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Combinational

Combinational circuits have outputs that depend only on the present inputs and have no internal memory or feedback. Sequential circuits have memory elements like flip-flops that allow them to remember previous states and have feedback between stages.

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9 views

Combinational

Combinational circuits have outputs that depend only on the present inputs and have no internal memory or feedback. Sequential circuits have memory elements like flip-flops that allow them to remember previous states and have feedback between stages.

Uploaded by

upparapalliamritha3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Combinational Circuits

Introduction

• A Digital logic circuit has voltage levels that are to


be switched from one value to another but have a
finite number of distinct values. These circuits
have a definite set of logic rules.
• Digital logic circuits are also known as switching circuits.
These circuits are commonly used in most digital
electronic devices such as computers, calculators, mobile
phones, etc.
• There are mainly two types of digital logic circuits,
namely:
– Combinational Logic Circuits
– Sequential Logic Circuits
What are Combinational Circuits?
• A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose
outputs are determined from the present combination of
inputs and they have no memory.
• These circuits are developed using OR, AND, NOT, NAND,
and NOR logic gates. These logic gates are the building
blocks of combinational circuits.
• A combinational circuit consists of input and output
variables. These circuits are independent of the previous
input to generate an output.
• A combinational circuit can have an ‘n’ number of inputs
and ‘m’ number of outputs. The output in these circuits at
any time is a direct function of the applied external inputs.
• Common combinational circuits constructed using single
logic gates that carry out the desired application include
Encoders, Decoders, Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Full
and Half Adders, etc.
Representation of Combinational Circuits
• Logic Gates:
– used to perform the basic logical functions which are necessary for digital circuits.
– The decision is made in a logic gate based on the combination of the input digital
signals in the logic gates.
– building blocks in the construction of combinational logic circuits. Commonly NAND,
NOT, NOR, OR, AND logic gates .

• Boolean Algebra :
– branch of algebra that deals with only true and false values.
– to make logical decisions.
– It helps to analyze and simplify the digital circuit and logic gates and the boolean
expressions involved in them.

• Truth Table:
– describes how the output and input for the given circuit are related.
– It has defined input and output labels that correspond to the given input and the
produced output for a logic system.
– This method calculates the operational values of the logical expressions for every
combination of values taken by their logical variables.
– All the output columns are represented in a single table.
Classification of Combinational Circuits
Arithmetic and Logic Functions
• fundamental operations that are used in digital electronics.
• These operations are performed on binary data.
• The operation used can be enabled to improve the
computation and helps in performing logical and
comparative operations efficiently.
• The operations performed on the binary data include
arithmetic and logical operations.
• These operations are used to further design adders,
subtractors, comparators, and PLDs (Programmable Logic
Device).
• Basic arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
• Basic logic operations include AND, OR, and NOT.
Data Transmission
• Data transmission in digital electronics involves
sending data using various methods and protocols.
• The entered data by the user is generally converted
before being transmitted to ensure the transmission
occurs without any delay and loss of data.
• It is used to ensure data security and maintains the
integrity of data.
• The entered data by the user is encoded by the
electronics in the keyboard into an equivalent binary
coded pattern using one of the standard coding
schemes used for interchanging information.
• Devices commonly used for data transmission are
Multiplexers, Demultiplexer, Encoders, Decoders.
Code Converters
• Code Converters are used to get a required code
from one type of given code.
• The combinational circuits can be used to perform
code conversion.
• Different types of binary codes : BCD code, gray
code, excess-3 code, etc.
• A code converter circuit converts the binary
information from one form to another.
• There are various binary forms, including BCD,
7-segment, etc.
Types of Combinational Circuits

1. Half Adder 2. Full Adder


• Half adders are combinational • Full adders are combinational circuits that
circuits that give the binary sum take three inputs and give two outputs.
of two single-bit binary • The inputs are two regular inputs(A and
numbers. It has two inputs and B) and one carry input(Cin). The outputs
two outputs. are one sum output(S) and one carry
• The two inputs are the regular output(Cout).
ones. One output is the regular • The output carry is also called the
one(LSB) and the other one is majority 1s detector, which is high if more
the carry output(MSB). than one input is high.
• It can be used to implement • The logical expression for the sum is Cin
basic gates like AND and XOR. xor (A xor B) and for the carry output is AB
+ BCin + ACin.
3. Half Subtractors 4. Full Subtractors
• Half subtractors are • Full subtractors are
combinational circuits that give combinational circuits that give
the binary subtraction of two the binary subtraction of two
single-bit binary numbers. bits.
• It has two inputs and two • It takes three inputs:
outputs. minuend(A), subtrahend(B),
• The two inputs are the regular and the previous borrow
ones. bit(Bin). It has two outputs
• One output is the difference representing the difference(D)
between the two inputs, and and the output borrow(Bout).
the other denotes whether • The logical expression for the
borrowing was done. It can be difference is (A xor B) xor Bin
used to implement basic gates and for the output borrow is
like XOR and NOT. A'Bin + A'B + BBin
5. Decoders 6. Encoders
• Decoders are combinational • Encoders are combinational
circuits that are used to circuits that convert a set of
convert a given binary code input signals into a coded
so that it can be interpreted output representation.
by a human. • Encoders are widely used to
• For example, we can have a encode information for
decoder with a given input many reasons.
as an eight-bit binary • For Example, we might have
number that will convert it a 4 to 2 binary encoder that
to a seven-segment display. is used to convert four input
lines and produce a 2-bit
binary code output
7. Multiplexers 8. Demultiplexers
• Multiplexers are • Demultiplexers are
combinational circuits that combinational circuits that take
are used to take several a single input and choose one
inputs from the user and
of the multiple output lines as
select the desired output to
be passed from it. the output signal.
• Multiplexers are used in many • It is the opposite of the
electronic devices such as multiplexer. It has selectors
computer memory chips and helping in the decision for the
data communication devices. desired output.
Features of Combinational Circuits

• The output is dependent only on the present input.


• These circuits are faster and time-independent.
• These circuits are easy to design.
• There is no feedback between input and output which
helps in reducing the complexity.
• Logic gates are the building blocks of combinational
circuits.
• These circuits are used in arithmetic and Boolean
operations.
• They don’t have any storage feature, unlike sequential
circuits.
Applications of Combinational Circuits
• to implement various arithmetic operations. The most commonly
used arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division.

• to implement logic gates that are used for performing various logical
operations. The logical operations implemented are AND, OR, NOT,
NOR, etc.

• to implement the multiplexer. The multiplexers are used to take


several inputs from the user and select the desired output to be
passed from it. Multiplexers are used in many electronic devices such
as computer memory chips and data communication devices.

• to implement a full adder, which is a logic gate that takes two binary
digits as input and gives the result as a sum and a carry bit. The full
adders can be used in electronic devices such as computers and
calculators.
Difference between Combinational
and Sequential Circuits

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