RF and EEE4086F

Microwave RF and Microwave systems

Systems

Transmission Lines and Microwave Networks

Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 1

 RF and
Microwave Course news
Systems

Transmission Website created in http://rrsg.ee.uct.ac.za/EEE4086F

Lines
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First practical Wednesday 27/02 at 11h00. Subject can
Microwave be downloaded from the website
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Impedance Essay’s on regulation must be completed for Thursday
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13/03.

Read chapter 1 and 2 of the Pozar book for Thursday’s

Lecture (28/02)

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 2

 RF and
Microwave Introduction
Systems

Circuit analysis is a simplification of Maxwell's

Transmission equations using the assumption that the physical
Lines dimensions of the network are much smaller than the
Smith Chart electrical wavelength (d<<λ).
Microwave
Networks But as frequency increases, wavelength decreases
Impedance (since all EM waves propagate at the speed of light),
Matching and this assumption becomes false.

The transmission line is a distributed-parameter

network, where voltages and currents can vary in
magnitude and phase over the length of the line.

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 3

 RF and
Microwave Lumped Element Model
Systems

The transmission line is often represented as a two-wire line

Transmission The transmission line is divided into segments of length ∆z, which
Lines are modeled by the same lumped element model.
Smith Chart The units of the circuit parameters are measured per unit length
Microwave and the voltage and current can therefore vary along the length of
Networks the line.
Impedance
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R: series resistance (Ω/m) L: series inductance (H/m)

G: shunt conductance (S/m) C: shunt capacitance (F/m)

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 4

 RF and
Microwave Transmission Line Equations
Systems

Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current law can be applied to the lumped

circuit model, giving 2 equations involving current and voltage at
Transmission
either end of the differential line segment.
Lines
In the limit as z → 0, one obtains a set of partial differential
Smith Chart
equations in the time domain
Microwave
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These equations can be transformed to the frequency domain to

give the ordinary differential equations:

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 5

 RF and
Microwave Wave Propagation 1
Systems

Note that the differential equations on the previous slide are

coupled. We can therefore eliminate either V(z) or I(z).
Transmission
Lines Doing so yields either of the differential equations:
Smith Chart
Microwave
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where γ = α + j β = ( R + jϖ L )( G + jϖ c )
is known as the propagation constant.
α is the attenuation constant and represents the rate of
decay of the wave amplitude with distance.
β is the phase constant and represents the relative
phase shift with respect to position along the line.

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 6

 RF and
Microwave Wave Propagation 2
Systems

The second order differential equations on the previous

slide should be familiar as the wave equation, which has the
Transmission
well known solutions:
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
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where e−γz represents wave propagation in the +z direction
and e+γz represents wave propagation in the −z direction.

Voltages and currents therefore propagate along the line as

traveling waves.

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 7

 RF and
Microwave Wave Propagation 3
Systems

Given a transmission line with a propagating wave, we can define:

9 The characteristic Impedance:
Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks 9 The wavelength on the line:
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9 The phase velocity: The speed at which a constant phase point

travels down the line, given by:

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 8

 RF and
Microwave Lossless Lines
Systems

The preceding general case can be simplified considerably for

lossless lines, which can be used to approximate practical cases
Transmission
Lines
where the loss is often very small and can be neglected. In that
case, R=G=0, and lossless line properties are:
Smith Chart
9 Propagation Constant:
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching 9 Characteristic Impedance:

9 Wavelength :

9 Phase Velocity:

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 9

 RF and
Microwave Terminated Lines: General Case 1
Systems

Transmission
Lines
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 10

 RF and
Microwave Terminated Lines: General Case 2
Systems

Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 11

 RF and
Microwave Terminated Lines: Short Circuit Case
Systems

Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 12

 RF and
Microwave Terminated Lines: Open Circuit Case
Systems

Transmission
Lines
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 13

 RF and
Microwave Terminated Lines: Special Line Lengths
Systems

Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 14

 RF and
Microwave Example: Transmission Line Calculations
Systems

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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 15

 RF and
Microwave The Smith Chart
Systems

Transmission
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Smith Chart
Microwave
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 16

 RF and
Microwave Reading the Smith Chart
Systems

Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 17

 RF and Example: Using the Smith Chart with Impedance
Microwave Values 1
Systems

Transmission
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Smith Chart
Microwave
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Impedance
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 18

 RF and Example: Using the Smith Chart with Impedance
Microwave Values 2
Systems

Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 19

 RF and
Microwave
Using the Smith Chart with Admittance Values
Systems

Transmission
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Smith Chart
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 20

 RF and Example: Using the Smith Chart with Admittance
Microwave Values
Systems

Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 21

 RF and
Microwave Microwave Networks
Systems

Transmission
Lines
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Microwave
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Impedance
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 22

 RF and
Microwave Impedance and Admittance Matrix 1
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Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 23

 RF and
Microwave Impedance and Admittance Matrix 2
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Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 24

 RF and
Microwave Scattering Matrix 1
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Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 25

 RF and
Microwave Scattering Matrix 2
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Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 26

 RF and
Microwave Measurement of S parameters
Systems

Network Analyzer
9 2 port Network (S11,S12,S21,S22)
9 Measurements require a calibration process

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 27

 RF and
Microwave Transmission (ABCD) Matrix
Systems

Transmission
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Smith Chart
Microwave
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Impedance
Matching

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 28

 RF and
Microwave Impedance Matching
Systems

Transmission
Lines
Smith Chart
Microwave
Networks
Impedance
Matching

Matching Load
Z0
Network ZL

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 29

 RF and
Microwave Quarter Wave Transformer
Systems

Transmission
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Smith Chart
Microwave
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Impedance
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 30

 RF and
Microwave L-Section
Systems

Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 31

 RF and
Microwave Single Stub Tuning
Systems

Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 32

 RF and
Microwave Single Stub Tuning
Systems

Shunt stub (Y = 1/Z)

Y0 Y0 YL

d
Y0
l

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 33

 RF and
Microwave Example: Single Stub Shunt Tuning 1
Systems

Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 34

 RF and
Microwave Example: Single Stub Shunt Tuning 2
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Transmission
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Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 35

 RF and
Microwave Drill problems
Systems

Yoann Paichard – RF and Microwave Systems 36