Access ML Aggarwal Solutions for Class 10 Maths

Chapter 18 Trigonometric Identities

Exercise 18

1. If A is an acute angle and sin A = 3/5, find all other trigonometric ratios of
angle A (using trigonometric identities).

Solution:

Given,

sin A = 3/5 and A is an acute angle

So, in ∆ABC we have ∠B = 90o

And,

AC = 5 and BC = 3

By Pythagoras theorem,

AB = √(AC2 – BC2)

= √(52 – 32) = √(25 – 9) = √16

=4

Now,
cos A = AB/AC = 4/5

tan A = BC/AB = 3/4

cot A = 1/tan θ = 4/3

sec A = 1/cos θ = 5/4

cosec A = 1/sin θ = 5/3

2. If A is an acute angle and sec A = 17/8, find all other trigonometric ratios of
angle A (using trigonometric identities).

Solution:

Given,

sec A = 17/8 and A is an acute angle

So, in ∆ ABC we have ∠B = 90o

And,

AC = 17 and AB = 8

By Pythagoras theorem,

BC = √(AC2 – AB2)

= √(172 – 82) = √(289 – 64) = √225

= 15

Now,

sin A = BC/AC = 15/17

cos A = 1/sec A = 8/17

tan A = BC/AB = 15/8

cot A = 1/tan A= 8/15

cosec A = 1/sin A = 17/15

3. Express the ratios cos A, tan A and sec A in terms of sin A.

Solution:

We know that,

sin2 A + cos2 A = 1

So,

cos A = √(1 – sin2 A)

tan A = sin A/cos A = sin A/ √(1 – sin2 A)

sec A = 1/cos A = 1/ (√1 – sin2 A)

4. If tan A = 1/√3, find all other trigonometric ratios of angle A.

Solution:
 Given, tan A = 1/√3

In the right ∆ ABC,

tan A = BC/AB = 1/√3

So,

BC = 1 and AB = √3

By Pythagoras theorem,

AC = √(AB2 + BC2) = √[(√3)2 + (1)2]

= √(3 + 1) = √4 = 2

Hence,

sin A = BC/AC = ½

cos A = AB/AC = √3/2

cot A = 1/tan A = √3

sec A = 1/cos A = 2/√3

cosec A = 1/sin A = 2/1 = 2

5. If 12 cosec θ = 13, find the value of (2 sin θ – 3 cos θ)/ (4 sin θ – 9 cos θ)

Solution:
Given,

12 cosec θ = 13

⇒ cosec θ = 13/12

In right ∆ ABC,

∠A = θ

So, cosec θ = AC/BC = 13/12

AC = 13 and BC = 12

By Pythagoras theorem,

AB = √(AC2 – BC2)

= √[(13)2 – (12)2]

= √(169 – 144)

= √25

=5

Now,

sin θ = BC/AC = 12/13

cos θ = AB/AC = 5/13

Hence,
Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate the following (6 to 10):

6. (i) cos2 26o + cos 64o sin 26o + (tan 36o/ cot 54o)

(ii) (sec 17o/ cosec 73o) + (tan 68o/ cot 22o) + cos2 44o + cos2 46o

Solution:

Given,

(i) cos2 26o + cos 64o sin 26o + (tan 36o/ cot 54o)

= cos2 26o + cos (90o – 16o) sin 26o + [tan 36o/ cot (90o – 54o)]

= [cos2 26o + sin2 26o] + (tan 36o/ tan 36o)

=1+1=2

(ii) (sec 17o/ cosec 73o) + (tan 68o/ cot 22o) + cos2 44o + cos2 46o

= [sec 17o/ cosec (90o – 73o)] + [(tan 90o – 22o)/ cot 22o] + cos2 (90o – 44o) + cos2 46o

= [sec 17o/ sec 17o] + [cot 22o/ cot 22o] + [sin2 46o + cos2 46o]

=1+1+1

=3

7. (i) (sin 65o/ cos 25o) + (cos 32o/sin 58o) – sin 28o sec 62o + cosec2 30o
(ii) (sin 29o/ cosec 61o) + 2 cot 8° cot 17° cot 45° cot 73° cot 82° – 3(sin² 38° +
sin² 52°).

Solution:

Given,

(i) (sin 65o/ cos 25o) + (cos 32o/sin 58o) – sin 28o sec 62o + cosec2 30o

= (sin 65o/ cos (90o – 65o)) + (cos 32o/sin (90o – 32o)) – sin 28o sec (90o – 28o) + 22

= (sin 65o/sin 65o) + (cos 32o/cos 32o) – [sin 28o x cosec 28o] + 4

=1+1–1+4

=5

(ii) (sin 29o/ cosec 61o) + 2 cot 8° cot 17° cot 45° cot 73° cot 82° – 3(sin² 38° + sin²
52°).

= (sin 29o/ cosec (90o – 29o)) + [2 cot 8° cot 17° cot 45° cot (90° – 17o) cot (90o – 8o)] –
3(sin² 38° + sin² (90° – 38o))

= (sin 29o/ sin 29o) + [2 cot 8° cot 17° cot 45° tan 17o tan 8o] – 3(sin² 38° + cos² 38°)

= 1 + 2[(cot 8° tan 8o) (cot 17° tan 17o) cot 45°] – 3(1)

= 1 + 2[1 x 1 x 1] – 3

=1+2–3

=0

8. (i) (sin 35o cos 55o + cos 35o sin 55 o)/ (cosec2 10o – tan2 80 o)

(ii) sin2 34o + sin2 56o + 2 tan18o tan 72o – cot2 30o

Solution:

Given,

(i) (sin 35o cos 55o + cos 35o sin 55 o)/ (cosec2 10o – tan2 80 o)
(ii) sin2 34o + sin2 56o + 2 tan18o tan 72o – cot2 30o

= sin2 34o + sin2 (90o – 34o) + 2 tan18o tan (90o – 18o) – cot2 30o

= [sin2 34o + cos2 34o] + 2 tan18o cot 18o – cot2 30o

= 1 + 2 x 1 – (√3)2

=1+2–3

=0

9. (i) (tan 25o/ cosec 65o)2 + (cot 25o/ sec 65o)2 + 2 tan 18o tan 45o tan 75o

(ii) (cos2 25o + cos2 65o) + cosec θ sec (90o – θ) – cot θ tan (90o – θ)

Solution:

Given,

(i) (tan 25o/ cosec 65o)2 + (cot 25o/ sec 65o)2 + 2 tan 18o tan 45o tan 75o
(ii) (cos2 25o + cos2 65o) + cosec θ sec (90o – θ) – cot θ tan (90o – θ)

= cos2 25o + cos2 (90o – 25o) + cosec θ sec (90o – θ) – cot θ. cot θ

= (cos2 25o + sin2 25o) + (cosec2 θ – cot2 θ)

=1+1=2

10. (i) 2(sec² 35° – cot² 55°)

(ii)

Solution:

Given,
11. Prove that following:
(i) cos θ sin (90° – θ) + sin θ cos (90° – θ) = 1

(ii) tan θ/ tan (90o – θ) + sin (90o – θ)/ cos θ = sec2 θ

(iii) (cos (90o – θ) cos θ)/ tan θ + cos2 (90o – θ) = 1

(iv) sin (90o – θ) cos (90o – θ) = tan θ/ (1 + tan2 θ)

Solution:

(i) L.H.S. = cos θ sin (90° – θ) + sin θ cos (90° – θ)

= cos θ x cos θ + sin θ x sin θ

= cos2 θ + sin2 θ

= 1 = R.H.S.

(ii) L.H.S = tan θ/ tan (90o – θ) + sin (90o – θ)/ cos θ

= tan θ/ cot θ + cos θ/ cos θ

= tan θ/ (1/tan θ) + 1

= tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ = R.H.S.

(iii) L.H.S. = (cos (90o – θ) cos θ)/ tan θ + cos2 (90o – θ)

= (sin θ cos θ)/ tan θ + sin2 θ

= (sin θ cos θ)/ (sin θ/ cos θ) + sin2 θ

= cos2 θ + sin2 θ

= 1 = R.H.S.
Prove that following (12 to 30) identities, where the angles involved are acute
angles for which the trigonometric ratios as defined:

12. (i) (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) = cos A

(ii) (1 + tan2 A) (1 – sin A) (1 + sin A) = 1.

Solution:

Given,

(i) L.H.S = (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A)

(ii) L.H.S. = (1 + tan2 A) (1 – sin A) (1 + sin A)

13. (i) tan A + cot A = sec A cosec A

(ii) (1 – cos A) (1 + sec A) = tan A sin A.

Solution:

(i) L.H.S. = tan A + cot A

= sin A/cos A + cos A/sin A

= (sin2 A + cos2 A)/ (sin A cos A)

= 1/ (sin A cos A)
= sec A cosec A

= R.H.S

(ii) L.H.S. = (1 – cos A) (1 + sec A)

14. (i) 1/ (1 + cos A) + 1/ (1 – cos A) = 2 cosec2 A

(ii) 1/(sec A + tan A) + 1/(sec A – tan A) = 2 sec A

Solution:

(i) L.H.S. = 1/ (1 + cos A) + 1/ (1 – cos A)

(ii)

15. (i) sin A/ (1 + cos A) = (1 – cos A)/ sin A

(ii) (1 – tan2 A)/ (cot2 A – 1) = tan2 A

(iii) sin A/ (1 + cos A) = cosec A – cot A

Solution:

(i) L.H.S. = sin A/ (1 + cos A)

On multiplying and dividing by (1 – cos A), we have

16. (i) (sec A – 1)/(sec A + 1) = (1 – cos A)/(1 + cos A)

(ii) tan2 θ/ (sec θ – 1)2 = (1 + cos θ)/ (1 – cos θ)

(iii) (1 + tan A)2 + (1 – tan A)2 = 2 sec2 A

(iv) sec2 A + cosec2 A = sec2 A. cosec2 A

Solution:

(iii) L.H.S. = (1 + tan A)2 + (1 – tan A)2

= 1 + 2 tan A + tan2 A + 1 – 2 tan A + tan2 A

= 2 + 2 tan2 A

= 2(1 + tan2 A) [As 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A]

= 2 sec2 A

= R.H.S.

(iv) L.H.S = sec2 A + cosec2 A

= 1/cos2 A + 1/sin2 A

= (sin2 A + cos2 A)/ (sin2 A cos2 A)

= 1/ (sin2 A cos2 A)

= sec2 A cosec2 A = R.H.S

17. (i) (1 + sin A)/ cos A + cos A/ (1 + sin A) = 2 sec A

(ii) tan A/ (sec A – 1) + tan A/ (sec A + 1) = 2cosec A

Solution:

(i) L.H.S. = (1 + sin A)/ cos A + cos A/ (1 + sin A)

18. (i) cosec A/ (cosec A – 1) + cosec A/ (cosec A + 1) = 2 sec 2 A

(ii) cot A – tan A = (2cos2 A – 1)/ (sin A – cos A)

(iii) (cot A – 1)/ (2 – sec2 A) = cot A/ (1 + tan A)

Solution:

(i) L.H.S. =
19. (i) tan2 θ – sin2 θ = tan2 θ sin2 θ

(ii) cos θ/ (1 – tan θ) – sin2 θ/ (cos θ – sin θ) = cos θ + sin θ

Solution:

(i) L.H.S = tan2 θ – sin2 θ

20. (i) cosec4 θ – cosec2 θ = cot4 θ + cot2 θ

(ii) 2 sec2 θ – sec4 θ – 2 cosec2 θ + cosec4 θ = cot4 θ – tan4 θ.

Solution:

(i) L.H.S. = cosec4 θ – cosec2 θ

= cosec2 θ (cosec2 θ – 1)

= cosec2 θ cot2 θ [cosec2 θ – 1 = cot2 θ]

= (cot2 θ + 1) cot2 θ

= cot4 θ + cot2 θ

= R.H.S.

(ii) L.H.S. = 2 sec2 θ – sec4 θ – 2 cosec2 θ + cosec4 θ

= 2 (tan2 θ + 1) – (tan2 θ + 1)2 – 2 (1 + cot2 θ) + (1 + cot2 θ)2

= 2 tan2 θ + 2 – (tan4 θ + 2 tan2 θ + 1) – 2 – 2 cot2 θ + (1 + 2 cot2 θ + cot4 θ)

= 2 tan2 θ + 2 – tan4 θ – 2 tan2 θ – 1 – 2 – 2 cot2 θ + 1 + 2 cot2 θ + cot4 θ

= cot4 θ – tan4 θ = R.H.S.

21. (i) = cot θ

(ii) (tan3 θ – 1)/ (tan θ – 1) = sec2 θ + tan θ

Solution:
22. (i) (1 + cosec A)/ cosec A = cos2 A/ (1 – sin A)

(ii)

Solution:
23. (i) = tan A + sec A

(ii) = cosec A – cot A

Solution:
24. (i) = 2 cosec A

(ii) cos A cot A/ (1 – sin A) = 1 + cosec A

Solution:
25. (i) (1 + tan A)/ sin A + (1 + cot A)/ cos A = 2 (sec A + cosec A)

(ii) sec4 A – tan4 A = 1 + 2 tan2 A

Solution:

(ii) sec4 A – tan4 A = 1 + 2 tan2 A

L.H.S. = sec4 A – tan4 A

= (sec2 A – tan2 A) (sec2 A + tan2 A)

= (1 + tan4 A – tan4 A) (1 + tan4 A + tan4 A) [As sec2 A = tan4 A + 1]

= 1 (1 + 2 tan2 A)

= 1 + 2 tan2 A = R.H.S.

26. (i) cosec6 A – cot6 A = 3 cot2 A cosec2 A + 1

(ii) sec6 A – tan6 A = 1 + 3 tan2 A + 3 tan4 A

Solution:

(i) cosec6 A – cot6 A = 3 cot2 A cosec2 A + 1

27.
Solution:

(i)
= (cos θ – 1) (2 – 1 – cos θ)/ (cos θ – 1)

= 1 – cos θ

Hence, L.H.S = R.H.S.

28. (i) (sin θ + cos θ) (sec θ + cosec θ) = 2 + sec θ cosec θ

(ii) (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) sec2A = tan A

Solution:

(i) (sin θ + cos θ) (sec θ + cosec θ) = 2 + sec θ cosec θ

L.H.S. = (sin θ + cos θ) (sec θ + cosec θ)

= R.H.S.

(ii)
29.

Solution:
30. (i) 1/ (sec A + tan A) – 1/cos A = 1/cos A – 1/(sec A – tan A)

(ii) (sin A + sec A)2 + (cos A + cosec A)2 = (1 + sec A cosec A)2

(iii) (tan A + sin A)/ (tan A – sin A) = (sec A + 1)/ (sec A – 1)

Solution:
31. If sin θ + cos θ = √2 sin (90° – θ), show that cot θ = √2 + 1

Solution:

Given, sin θ + cos θ = √2 sin (90° – θ)

sin θ + cos θ = √2 cos θ

On dividing by sin θ, we have

1 + cot θ = √2 cot θ

1 = √2 cot θ – cot θ

(√2 – 1) cot θ = 1

cot θ = 1/ (√2 – 1)

Hence, cot θ = √2 + 1

32. If 7 sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ = 4, 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°, then find the value of θ.

Solution:

Given,

7 sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ = 4, 0° ≤ θ ≤ 90°

3 sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ + 4 sin2 θ = 4

3 (sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ) + 4 sin2 θ = 4

3 (1) + 4 sin2 θ = 4
4 sin2 θ = 4 – 3

sin2 θ = ¼

Taking square-root on both sides, we get

sin θ = ½

Thus, θ = 30o

33. If sec θ + tan θ = m and sec θ – tan θ = n, prove that mn = 1.

Solution:

Given,

sec θ + tan θ = m

sec θ – tan θ = n

Now,

mn = (sec θ + tan θ) (sec θ – tan θ)

= sec2 θ – tan2 θ = 1

Thus, mn = 1

34. If x – a sec θ + b tan θ and y = a tan θ + b sec θ, prove that x 2 – y2 = a2 – b2.

Solution:

Given,

x=
a sec θ + b tan θ,

y = a tan θ + b sec θ

Now,

x2 – y2 = (a sec θ + b tan θ)2 – (a tan θ + b sec θ)2

– Hence proved.

35. If x = h + a cos θ and y = k + a sin θ, prove that (x – h) 2 + (y – k)2 = a2.

Solution:

Given,

x = h + a cos θ

y = k + a sin θ

Now,

x – h = a cos θ

y – k = a sin θ

On squaring and adding, we get

(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2 cos2 θ + a2 sin2 θ

= a2 (sin2 θ + cos2 θ)

= a2 (1) [Since, sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1]

– Hence proved

Chapter Test

1. (i) If θ is an acute angle and cosec θ = √5, find the value of cot θ – cos θ.

(ii) If θ is an acute angle and tan θ = 8/15, find the value of sec θ + cosec θ.

Solution:
Given that θ is an acute angle and cosec θ = √5

So,

sin θ = 1/√5

And, cos θ = √(1 – sin2 θ)

cos θ = √(1 – (1/√5)2)

= √(1 – (1/5))

= √(4/5)

cos θ = 2/√5

Now,

cot θ – cos θ = (cos θ/sin θ) – cos θ

(ii) Given, θ is an acute angle and tan θ = 8/15

In fig. we have
tan θ = BC/AB = 8/15

So, BC = 8 and AB = 15

By Pythagoras theorem, we have

AC = √(AB2 + BC2) = √(52 + 82) = √(25 + 64) = √289

⇒ AC = 17

Now,

sec θ = AC/AB = 17/15

cosec θ = AC/BC = 17/8

So,

sec θ + cosec θ = 17/15 + 17/8

= (136 + 255)/ 120

= 391/120

2. Evaluate the following:

(i) 2 x ( ) – tan 45o + tan 13o tan 23o tan 30o tan 67o tan
77o

(ii) + sin2 63o + cos 63o sin 27o

Solution:
3. If 4/3 (sec2 59o – cot2 31o) – 2/3 sin 90o + 3 tan2 56o tan2 34o = x/2, then find the
value of x.

Solution:

Given,

4/3 (sec2 59o – cot2 31o) – 2/3 sin 90o + 3 tan2 56o tan2 34o = x/2

4. (i) cos A/ (1 – sin A) + cos A/ (1 + sin A) = 2 sec A

(ii) cos A/ (cosec A + 1) + cos A/ (cosec A – 1) = 2 tan A

Solution:
5. (i)

(ii) (cosec θ – sin θ) (sec θ – cos θ) (tan θ + cot θ) = 1.

Solution:
6. (i) sin2 θ + cos4 θ = cos2 θ + sin4 θ

(ii)

Solution:

Given,

(i) sin2 θ + cos4 θ = cos2 θ + sin4 θ

L.H.S. = sin2 θ + cos4 θ

= (1 – cos2 θ) + cos4 θ

= cos4 θ – cos2 θ + 1

= cos2 θ (cos2 θ – 1) + 1

= cos2 θ (- sin2 θ) + 1

= 1 – sin2 θ cos2 θ

Now,

R.H.S. = cos2 θ + sin4 θ

= (1 – sin2 θ) + sin4 θ

= sin4 θ – sin2 θ + 1

= sin2 θ (sin2 θ – 1) + 1

= sin2 θ (-cos2 θ) + 1

= 1 – sin2 θ cos2 θ

Hence, L.H.S. = R.H.S.

7. (i) sec4 A (1 – sin4 A) – 2 tan2 A = 1

(ii) = sec A + cosec A

Solution:

(i) sec4 A (1 – sin4 A) – 2 tan2 A = 1

L.H.S. = sec4 A (1 – sin4 A) – 2 tan2 A

8. (i) + sin θ cos θ = 1

(ii) (sec A – tan A)2 (1 + sin A) = 1 – sin A.

Solution:
9. (i) = sin A + cos A
(ii) (sec A – cosec A) (1 + tan A + cot A) = tan A sec A – cot A cosec A

(iii)

Solution:
10.

Solution:
11. 2 (sin6 θ + cos6 θ) – 3 (sin4 θ + cos4 θ) + 1 = 0

Solution:

Given,

2 (sin6 θ + cos6 θ) – 3 (sin4 θ + cos4 θ) + 1 = 0

L.H.S. = 2 (sin6 θ + cos6 θ) – 3 (sin4 θ + cos4 θ) + 1

= 2 [(sin2 θ)3 + (cos2 θ)3] – 3 (sin4 θ + cos4 θ) + 1

= 2 [(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) (sin4 θ + cos4 θ – sin2 θ cos2 θ)] – 3 (sin4 θ + cos4 θ) + 1

= 2 (sin4 θ + cos4 θ – sin2 θ cos2 θ) – 3 (sin4 θ + cos4 θ) + 1

= 2 sin4 θ + 2 cos4 θ – 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ – 3 sin4 θ – 3 cos4 θ + 1

= 1 – sin4 θ – cos4 θ – 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ

= 1 – [sin4 θ + cos4 θ + 2 sin2 θ cos2 θ]

=1–1

= 0 = R.H.S.

12. If cot θ + cos θ = m, cot θ – cos θ = n, then prove that (m 2 – n2)2 = 16.

Solution:

Given,

cot θ + cos θ = m … (i)

cot θ – cos θ = n … (ii)

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

13. If sec θ + tan θ = p, prove that sin θ = (p 2 – 1)/ (p2 + 1)

Solution:

Given, sec θ + tan θ = p

14. If tan A = n tan B and sin A = m sin B, prove that cos 2 A = (m2 – 1)/ (n2 – 1)

Solution:
Given,

tan A = n tan B and sin A = m sin B

n = tan A/ tan B

m = sin A/ sin B

15. If sec A = x + 1/4x, then prove that sec A + tan A = 2x or 1/2x

Solution:

Given, sec A = x + 1/4x

We know that,
16. When 0° < θ < 90°, solve the following equations:

(i) 2 cos2 θ + sin θ – 2 = 0

(ii) 3 cos θ = 2 sin2 θ

(iii) sec2 θ – 2 tan θ = 0

(iv) tan2 θ = 3 (sec θ – 1).

Solution:

Given, 0° < θ < 90°

(i) 2 cos2 θ + sin θ – 2 = 0

2 (1 – sin2 θ) + sin θ – 2 = 0
2 – 2 sin2 θ + sin θ – 2 = 0

– 2 sin2 θ + sin θ = 0

sin θ (1 – 2 sin θ) = 0

So, either sin θ = 0 or 1 – 2 sin θ = 0

If sin θ = 0

⇒ θ = 0o

And, if 1 – 2 sin θ = 0

sin θ = ½

⇒ θ = 30o

Thus, θ = 0o or 30o

(ii) 3 cos θ = 2 sin2 θ

3 cos θ = 2 (1 – cos2 θ)

3 cos θ = 2 – 2 cos2 θ

2 cos2 θ + 3 cos θ – 2 = 0

2 cos2 θ + 4 cos θ – cos θ – 2 = 0

2 cos θ (cos θ + 2) – 1(cos θ + 2)

(2 cos θ – 1) (cos θ + 2) = 0

So, either 2 cos θ – 1 = 0 or cos θ + 2 = 0

If 2 cos θ – 1 = 0

cos θ = ½

⇒ θ = 60o

And, for cos θ + 2 = 0

⇒ cos θ = -2 which is not possible being out of range.

Thus, θ = 60o

(iii) sec2 θ – 2 tan θ = 0

(1 + tan2 θ) – 2 tan θ = 0

tan2 θ – 2 tan θ + 1 = 0

(tan θ – 1)2 = 0

tan θ – 1 = 0

⇒ tan θ = 1

Thus, θ = 45o

(iv) tan2 θ = 3 (sec θ – 1)

(sec2 θ – 1) = 3 sec θ – 3

sec2 θ – 1 – 3 sec θ + 3 = 0

sec2 θ – 3 sec θ + 2 = 0

sec2 θ – 2 sec θ – sec θ + 2 = 0

sec θ (sec θ – 2) – 1 (sec θ = 2) = 0

(sec θ – 1) (sec θ – 2) = 0

So, either sec θ – 1 = 0 or sec θ – 2 = 0

If sec θ – 1 = 0

sec θ = 1

⇒ θ = 0o

And, if sec θ – 2 = 0

sec θ = 2

⇒ θ = 60o