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DIP Viva

The document discusses various image processing techniques including histogram equalization, edge detection filters, morphological operations like erosion and dilation, compression methods, upsampling and downsampling, steganography and watermarking, and frequency domain operations like convolution.

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19 views2 pages

DIP Viva

The document discusses various image processing techniques including histogram equalization, edge detection filters, morphological operations like erosion and dilation, compression methods, upsampling and downsampling, steganography and watermarking, and frequency domain operations like convolution.

Uploaded by

softb0774
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Histogram:

A graph that shows the distribution of pixel intensities in an image. Darker areas have more pixels at lower values, while
brighter areas have more pixels at higher values.

Transformations: Techniques to modify the pixel values in an image.


o Log Transformation: Makes dark areas appear brighter and vice versa, useful for enhancing details in low-
contrast images.
o Power-Law Transformation: Similar to log transformation but offers more control over the degree of contrast
enhancement.
o Contrast Stretching: Expands the range of pixel intensities for better visibility.
o Thresholding: Converts a grayscale image into a binary image (black and white) based on a threshold value.
Pixels above the threshold become white, and those below become black.

Histogram Equalization: Makes the histogram of an image more uniform, improving contrast.
o Simple Equalization: Spreads pixel intensities evenly across the entire range.
o Adaptive Equalization: Applies equalization locally in small regions to handle uneven illumination.

Edge Detection and Filtering:


o Derivatives and Gradients: Measure the rate of change in pixel intensity, helping to identify edges.
o Laplacian Filter: Highlights edges by emphasizing regions with high intensity variations.
o Sharpening: Enhances edges by subtracting the blurred image from the original image.
o Unsharp Masking: Similar to sharpening, but allows for more control over the amount of sharpening applied.
o Image Negatives: Inverts the pixel values, making bright areas dark and vice versa.

Edge Detectors:
o Sobel Filter: Identifies both horizontal and vertical edges.
o Canny Edge Detector: A multi-stage algorithm that detects strong edges and suppresses weak ones.

Morphological Operations:
o Erosion: Shrinks objects in an image by removing pixels at the edges.
o Dilation: Expands objects by adding pixels to the edges.
o Opening: Removes thin protrusions and "cleans" object boundaries (erosion followed by dilation).
o Closing: Fills small holes inside objects (dilation followed by erosion).
o Skeletonization: Reduces objects to their one-pixel-thick "skeletons."
o Convex Hull: Creates the smallest possible convex shape (polygon) that encloses all object pixels.
o Top-Hat Transform: Reveals features brighter (white top-hat) or darker (black top-hat) than the background.
o Boundary Extraction: Extracts the outlines of objects in an image.

What is the purpose of erosion and dilation in image processing?


Erosion removes small structures from an image while dilation adds them. They are often used in combination for tasks
like noise reduction or morphological operations.

What is the difference between erosion and opening in morphological operations?


Erosion removes small structures while preserving larger ones, while opening combines erosion followed by dilation,
useful for removing small noise and fine-tuning image structures.

Compression:
o Bit-Plane Slicing: Separates an image into its individual bit planes (each bit representing a specific level of
detail).
o Basic Compression: Techniques like Run-Length Encoding (RLE) that reduce redundancy in image data.
o LZW Compression: A dictionary-based compression method that replaces frequently occurring patterns with
codes.
What is compression in image processing?
Compression reduces the size of an image file by removing redundant or less important information. It's important for
saving storage space and speeding up transmission over networks.

Image Upsampling and Downsampling:


o Upsampling: Increases the image resolution by creating new pixels (interpolation).
o Downsampling: Reduces the image resolution by discarding pixels (averaging or filtering).
What is the difference between upsampling and downsampling of an image?
Upsampling increases the size of an image by adding more pixels, while downsampling decreases the size by removing
some pixels. Both are used for resizing images.

Steganography and Watermarking:


o Image Steganography: Hiding a secret message within an image in a way that's difficult to detect.
o Visible Watermarking: Embedding a visible mark (logo or copyright information) into an image to claim
ownership.
What is steganography in image processing?
Steganography is the practice of hiding secret information within an image. It's like hiding a message within another
message to keep it confidential.

Frequency Domain Operations:


o 2D Convolution in Frequency Domain: Efficient way to apply filters by transforming the image and filter into the
frequency domain, performing multiplication, and transforming back.
o Low-Pass Filters: Suppress high-frequency components in the image, blurring noise or details.
What is the purpose of convolution in frequency domain?
Convolution in the frequency domain is used to apply filters to an image efficiently. It's commonly used for tasks like
blurring or sharpening.

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