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Cardiac Output, BP and Heart Rate

The document discusses cardiac output, factors affecting it like stroke volume and heart rate. It also discusses heart rate, factors increasing and decreasing it and their effect on cardiac output. Finally, it discusses blood pressure, its classification and physiological variations.

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nidhi
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24 views

Cardiac Output, BP and Heart Rate

The document discusses cardiac output, factors affecting it like stroke volume and heart rate. It also discusses heart rate, factors increasing and decreasing it and their effect on cardiac output. Finally, it discusses blood pressure, its classification and physiological variations.

Uploaded by

nidhi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CARDIAC

OUTPUT AND
STROKE VOLUME
DEFINITION
• Cardiac output is the total amount of blood ejected
from each ventricle per minute.
• The normal cardiac output is about 5 litters per
minute.
• Cardiac output is of immense physiological
importance.
• It determines the amount of the blood flow in the
circulatory system and the blood supply to the organs.
• In any condition, whenever the cardiac output is
reduced, the oxygen and nutrient supply to organs
are compromised and they fail to work properly.
FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC
OUTPUT
• Two major physiological determinants that directly affect
cardiac output are the stroke volume and heart rate.
• The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle in each
beat is called stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate is
the number of heart beats per minute.
• Normal stroke volume is 60-70 ml per heart beat.
• Therefore, multiplying the stroke volume with the number
of heart beat per minute, gives the total amount of blood
ejected from each ventricle of the heart in one minute,
which is cardiac output (CO).
• Thus,Cardiac Output (C.O) = Stroke volume X Heart
rate.
• This follows that any factor that increases either stroke
volume or heart rate or both will also increase the CO.
PHYSIOLOGY VARIATION IN
CARDIAC OUTPUT
• Age: Cardiac output increases with age
• Body surface area: More the body surface area more will be
the cardiac output
• Sex: Males have more cardiac output as compared to the
females due to more body surface area
• Posture: Cardiac output is more in lying and sitting posture and
less in standing posture due to decrease in venous return
• Exercise: Moderate to heavy exercises increase cardiac output
due to increase in muscular activity venous return and increase
sympathetic activity
• Body temperature: Increased body temperature increases heart
rate which in turn increases cardiac output
• Emotion: During emotional state increased sympathetic
stimulation increases cardiac output
INTRODUCTION
• Heart rate refers to the number of times the heart beats
in one minute.
• The normal range of heart rate varies between 60-90
beats/min with an average of 75 beats/min.
• Heart rate above 100 beats/min is known as tachycardia
and heart rate below 60 beats/min is known as
bradycardia.
• The normal heart rate follows a rhythmic pattern and any
change in the rhythmic pattern is known as arrhythmia.
• The heart has both the sympathetic and the
parasympathetic nerve supply and in normal condition
the heart activities as well as the heart rate is controlled by
the autonomic nervous system,
VARIATIONS OF HEART RATE
Conditions Increasing HR
• Heart rate is more in fetus and in the new-born
• Females have higher heart rate as compared to male due to
more sympathetic influence in resting condition
• At old age heart rate is higher as compared to the young age
• Conditions like exercise and fever, and stage of emotional
excitement like fear rage anger, hypoxia and carbon dioxide
excess increases heart rate
• Hormones like adrenaline and thyroxine increases the heart rate
Conditions Decreasing HR
• Athletes have decreased heart rate due to increased capacity of
the heart Emotional conditions like shock depression grief
decreases heart rate
• Heart rate increases during inspiration and decreases during
expiration this phenomena is known as sinus arrhythmia
FACTORS AFFECTING HEART
RATE
• Several factors can increase or decrease heart
rate and accordingly, they will affect the
cardiac output.
• The normal resting heart rate in adult male and
female varies between 60 - 90 beats per minute.
A persistent resting adult heart rate above 100
bpm is called Tachycardia and a persistent
resting heart rate below 60 bpm is called
bradycardia.
• Causes of achycardia and bradycardia can be listed
as follows:
Causes of tachycardia
• Stress, anxiety, drugs, heart disease, fever, increased
blood loss, and damage to myocardium
Causes of bradycardia
• Sleep, long term endurance training (as in trained
athletes), hypothermia (lowbody temperature)
Factors that raise the heart rate are called positive
chronotropic agents, and factors that lower it are
called negative chronotropic agents. These agents
include sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
of autonomic nervous system, hormones,
electrolytes, and blood gases.
BLOOD
PRESSURE
DEFINITION

• Blood pressure (BP) is


the pressure of circulating blood against
the walls of blood vessels.
• The normal blood pressure is 120/80
mm/hg.
CLASSIFICATION
• Four different blood pressures are considered in cardiovascular
physiology.
Systolic Blood Pressure
• This is the maximum pressure in the arteries obtained during systole.
The normal range of systolic pressure is 100-140 mm of Hg. The
force of contraction of the ventricles, the normal blood volume, and
the amount of cardiac output contribute to the systolic blood pressure.
Diastolic Blood Pressure
• This is the minimum pressure in the arteries obtained at the end of
diastole. The normal range of diastolic pressure is 60-90 mm of Hg.
The peripheral resistance and the contraction of the stretched arteries
contribute to the diastolic blood pressure. Diastolic blood pressure is
responsible to the flow of blood in the blood vessels and in the
coronary arteries during the diastole of the heart, when no blood is
ejected out from the ventricles.
PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
OF BLOOD PRESSURE
• Age: The blood pressure rises with age in elderly people because the
Windkessel effect is reduced due to the loss of elasticity in large arteries.
This elevates the systolic blood pressure.
• Sex: Females have a lower blood pressure then males of same age.
• Meal: The blood pressure increases after a meal.
• Emotional states: Anger, excitement causes a rise in blood pressure whereas
panic attack can cause a sharp fall in blood pressure leading to fainting.
• Sleep: During sleep the blood pressure falls.
• Temperature: Decreased temperature as in winter cause cold induced
vasoconstriction, which increases peripheral resistance and elevate the blood
pressure. In hot weather, vasodilation leads to a fall in blood pressure.
• Respiration: During inspiration there is a fall in blood pressure where is an
expiration there is slight increase in blood pressure.

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