓ mol of $2moleles =
802x10 Ce Mokales =

0345-2494359
 1 Cle

Mass Moks
M
n
mass
O
=
1 =

Mr

O
Ide = 1000m
S
1 mol
of volume of 24den3
any gas occupies a

24000 m
3
A

from temperature and

pressure

24 de
e .

top .

1 mol of Chlorine
71g
=
2
gas
=
,

↓ mul of Ammonia
gan ,
NHz =

17g
= 24 do
B
↓ mo) of thene C24 28 24deS H
.

gas ,
=

S
=

10 =

28g
Moles
X
-
Volume

K
H
1 moL =
Ar/Mr =
6 . 02 x 183atums
,
molecules
,
ions =
24 dan A
=
24000 cen

0345-2494359
N
 1

Concentration
M
O
c =
molden- =
=
goon-3
O
S
c =
5.5
Gg
don' of Ag -

C
MgCl2
A

↳
- ↳ Mr =

Convert it into molden-3 24 + 35- 5 x 2

95g
ma =
&
5

59
.

n = mas)
al
B
057moldom
H
95

= 057
0 0

s
x
=
.
.

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

~
M
- & -
&
-

-
-

O -

O
C
-
>
23

1 md NO

O
Moles of NO 6 02x10
Volume of No
.

NO mocales
1 mo NO *
da 24dm No -

8x15"md
M
- 002
O 960 -

↑
x No Y
Ton 0 0192de3 NO
02x103
-

7
01929Im 0192x1 6

S
-

V(NO) 0
24 0 8 x 10 x
.
.
.

=
u + =
n = N

=
NO 10moleales
n = 4 816
.
x
x =

8x10-4mol 23
O

O
=
4 82 x 10

A
.

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

M
O
1

O
65x1 + 16x1 = 8)
2 (HC)
1 muc -
mo

of Moles of HCI
Moles
S
U Y
s
-

0 06mol HCl
CY
.

n(HC1) =

n(710)
was
= I

n(H()) 1 2x
= 1x 0.06
-
=

u x 2 =

A
3 5 70
n(zn0) R(H(1) my
.

=
0 06 mu 0 03
-

00
- .

= =
8)
Required
n =

HC( :
043
n(7n0) 0 mo

To y
.

of Zeo R
As Required moles are

hence 70 0 03
less than available is
aless
.

1 d Enc - 2 and HC(

X
X - 0 06 mo
.

HC

= =
0 .
us En (Required) B
H
D

Reg risal Gince

Y
0 03.

(0 -
04

As Required moles of 20 anless than Give moves

heav Eno is in Excess.

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

M
C , Y)
-
=
(242
-
M
M
⑳
~n 0-02 x 20
2 x 15 5 . = -

O
T
--2 - -

-
&
C
Na2COS
O
>
HCI
1 mol
2 mol
-
-
<
n =
X N9210s
n =
0 . 025 x
1000
u

2 x
-

0-0005
0 .
0005md

S
(Na20s) 5x15mo n =
HCI
(x10-3 mo
=
n
-

=
0 .
0005 moL m =

A
1
x
c = = )
V

0 . 06 45
L

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
1

M
O
O
S
A

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 so ⑪
mas

& -
- -

-
1 mo 210s
CHCUOH

as
I
i 2m

se
* N
-

n =
0 - 056 mo

u
3-18
n =
056
=
0 -

08
1000

=to
R

n =
0 . 056 mol ecost E
CH3COOH R Naz(0s
0-03
0 028 mol
than
.

less
As Required makes of Na210s all

in Excess
hene it is
available
.
 1

ACIDS
,
BASES and SALTS
M
·

Aqueous Solution (water)

CIDS
Old definition
when

dissolved
any
Substance

into water
is
O
Acids the substances that it forms Agreous solu.
are

Ations in
Aqueous Solution
O
give .

Ht ions

Acid Non-metal S
Hydrochloric ,
HCL

H = CL
Y
+ H20 IUSXMIH A
↓
I
+
Ht
-

Ch Na Cl - = NaCL
H20
HCL &
Ht + CL

Hydrogen for (Protons

Hydrogen Atom

Ht
B
! H
P = 1 P =
1
H
E 1 E
= = 0
N = 0 N = 0

Acids

Acids are Proton Donors

CH +)
K
Hydrochloric Acid , HCL
H20
+
H
HCL & H + CL

0345-2494359
N
 1

Nitride N3-
Nitric Acid, NO3
;
M
02- Nitrate ; NO
Sulfate
2-

S04
C 9( H20S1H 1NOz
;

POy
3- O
IH NO
+
+
Phosphate ;

-- ,
Carbonat Co-
;
O
Hydroxide ; O-
NOs Ammonium NHyt
Ion
I
S
03
-Sulfuric Acid , H2SOy
H20
2-
Aluminium Sulfate A
1 H2SO4 > 2Ht + 190y
+ -
Al
Soy
>
-
04-Carbonic acid , H2CO3 ALz(S04)s
↓ #
902-
2- +

1 H2CO3 > 2H
+
+ 1COz 2aL3
B
05
-
Phosphoric acid , H3PO4
H
H POy > 3H
+
+ POB-
Mineral acids
+
acid CL
ol-Hydrochloric
- HCL HCL > H +
=
-

,
+
~02-Nitric acid ; HNO3 = HNO3 H + NO
~
3-Sulfuric acid ; H2SO4 = H2SO4 -
> 2 Ht + So,
04 -
Carbonic acid ; H2(03 =
> H2(03 - 2Ht + Cos K
05
Phosphoric acid
; H3P04 = HPDy > 3H
+
+ Po
H
-

Organic Acids/Carboxylic Acids

A
01 - Ethanoic acid ; CH3200H-
&
CH3208 + Ht
OR CHyCO2H Ethanoate
0345-2494359
in .

N
 1

M
02
-
Propanoic acid ; COOH

C2Hs200H -
C2H,200
=

+ H
+ O
Propanoic acicl.
Propanoate in
O
Irreversible Reaction Reversible Reaction
&
S
-
LYPES OF ACIDS A
01-STRONG ACIDS

Acids that ionizes/dissociates completely in

Aqueous solution

B
.

IOHCL 10 10
+
HCL H CL-
Eg H
& +
J

Unionized >
-
OmoL

02 -
WEAK ACIDS

Acids
in
that
solution .
ionizes/dissociates
incompletely /partially
agreous +
10 moL 2mol 2 moLH

Eg S
1CH3COOH CH3200
-

+ 1Ht K
8 enoL
unionized
10 mrLHCL

F
10 enoL CH3C00H
H
10H
+
24t
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

BASES
M
Bases are substances that reacts with acids
O
to Salt and water
produce .

O
MetalOxides
. [I COMPOUND]
S
-

t
Dodium Oxida Nat j - => Na20
Potassium Oxide K
+
y
-

=> 20 A

s tooo
Calcium Oxida -

Magnesium Oxide

Jun (11) Oxick Feb + jt - = F2203

B
Bases [Definition] Bases proton Acceptors
=> are

H
TYPES OF BASES

R I

WATER INSOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE

All metal Oxides

group
other than
group () metal
-
> All
group() metal Oxides K
Oxides
Eg. Na20 K20
H
, .

Eg. MgO , CU
, Fez03
Water soluble Bases

dissolve in water to A
form Metal
Hydroxides
LAlkalis
0345-2494359
N
 1

AIALIS Alkalis
M
are
proton acceptors
Alkalis React with acids Sal & H20
O
01 -
to
produce
Alkalis Conic
compounds
02 -
are

O
03 -
Alkalis are metal
hydroxides
S
Hydroxid ,
O

Sodium
hydroxide ,
Nat OH- >
-

-
NaOH A
2+
OH-1 (OH)
Magnesium hydroxide ; My =>
Mg 2

Bases alkalis
- H20
-
N2 0 >
-
NaOH
H22
20 7 KOH
H27
X
Insoluble
Mg C
wate >
-

B
H20
Bases Ca( & X

'G LaLOAI
H
But we can
prepare MgLOA2 by
other Reactions .

Bases

↓ S

Wate Soluble Water Insoluble

dissolve
↑

M
↳ Alkalis K
Haw

H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

T
M
0 -x Are Ionic Compounds O
↓ I

CationL + ) ANON L-)

- Metal Ions · Non metal ion/Molecular in
O
+
#mmunium im N E Chloride ,

Bromide ,
Br S
Sulfate soy-
A
,

Nitrate
, No
Sulfide ,
92-
Calcium Chloride CaCl2

Magnesium Sulfide MgS

Lithium Sulfate LizS
Iron (111) Carbonate Fez03]s
B
But all metal Oxicks Bases Not
·>

But
arc Salts

Salts
H
o> all Metal
hydroxides arc alkalis Not .

o All Jonic Compounds Except

Metal Oxics (Bases) and Metal
hydroxides Calkalis)

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

REACTIONS OF ACIDS
M
O
· - Acids + Metals Salt +
Hydroge gas (H2)
02-Acids Bases Salt Water (H2O)
+

(Metal Oxides)
-> +
O
-Acids Alkalis Salt + Water
S
03 +

04-Acids +
Metal
Metal
hydroxides)
Carbonates - Salt + H20 + CO

A
2 . .

01-ACIDS + METALS >

-
Salt + H2

HCL + Na
=
>
-
NaCL + H2
-
-

Salt Nat CL-

↓ I
B
Cation Lt) Aniun -)
Metal Acicl
H
2HCL + 2 >
-

2 NaCL + H2
a
*

↳
-
-
>
-

HA2 = H = 2
Ch 1 2
= Cl = A2 K
Na = 1 Na =
12
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

M
H
My
>
Mgch + Ha

Salt
O
&
Cation ENION O
Metal acid

Mg
2t
L
1
-

Y
0
S
MgCl2 A
Ea
HCL
-
-
+
1Mg
1
MgCl2 + 1Hz
↳

H = /
12 H = 2
Cl = 12 Cl = 2

My B
&

My = 1 = 1

H
#2S 04 ,
+ 2 Na 7 NazSOp + H2

H = 2 H = 2

S = 1 8 = 1
O = 4 0 =
4 Salt

Na = 1 Na = 2 ↓
Metal on-metal
K
↓
Acid H
Na so A
Naz SO4
0345-2494359
N
 1

LA 2ALPO4
M
3H(9)
2POy
+ > +

VH =
6
O
A(z(04)s X
Salt
O
AL3(PO X HzDOy L -
>

Catiun
Anion S
-
L -
)

APOY X
(+)
acib
alD X .
Alt P0 A
Al O
- F
AL , (04) ,

ALPO4

B
02-ACIDS BASES & SALT WATER
+ +
H
Sodium
Hydrochloric acid Oxide Chloric 20

Na j2- I( + 1)
I( + 2)
2HCL +
Na20 92NaCL + H20 III ( + 3)
- K
H 12
=

H= 2
E L -

2)
Cl
Na
=

= 2
2 Cl X 2
=

Na X 2
I C -

1) H
Nat
= -

0 1 CL
0 1
A
= =

0345-2494359
N
 1

Sulfuric acid + Sodium Oxida > Sodium Sulfate - H20

M
H2S04 + Na20 > NazSOy + H20
O
Na So?
-

O
2 +
MgO -
>
M(03)2 + #20 S
Mg2
+
NO , A
[NOs)a
Mg

Acid + Alkalis Salt + Wate

.

[Metal hydroxides]
B
Sulfreic Calcium
hychoxide Calciu
acid +toa
+ &
H
Ca2 Ont
+

H2y + a (OH)2 & CaSOy + 2H20

Car so
Ca
*
Soy
-
K
CaSUy
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

HCL + NaOH > NaCl + H20

M
O
2HNO3 +
Mg(OH) MyC 2 + 2Ho

H = 2H = 2 =
H = 4 H =
4 O
N= 2 N= 2

0 = 60 = 2 0 =
8 u = 8 S
My 1
My = 1
A
=

3HCL + FeLOH)3 Fells + 3H20

&
VH = 3 H =
3 WH 6=

F23 (111)
+
CI- Irun
hydroxide .

Irre (11)
hyckoxick
Fest
Fe(OH) 3 =
2 +
B
Fe(OH)2 Fe
=>
H
&n transition metals two Metals have fixed
charges
01-Zinc
,
Ent
+
02-Silver S
Ag
K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

04-Acids + Metal >

-
Salt + H20 + CO2
M
Carbonate
O
HCL Sodium Carbonate &
+
O
aCO3
s
S
Na2COs
A
2H2) + Naz(03 - 2 NaCl + #20 + Co
2
.

-
-
H = 1 H= 2

Cl = 2 Cl = 2

Nc = 2 Na 2 =

c = 1
3
c = 1
3
B
0 0=
H
=

N2 + H2 >
- N2 Hy

>
- NH3

2HC) +
MgCOs >
MgC12 + H20 + 102

Calcium
Hydrochloric +

Carbonate
> Salt + +20 + 12
K
acicl
[limestone]
H
2-

Ca2 + COs

2HCL + CaCO3 - Call2 + H20 + 102

0345-2494359
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 1

H2SOy + Ca(Os > CaSOy + H20 + CO2

M
O
H2Soy Mgsoy
H20
Mg/03
+ CO2
+
O
>
-
+

S
A

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
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 1

/Alkalis
Bases
Substances that React with acids to Salt
M
produce
and water
New def
O
"
"Bases/alkalis acceptors
are
proton
O
Bases
S
nsoluble
L

Soluble Bases Bases

A
.

-
> Also known as ALKALS .
· >
- Metal Oxides
All other metal
· >
Group (1) metal Oxides =

group
dissolve into water to Oxides

form metal
hydroxides
Na2o
a Ikalis /Bases
[Base But Soluble]
Na20 H20 Ca8

20
H 0

KOH
Mgo
Bases
B
Fez0z
H
Ca(OH)2 ,
Mg(OH)2

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

Reactions
NEUTRALIZATION
of Bases
REACTION
M
ol-Base AcicL Salt
+ + H20
O
Co 2HNOs Cu(N83)2 H20
O
+ >
-
+

G2 8
+
O

& S
02- Alkalis + Acids Salt + H20
A
2 NaOH + H2Soy > NazSOy + 2H20

Neats-
Ammonium Salts

-Ammonium Chloride in
-
B
H
·
C

NH4TCL' = NHy2L => Ammonium in so ?

-

Nyt Br-

02-Ammonium Nitrate S2 NO ,

*
NH NO => NH4NOs Ammonia .

NH3
03 -
Ammonium Sulfate K
NH4T SO , => (NH4) SO4 H
A

0345-2494359
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 1

heat
M
· Ammonium Salt+ Alkali -> Salt + Water +
Ammoniaga .

heat
Sodiron
O
Ammonium Chloride Sodium
hydroxick Chlorick H20 NA3
> + >
+
-
-

NH4CL + NaOH >

- NaCL + H20 + NH3
O
Calkali)
heat
-
S
2 NHNOz + CaLOH)2 > Ca(NO3)2 + 2H20 + 2NH3
-

Calkeli) 2+
A
Ca NO-1
3

heat

2 NHCL + CaO > CaCl2 + H20 + 2 NH3

(9)
Base
-

Ammonium + Potassium - Potassium + H20 + NH3 B

Sulfate Hydroxide Sulfate H
NHY SOE -
+

K
+
OH K So

(NHy)2SOy + KOH 7 K2SOy 2H20

+ +
2NH3

k = 1 k = 2

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

M
Acids Alkalis
O
HCL NaOH
O
ALKALIS Alkalis proton acceptors
S
: -
are .

01-Metal
Junic
hydroxid A
of
Compounds
03 .
Give OH- ions in
Aqueous Solution .

NaOH >
- Nat +
OH-

+
KOH >
- k + OH-

Ba2
+
B
Ba(OH) + 20H
2

H
01-
Strong Alkalis

that Solutive
Alkalis ionizes
completely in
Agreous
Nat
Eg NaOH & + OH-

K
.

KOH >
-
+ + OH-

Ba(OH)2 -
> Ba + 20H-

02 -
WEAK ALKALIS H
Alkalis that ionizes/dissociates incompletely/partially
in
Aqueous Solution .
A
Mg(OH) Reversible Mg2
+
+ + 20
Eg .
2

0345-2494359
N
 1

&
M
As Alkalis .

O
+

Alkalinity
due to is due to Of
acidity is

Both
O
acidity
and
alkalinity Needs water

HCI , HNOz H2SO4 CHCOOH

, ,
NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2
,
MgLOH)2
S
A

more

with acich

&
H
concentrated

order to Measure
I
the
FO

strength of
O
more

with alkali

acidity
concentratech

B
and
alkalinity ,
we measure
pH . H
It to
PH : - is a scale measure
acidity and

of solution.
alkalinity a

*
acidity S
city
alkali .

# D
·
7
.
I
0 14 -
0
K
+
+ On-
-

H > OH
*
H

pH = 2 -
0 Neutral
PH = go
6 -
0 H
H OH- weaker alkali
Stronger acid) =

J A
6
PH 0
pH 13 0
.

= .

Weaker acic
stronger alkali

0345-2494359
N
 1

INDICATORS
M
Indicators tell us whether the solution is acidic
O
or alkaline .

O
Litmus Pape
S
01 -

Acid Alkali

B
& acids Bluc Litmus turns Red colom

&
e

alkalis Red Litmus tres Blue

in

in colom .
H

O Liquid Literus

: :
! K
H
Acid Alkali

0345-2494359
N
 1

02-THYMOLPTHALEIN
M
O
Acic Coloneless
=>
O
Alkali Blue
=
S
O3-METHYL ORANGE A
Acid => Rec

Alkali => yellow

B
PHENOLDTHALE IN
04 -

H
Acid => Colorless

Alkali => Pink .

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

Solution
M
MEASURING PH of a

Meter
O
olpH
S H meter
O
S
02-UNIVERSAL INDICATOR A

: : : :
L
PH = 2 - 0
PH = 6 .

0
pH=
80
PH = 130
B
H
COLOUR CHART

K
Add few drops of universal indicator in a H
solution a colou of solutive is compared
A
,

with color
provided torad the
chart

value of pH against specific colom a .

0345-2494359
N
 1

Indicat Colour
M
Universal &
PH ===> Green .

Neutral
O
Salts O
· Ionic Compounds ; Cation and Anion. S
salts
All ionic
compounds Except
A
are
·

oxides [Bases] [alkalis]

metal and metal
hydroxides
NaCI CaSOn BaSOy
,
MgCl2 , ,

Ammonium Salts

Salts
↓ N
Cation

Nat
Cative

MgGt St
on t -Br
Ammonium
NHyt
CL S S
2 -

S
Br- B
H
2

NO
-

,
, S
Soy
S
- I

,
NOs

Salts

&

Water Soluble Water Insoluble

H20 H20
K
NaCl s >
Nachzag I BaS04 (s
> BaS04LS ,

H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

Water Soluble
M

Nac,
H20

& Nat + ag,

O
& (ag)

q Agreous state
(ag)
O
when Substance is dissolved into
S
,
q a

water it comes in Aqueous state .

States A
solid (1 Liquid () Gas (g) Agreous (ag)

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

GENERAL SOLUBILITY RULES FOR SALTS

M
Chloride Salt
ol ,
CL
O
NHuLI,
Eg. NaCI
,
MgC2 ,
FeDz
,
FeCIs ,
CCIz ,
CCLet .

O
All chloride Salts are water soluble S
+
Except Ag
01-Silver Chloride ,
AgCL En
2+ A
02 -
Lead (11) Chloride ,
PD22

02 -Nitrate, NO3

NaNOs ,
MgO3/2 ,
ALLNOs)3 ,
FeO3/2 ,
FC (NOs) , B
All Nitrates salt are soluble
H

03 - Sulfate ,
90?-

Na2SO4, CaSO4,
MgS04 2SO4 et

K
, .

All Sulfate salts are soluble

Except H
01-Calcium Sulfate , CaSOy
of -
Barium Sulfate ,
BaSOy A
us
- Lead (11) Sulfate ,
PDSO4

0345-2494359
N
 1

Carbonate Salts
- -
M
04-
,
CO

All Carbonate Salts are insoluble

O
Except [Soluble] O
Group (Elmetal Carbonate
S
01-

for Sodium Carbonate, NazCO3

Eg .

Potassium Carbonate K2CO3

A
,

Lithium Carbonate, Liz Cos

·
2- Ammonium Carbonate (NH4) 2
CO3
+
NHy 203 =>

05
. Ammonium Salts NHyt B
All Ammonium Salts are Soluble .
H
NH4CL ,
(NH4) SOy ,
NHyNOz etc .

NHYCL
&
NH49 NaCL (s ,
K
Class
H
Ammonium Chloride
NaCL .

0345-2494359
N
 1

NI
Had
Na,
M
&
ag
+ Cag,
H C > H
+
+
CL19
O
(9)
= -

O
Precipitate : -
When an insoluble Salt is
S
(ppt) produced in a chemical in
Solution
aqueous
A
a

SOME MORE INSOLUBLE SALTS

Silver chloride white

,
Ag =>
ppt
Silver Bromide
,
AgBrys => Cream
/
ppt off white ppt B
Silver Iodide H
;
Agl => Yellow
ppt

SOLUBILITIES OF METAL OXIDES

Sodium Oxide ; N2O All

group (1) metal Oxicks

Magnesium
Oxide ;
Mgo are water Soluble .
K
In (11)
Oxide ; Fo N20
, 20

Iron (11) Oxide ; Fe2O3 all other

group
metal H
Aluminium Oxide ; Alz Oxides are water Insoluble
A
.

0345-2494359
N
 1

SOCUBILITIES OF METAL HYDROXIDES

M
Sodium
O
hydroxide, NaOH All
group
(S metal
Ca(OH)2 hydroxicks
Calcium
hydroxide
wate
,

(OH)
an

O
Magnesium hydroxide Mg , 2 Soluble

ALLO)3 NaOH KOH

Aluminium
hydroxide , ,

S
A

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

Salts SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE

M
01 .
Chloride
,
CL ALL Silver Chloride
, AgCL
O
Lead (11) Chloride PbC2
,

O
Nitrate, NO All
S
-

&

03
_ Sulfate So- ALL 01 Calcium Sulfate ; Casoy
A
,
-

02 -
Lead (11) Sulfate ; PbSOY
03 -
Barium Sulfate ; BaS0y

, NHY,
04 Ammonium ALL
-

05
.
Group (I) metal ALL -

Salts B
06
- Carbonate NazCO3 ,
2203 ALL H
2032- (H) 2 CO3

07- All Group (1) metal Oxides are soluble

Na20 20
, .

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

REACTION State
M
OF ACIDS with
Symbols
01-Acid + metal >
-
Salt + H2
O
2 HCkag + 2 Nais) > 2 Na() , + Hz
O
191
-

ag)

S
Acids Aqueous State
Symbols
A
=
.

Alkalis => Aqueous .

Soluble Salt =>

Agreous solid (S)
& nsoluble Salt => Solid .

Liquid (II
Gas (9)

(dissolved into) Agreous as

a

B
H2504 + N0q- Naz Soagt > H20(4
H
(a(03(s1 +
H(lpp) >
-

CaCl2(aq +
H20( +
(02(g)

Precipitation Reaction

A Reaction in which Insoluble Satt is formed .

K
01 -Soluble SaH1 + Soluble Sat 2 Insoluble + Solub Sat 3 H
Salt

A
AgN03cg1 +
NaCLg >
AgCl) +
NaNOs log,
ppt
0345-2494359
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 1

AGNOS A L
NaCl
M
No
Agt ..
-

t
-
-" O
Na. . .
,

⑳
O
Solobla Acid) # Insoluble Acid 2
+ > +
S
-

Salt Salt

Barium Nitrate + Sulfmis Acid >

-
Barium +
Nitric A
Sulfate acid.

Ba(NO3)2)9 +
H2804(a> -

BaSO4(ss +
NOs
ppt

B
H

K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1 -

PREPARATION OF SALTS
M

L I
O
SOLUBLE SALTS INSOLUBLE SALTS

01- Acid + Metals >

- Salt + He
O
Acid Metals Salt He 02 Acid + Base > Salt + H20

S
-

01- +
.

+ >
-

03 Acid + alkali > Salt + H20

Acid Salt
-

Base H20
-

02 .
+ >
-
+
04 -
Acid + Metal- Sal>
+ H20 + CO2
Acid + alkali > Salt + H20
Carbonates

A
03 -
-

Reaction
04 -
Acid + Metal- Sal
Carbonates
>
+ H20 + CO2 ·
-Precipitation

INSOLUBLE SALT

Barium Sulfate
B
BaSoy(s) H20
Ba0(s) H2504(q) H
>
-
+
+

Residue - w
~
B

- filta
pop
-
>

CH2SO4 S
Bac
filtrate
-
:...
.....
-..
&
.

H20
-

........ Excess
/
-

---
Babys
&

-
& ,

⑧ & C
Ba(NOs)
~
2 + Ha > BaSO4(ss
DK
+&HNO3(9,

↑
2/
99
↑
/BaCNOs)2 Lay ,

H
H2SOy Lag,

80
-
- -

↑
... -

-
.. Not
......
=-
-

-
->
-

BaSO (s A
Agosag +
Nacq-
>

Agcs + os19,
0345-2494359
N
Insoluble
 1

Insoluble Salt
Separation of M
Filtration
Process which Insoluble solid
O
in we
separate a

from solution .
a

Residue filter paper

O
E↓ -

funnel S
-
..........
Filter

-
- -

ppt -
-

.......
-

- conical flask
A
>
-

Filtrate

Residue
& esolable solid Filtrate

filth paper that

StoppedBy a a solution
passes
through filte paper .

B
BaCNO3)2 H2SO4(aq, BaSO + 2HNOs
+ >

H
-

01 -Mix Barium Nitrate and Sulfuric acid) .

02 Filter the solution

Residue
-

the
03 -Wash L wit ↓ distilled water
it
04-
Dry in over

Distilled water K
wate 20
pure
H
,

0345-2494359
N
 1

M
Separation of a Soluble Salt

O
Exaporation and
crystallisation
O
& Nal - E
-NaC
S
nett
A
es -
coolings
de
nu

heat until
Exacoratinga heat
Crystallization
saturated Solution
Bunsen Burner is achieved.

Anhydeous Salt
B
NaClq >
-
NaCl powdered H
Nall NaCl
ag ,
> .
L
He
Hydrated
water of Salt

crystallisation

i Cl2 K
Magnesium Chloride ,
g
L

Cation
↓
in H
Mg2
+
C)
-

A
Acich
Base N
go HCL
0345-2494359
 1

Preparation and
Separation of a Soluble Salt
M
Magensium Chloride ,
MgCl2 O
[solubly O
Reactants= >
Magnesium Oxide ,
MgU
.
Hydrochloric acic

S
2H
Mg0 Mg (20 H2 A
+ >
-

+
a

So ,

HCLg) >
/19 [Remaining]
,

(Excess) >
-

Mg 42(ag/
↑+20 B
-
H
>
- Cas
Mg
-

--

↑ heat L
↑ HC)()

Mg(OH)2
S
-
HC)( K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

Magnesium Chlorida .

Remains & MgO(s

,
M
/
& 199/
-

Mg8( HCL

O
-

OI-

*
MgCl2 209,

O
01 -
Add
to
Excess

Hydrochloric
of
acib .
Magessiven Oxic ,
My L
-- mgo S
Filter to A
remaining Mg6
02 -
the solutive remove

Heat the filtrate in

03 -
a
Evaporating dish to

achieved
evaporate water ,
until saturated solution is

04 -Leave the saturatest solution to for

cool
crystallisation
05 -
Wash

solvent
the
crystals with cold distilled
water/organic B
it
H
of .

Day in oven .

--
↑
MgCl2 . 7 O K
MgCl2
Anhychous .
fact
Hydrated
Solt H
without wath of crystallisation . >
- Wate of crystallisative
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

IONC EQUATIONS
M
Ag .

HOM ↓
MgOc +
2Cq1 >
Mg22p + Y
O
funs

ta > ↓

2 S
&

AgoC
+

How
O
,
singly ,
ac
Spectator
same ions or
ins

S
MgO + 2
g
>
-

My + HO left's Right
Sick A
of the

Equation .

Eg 2

Ca(03(s) +
H2504() CaS04 +
HeOpp + CO2
19/

&
↓
+
2 -
↓ ↓ ↓
B
(a(03( 27( Soy Cason (02)
, 19
&
, 20
H
Ca(03 (s + 2 + Sun, >
Cason(s) + H20(g) +
(02(g)
Stepn Equation
or-Balanced
u3-State
Symbols
-
Only Agreous Substance
gives
tuns .
K
'S Right Sick)
05 -Cancel Spectatue Puns [Sama on Left Sick

H
A

0345-2494359
N
 1

Eg
3
M

2
Mg /2(aq
<
Mg(se
↓
+

las ↓
+ H20( +
102(9) O
/ /
2 +
+t 0
Mycoss 2 205 s
Ng + 102
O
·

Mg(0s
2H
+ >
Ag H20x + (02(9)
S
+ +
,

Eg #4 ION EQUATION FOR NEUTRALIZATION A

REACTION

HCL NaOH
19 S
+
(99)
>
NaC/ ,
+ H20
(
↓

S 0
↓ ↓
Nat S/ -
/
+ CI- Na
+
H

B
H
Hq ,
+
O >
H20(4

MgO [Bas] Ja
MgCOAl2 Bas(alkel

G #5 K
>
H2S042ag C + 20Hq , 2504291 + 2H20(
H
str
↓ ↓ ↓
at
s
/
+
2H20

A
2H + 20H- - 2 H20 .

J
I I
N
↓I' 0Hg H202 0345-2494359
-

+ >
-

(a) I
 1

of
M
Types Oxides

Basic Oxides Behave Base React

O
they
01 - => as a as

with to salt and water

acids
produce O
Metal Na20 CaO
Oxides
MgO K20
S
>
-

,
,
, ,

Junic
>
-

Compounds .

>
Group (I) metal Oxicks water soloble
A
-
are

Na20 >
-
NaOH

Na20 + HC1 >

-
NaCl + H20

Mgo + H2) -
MgCl2 + +20

02 -Acidic OXIDES Behave as acids B

>
- Non-metal Oxides. CO2 ,
NO2
,
SO2
H
- Dissolve in wate to free acids
S02 + H20 >
-
H2803

S03 + H20 >

-

H2SOy
NO2 + H20 >
-

HNO3

Sio 2
- H20 >
-
Do not dissolve .
K
Insoluble
H
.

Covalent
>

Bunding
-

0345-2494359
N
 1

03 -
Neutral Oxides
M

-
Neither acidic Noe Basic
O
Non-metal Oxic
O
>
-

Covalent
>

Bunding
-

01 -
Carbon monoxide , 20 02-Water ,
20 S
04-
Amphoteric Oxides => Behav as acidic as well A
as Basic

of Metal Oxides
Jonic
0-
us
Bonding
01 -
Aluminium Oxid ,
Al2O3 02 -
Zinc Oxide ,
En B
Al203 + GHC) >
-

2A1C13 + 3H20
H
Basa Acid
a

tolen
used
is

/
- A1203 + NaOH >
-

Acid Alkal ;

-
> Both Amphoteric Oxidas an Wate Resoluble .
K
H
A

0345-2494359
N
 125

Preparation of Salts
1

Mix the Silver Nitrate)Ag No to Beaker

a
containing
IHC)acid
I Filter the the
↓ drockleis .
solution and wash

residue with distilled water

. and it
dry
in oven
.

I
↓

Ag Iq,
+ (a) -

>
Agcl(s

- -

- -

- -

>
MixBack
and 2504 .
Filter the solution Wash .

the Residue with distilled water and

day it in over .

Bas Basos Junic Equation -

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 126

MOOSA KHAN
3

Aristalked
-
,

- -

↳ Solfmis acich & Sodivan

hychoxide
Sodium Sulfate C
Acid +all
-

O -
↓
O
Nat
NeoH H2S0y

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 Titration Method to
Prepare a Soluble Salt

[MgO(
U
-
- -

=
(Excess
MgO

Na20c + Askay >

- NaCl

I
/ I
-
Laoaq #Cap ,
+ ,
>
-

c, +

=>
C Smol SmoL

S& HCL
Remain

*
Ou
&

errette X
> .

T - NaOH

Evaporation Cystallisative

, -
-
J

& conical flask Na

V =
25cmS
 HCI + NaOH > NaCI + H2O

FB
-

Fr
te
↑ ↑
Methyl orange
- I acid => Red

e
licatur alkoli =
yellow
-
S
NcOH

↓
-
[Cl
Conical flask

Nochhar
>
-
-

3 NCOH
50m

- A & 30cm Hel

NaCl HO
↑ >
- + .

to Soluble Salt
Titration Method Prepara a

Acid and Alkali

Using
01 -
Measure a known volume of acid in a conical flask .

o
2 -
Add few drops of indicator
o
Deep wise addition of alkali from a Burette until
indicator changes Colone.; and record volume of allcli used
.

these
,

measured
04- Mix volumes in a
Separate Beaker

without indicator
Heat dist
05
-
the solutive in a
Exaporating to
Evaporate
wate ,
until saturated solution is achieved
for
.

or fears the Saturated solutive to cool

Cystallisation
the
.

with Solvent
07-wash crystals
it
organic
Day in open
08 -
.
 127
alleli

↑ acid
Take a known volume of Sulfreis in a flask Add .

few drops of indicator

. Deopwis add Sodium
hychotick
from Breete until indication
changes colom
,
and
record the volume of alkali added .

Mix the measured volumes of acid and alkeli

without indicator .

NaoHg , + H2S04q ,
>
-

NazSy + HON

the solution
Heat in
Esperating disk until
saturated solution is achieved Leave
.
the solutive
t cool for cystallisation Wash the
solvent and
.
crystals
with it
dy
in over
organic .

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 FOR Qualitative
TEST IONS =>
Analysis

I
Cation

P
Ariur

TEST FOR CATIONS

Reagents

#
Testing
&Aqueous Sodium hydroxi,O

Agreous Ammonia ,
NH3
(9)
Test rubes

NH O ,

↓
L
-
NaoH
01- few deeps of NOOH
precipitate
(ppt )
02
- Excess NCOH
At
white
-

ppt
-

>

:
-

↳ ppt soluble
giving
- a colorless
.
↓
 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Details of the assessment

Notes for use in qualitative analysis

Tests for anions
anion test test result
carbonate, CO32− add dilute acid, then test for carbon dioxide effervescence, carbon dioxide produced
gas
chloride, Cl − acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
bromide, Br − acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add cream ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
iodide, I− acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add yellow ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate, NO3– add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then ammonia produced
[in solution] aluminium foil; warm carefully
sulfate, SO42− acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous barium nitrate
sulfite, SO32− add a small volume of acidified aqueous the acidified aqueous
potassium manganate(VII) potassium manganate (VII) changes
colour from purple to colourless

Tests for aqueous cations -

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia
3+
aluminium, Al white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., insoluble in excess
colourless solution AL(OH)
=

ammonium, NH4+ ammonia produced on warming —

calcium, Ca2+ white ppt., insoluble in excess Ca(OH)2 no ppt. or very slight white ppt.
chromium(III), Cr 3+
green ppt., soluble in excess Cr(OH)y green ppt., insoluble in excess
copper(II), Cu2+ light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess, giving a
((OH)2 dark blue solution
iron(II), Fe2+ green ppt., insoluble in excess, ppt. turns green ppt., insoluble in excess, ppt. turns
brown near surface on standing Fe(OH)2 brown near surface on standing
iron(III), Fe3+ red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess Fe(OH)3 red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
2+
zinc, Zn white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a
colourless solution ZnLOH)2 colourless solution

Back to contents page www.cambridgeinternational.org/igcse 45

 coloured [Transition metal
>
- & un]
PAGE 41
L
-

↳ colourless

MOOSA BH KHAN
2| Identification of Salt and Gases

21.

- Transition enctal
present
-

ion is
HLz
As
f

EE -
-

- -
Green ppt
7
I

-
ppt insoluble
.

-
Green ppt
-

-O
ppt Soluble .

with
Acidity
dilute Nitric Acid
white p t
then Add
Agreous
Barium Nitrate

O/A LEVELS CHEMISTRY

MOOSA BH KHAN PAGE 42

22.

O/A LEVELS CHEMISTRY

MOOSA BH KHAN PAGE 56

43.

O/A LEVELS CHEMISTRY

 Q1.

- - -
- -

- -
- -

&
Cut white
light ppt
blue
-

ppt Fc3 +
-
~
so-
insoluble soluble
3+
ppt .
ppt
colourless
Al givin a

solution
-

J
2-

Say Bluc white

light ppt
C O
~
ppt

ppt Soluble
ppt insoluble
dark
give a

Blue Solution .

Soy 2 -

- -
Sey
2-

L
-s
-

No Cl
change No
change-
white
white
ppt ypt-
*
-

&
3+
c)
FeCly
-

te =
 Q2.

⑳
O

[
light Blue white ppt

C ppt *
J
+

C
soluble
ppt insoluble
ppt
7
·

giving
a

colorless Solution .

CC
white
light Blue
ppt ypt
Cative

+
-

soluble
ppt soluble in

C
ppt giving Excess
dark Bluc
a
giving a
-

C Solution ~
Colomeless solutive .
-

-White SO2-

t 1
No
Change
- -

↑p
I
>
-

in Seen .

No
chang
white
ypt

F22(I- FeEs
 C
2
+
>
-
Cu

-
co2-

O >
-

C Son
2-

C- -

O - -CL
-

>
-

- - -

D
- -

HCIASH's
↓ War the test tube/solutive gas
L
a
-
turn Red
① produced
Blue
must
damp litmus

pape .

added which woul

-

HC) is Clions
give -

=
&dive-ins flame
-

world
- -

Yellow
give
a
.

-
so,
-

+
- -

NHu
 --
-
- CO2

- terms
Effertesiens of-
- -

seen
gas are .

Take team
a metal wire o
spiral dip
it in the solutive .
Put the wire on a

flame colour should

Bunsen flame and change
to blue-green .

forms
-

NaOH Blue +
Add
Aqueous ; PP
which are insoluble in Excess NaOH.

e
HNOS
+

L yet
- white
C, - =

X
-

>
-

⑩ &
No ypt
X
↳
-
C No
-
+

+
ci- + C)
 11

Notes for use in qualitative analysis

Tests for anions

anion test test result

carbonate, CO3 2– add dilute acid, then test for carbon effervescence, carbon dioxide
dioxide gas produced
chloride, Cl – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then white ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
bromide, Br – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then cream ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
iodide, I– acidify with dilute nitric acid, then yellow ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate, NO3– add aqueous sodium hydroxide, ammonia produced
[in solution] then aluminium foil; warm carefully
sulfate, SO42 – acidify with dilute nitric acid, then white ppt.
[in solution] add aqueous barium nitrate
sulfite, SO32 – add a small volume of acidified the acidified aqueous potassium
aqueous potassium manganate(VII) manganate(VII) changes colour
from purple to colourless

Tests for aqueous cations

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia

aluminium, Al 3+ white ppt., soluble in excess, giving white ppt., insoluble in excess
a colourless solution
ammonium, NH4+ ammonia produced on warming –
calcium, Ca2+ white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt. or very slight white ppt.
chromium(III), Cr 3+ green ppt., soluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
copper(II), Cu2+ light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess,
giving a dark blue solution
iron(II), Fe2+ green ppt., insoluble in excess, green ppt., insoluble in excess,
ppt. turns brown near surface on ppt. turns brown near surface on
standing standing
iron(III), Fe3+ red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
zinc, Zn2+ white ppt., soluble in excess, giving white ppt., soluble in excess, giving
a colourless solution a colourless solution

© UCLES 2023 5070/41/M/J/23

 12

Tests for gases

gas test and test result

ammonia, NH3 turns damp red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide, CO2 turns limewater milky
chlorine, Cl 2 bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen, H2 ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
oxygen, O2 relights a glowing splint
sulfur dioxide, SO2 turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless

Flame tests for metal ions

metal ion flame colour

lithium, Li+ red
sodium, Na+ yellow
potassium, K+ lilac
copper(II), Cu2+ blue-green
calcium, Ca2+ orange-red
barium, Ba2+ light green

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2023 5070/41/M/J/23

 62

MOOSA KHAN
Acid, Bases, and Salts
The characteristics properties of acids
Paper 1 Basc
Acid +
1
- Acid +alke ,
E

NacI
-

Nos
X
-

Precipitative
O
-

NONY
,

NaCL + AgNOs191 -

+
2

X
-

29/
-
ppt
S
- - zv(n + H2
+ CI X
En + H() ->
-
NaCl

O
2 Ho
Neutralizati
O + CHyCOOH >
H
CHy0Na -
+

J
acic Salt Basc/alkel ,
O E Acicl +

I
--

acic)
-

Bar
Ny0H
NH3q)
- =

alkali
-

c) allel ,
-
-
ac

N (u)25
*
-

3 H2S0y -
-
+

H2SO + -Son
+ +20

-
4

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

Mgc12

I SNANOy
t Net is
AgNOs
No
- S
.
Cl

⑳
Ast
-
Ag
 -

*
(a(Wy(s) +
2 H((y) >
-

Ca(1z(q ,
+ H20 (4

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Sci -
O O
+
2Ht Ca2 HeO
CaCO31s, >
-

CaCO3
(
+ 2H
(a) >
-

Caja , + H20
(
 64

MOOSA KHAN
C
10

NaOH
Nall + H20 + NHz
NHy() >
-

+
am all I

c)
-

alkel a <,
-

- - -
-

O - E X -

11

12 Cock + to
G(03 + HC) -
+ 102

Cuso
Acid Acid

-
Glos + -
H2SO4
O Y
>
-

ther
(02

↓
+

Salt Base
+
Acid

Aard
&
S
the
HL1-> C
+
2
Co +

Cuson + HaSon - >

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 65

13

14
Non-metal Oxidic
[Acidic)
-
-
-
OO
I
wate
Basic -

002
+
-

Acid + Naz103 >

-
+ -

Basi
Salt
Sant Hydrated
Anhycoors >
-

Acidia .

CSOn. HP
Casin
Ampl white .
Bluc

15

- Ba(N0s)2
C
& I

Get
-
-

-
- -

Ht
son-
/
-
white

H2SO4 + BaNUs)2 > Bason -

16
191

O& CSon + +20

(0 + H2504 >
-

Blue
Basic 8 acil

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 67

20

(NaOH) alld

n
--

&

21

22

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 68

MOOSA KHAN
23

-
al(2()

24

O
C
-

* -
MI

-
S
- - -
Be

O
-

& -

25

Me
26
Jason
Co + H2SWy -
Cu

-
C + H250y
Ag dilute
.

acists
ApE
27
weak
-

acid
acidic React Alkali &

I I
-

%.
- - -

*reak
-
-

Al20(Ze0 Alkali

CSS
-
(acidic)
gas acidic
I
-
-

R =

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 69

PH
28

29

30

Red/Bluc
eneuinen C
Basic
faces .

l Well

Acrclic
HC) Neither
Nor Basic

G O

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 70

MOOSA KHAN
31

32

33

34

allo :
Acid

Litmus
+ ↓
>

*
-

>
-

methy to eary
>
-

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 73

Nature of Oxide or classification of oxide

39

Ca(03
40
N2 Neutral .
Acids
Cacos +

Seciclis) [Neutral)
-
- -
-

NO2 Co

X N2
acidic
- -

No2 acidic
-
S
Cacidic Stil
X
41
-
E -

- -
Q - - -

42

O -
- -

Insoluble .

Al203
43

O
O
Concurrent)
En O

Oxides
Group/metal
-
-

Al203 Zur
S
- >
-
S

alke/I
/
- -
X ↑

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 74

MOOSA KHAN
44

45

acid
46
D alkali
acid) Acidic
O O O
Basic Oxide
-

alcr
E - =

Amphoterin
-

Y =

Basic
x =

Acidic
z =

Al203
no
O O

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 77

O
55
- - -

aciclic
Match
Amphote ,
T

- I EI IVT 7
- - -

TE
~

I I
Al

>
-

G left
O G ⑳ C

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 139

ACID,BASES AND SALTS

MULTIPLE TOPICS
NHOH
PAPER-2 NAz + H20 >
-

Q1. [OCT/2021/21] NHOH

NH3 , =

Aci are
proton donurs/Hydrogen in donors .

Weak acids are

decompletely dissociated in

Aqueous Solution .

Q2. [OCT/2021/22]

-
- -

- -

Ht

peein
/-

CH3COOH Ethanoic Acid

2 HCOOH +

(99) M ,
>
((c00)MyT Ha
(9)
Q3. [JUNE/2021/21] -
C
+
H2
mg2
C
+ +
2 HC00 + 24 2H(5 +

mg
+ >
-

7t
+ He
↑gas
+
2H
My
+ >
-

199 ,
E

Stron acids dissociates Agreos

g completely in · Solution .

Weak acids dissociates Aqueous solution

incompletely
in

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 140

MOOSA KHAN
X
Q4. [JUNE/2020/21]

Q5. [JUNE/2020/21]

O -

Nat = 2 ,
8

&
O
Magnesium Oxide

Hydrochloric acid .

My
Igloo> 2
N &
HCI

acid
Base

MgCl2

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 141

Q6. [JUNE/2020/22]
#

Titration Gre

wate
A

/
#
-

*
ta I
↳ C =

=25 cas
0 05
.
N

HE
HCL

Initially
Low
Beaker

around
contains

1-0 When
Ht
Of ions
ions ,
so it has

added
↑H
a are
.

+
↓) irns are Neutralized by OH and pH increases

to 7 -
0
,
further adding
Off increases
pH) above 7 -

0
·

Q7. [OCT/2019/21]

Red ,

↓
Acic I Ad
Litmus Red Blue .

Methyl Orang - Red Yellow

Pink
thy mol phakie colourless
Universal

↳ PH
Indicator ·

ORea Blue
Niduple .

= 7 0
.

[Neutral] => Green .

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 142

MOOSA KHAN
Q8. [OCT/2019/22]

Q9. [OCT/2019/22]

Q10. [JUNE/2019/21]

PCIs + 4H20 >

-
SHC) -
HIPO
y

Q11 [JUNE/2019/22]

on -
-
-

HNO
2 NO2 + H20 >
-

HNO 2

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 127

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 139

ACID,BASES AND SALTS

MULTIPLE TOPICS
PAPER-2
Q1. [OCT/2021/21]

Q2. [OCT/2021/22]

Q3. [JUNE/2021/21]

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 140

MOOSA KHAN
Q4. [JUNE/2020/21]

Q5. [JUNE/2020/21]

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 141

Q6. [JUNE/2020/22]

Q7. [OCT/2019/21]

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 142

MOOSA KHAN
Q8. [OCT/2019/22]

Q9. [OCT/2019/22]

Q10. [JUNE/2019/21]

Q11 [JUNE/2019/22]

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 143

Q12. [JUNE/2021/22]

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 144

MOOSA KHAN
ANSWERS
Q1.

Q2.

Q3.

Q4.

Q5.

Q6.

Q7.

Q8.

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk

 145

Q9.

Q10.

Q11.

Q12.

0345 2494359 @chemwithmk /chemwithmk/ /chemwithmk