A WEB-BASED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR MUNICIPAL DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION MANAGEMENT COUNCIL FOR THE MUNICIPALITY OF

IBAAN, BATANGAS

A Capstone Project Presented to the Faculty of

College of Informatics and Computing Sciences
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
Major in Service Management

By:
Catibog, Jomhar Kelly A.
Forlaje, Miles G.
Quijano, Laurence R.

Lanie P. Palad, MSCS

Adviser

December 2023
 APPROVAL SHEET

This capstone project entitled ‘A WEB-BASED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR

MUNICIPAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT COUNCIL FOR THE
MUNICIPALITY OF IBAAN, BATANGAS’ prepared and submitted by Jomhar Kelly
A. Catibog, Miles G. Forlaje, and Laurence R. Quijano in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Information Technology major in
Service Management has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and
approval for Oral Examination.

LANIE P. PALAD, MSCS

Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with the grade of ____________.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

JEFFERSON I. CAÑADA, MSIT

Chairperson

JEROME M. FABREGAR, MSIT LOVELY ROSE HERNANDEZ, MSCS

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology major in Service Management.

___________________ PRINCESS MARIE B. MELO, DIT

ii
Date Dean, CICS

ii
 Abstract
Accepting technology breakthroughs has become essential in our rapidly
modernizing environment, particularly in catastrophe risk reduction in Ibaan, Batangas.
Technology provides concrete benefits by increasing the efficiency and efficacy of
disaster management, as demonstrated by the automation of manual operations.
Risk management is now an essential factor in company governance and strategic
goals. It requires methodically developing plans, rules, and processes to reduce and
control threats during an emergency. The Municipality of Ibaan Emergency Operation
Center serves as the key coordinating point within the municipality. The suggested
project is steadfast in its objective to deliver effective, efficient, prompt, and well-
coordinated disaster response systems. This not only protects people, property, and the
environment, but it also meets the urgent needs of impacted populations.
The purpose of this project is to design and install a web-based monitoring system
for the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council of Ibaan, Batangas. Its
primary goal is to reduce the council's time-consuming procedures, strengthen its ability
for precise catastrophe response, and align Ibaan with modern disaster management best
practices. Furthermore, this attempt strives to improve disaster data management,
response coordination, and the establishment of a secure, comprehensive system capable
of storing all important information required for effective disaster risk reduction

ⅲ
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers express gratitude to God for providing the necessary resources for
the study and program. No shortages existed. Throughout the studies, he dealt with
obstacles and supported us throughout challenging periods.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the capstone adviser, Lanie P.
Palad, MSCS for providing invaluable supervision and support during the preparation and
completion of this study.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the capstone instructor, Mr.
Rowell M. Hernandez, DIT and Mrs. Ria Castillo MSCS for his invaluable guidance,
expertise, and counsel during the project development process.

To Jefferson I. Cañada MSIT, Jerome M. Fabregar MSIT, and Lovely Rose

Hernandez MSCS, our panelist for their comments and recommendations to improve this
project.

To our client, Engr. Romano Torrano, the designated Information Technology

Officer of the Municipality of Ibaan, we express our gratitude for approving the proposed
solution. The researchers express their gratitude for the time and expertise generously
provided, as well as for sharing their insights pertaining to the subject matter.

Ultimately, it is crucial to acknowledge and express appreciation towards parents,

friends, and colleagues for their persistent assistance and backing during the entirety of
this project. Additionally, we would like to express our appreciation to those persons who
offered their comforting words throughout the prolonged nighttime sessions dedicated to
the fulfillment of the capstone project.

ⅳ
 DEDICATION

The project is the final result of the researchers taking many hard sacrifices. The

dedication is sincerely and proudly extended to those individuals who serve as a source of

inspiration. The initiative received support from parents, guardians, classmates, and

friends, who provided assistance and encouragement during the hurdles encountered.

To the instructor and adviser of the capstone course. We would like to begin by

expressing our utmost thanks to the Almighty God, whose benevolence has bestowed

gifts upon us in our daily lives. We express our gratitude for the qualities of fortitude,

courage, perseverance, sagacity, temporal resources, and direction that have played a

crucial role in the successful completion of this project.

Jomhar

Miles

Laurence

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET ii

Abstract iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

DEDICATION v

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

List of FIGURES 1

LIST OF TABLES 2

CHAPTER I 1

Introduction 1

Background of the study 2

Objectives of the Study 4

Significance of the study 5

Scope and Limitation of the Study 6

CHAPTER II 8

REVIEW OF RELATED SYSTEMS AND STUDIES 8

Technical Background 8

Related Systems and Studies 9

Related Studies 9

Related System 24

Local Studies 33

Conceptual Framework 40

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 Definition of Terms 42

CHAPTER III 46

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 46

Analysis of the Existing System 49

Fishbone Analysis 50

Hardware Requirements 53

Software Requirements Specification 53

Software Requirements 54

Functional Requirements 55

Non-Functional Requirements 56

Constraints 57

Security Model 62

Software Trade-Offs 64

System Design/ Architecture 65

Use Case 66

Data Flow Diagram 67

Sequence Diagram 68

Database Design 69

Development 70

Software 70

Technology Stack 71

Database 72

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 Subscriptions 72

Hardware for Development 73

Testing 74

CHAPTER IV 90

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 90

CHAPTER V 98

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 98

Summary of Findings 98

Conclusion 99

Recommendations 100

Bibliography 101

APPENDICES 107

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 List of FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page

1 Conceptual Framework 41

2 Agile Model 46

3 Fish Bone Diagram 50

4 System Boundary 52

5 Web System Module 61

6 Security Model 62

7 Context Diagram 65

8 Use Case Diagram 66

9 Level-0 Diagram 67

10 Sequence Diagram 68

11 Database Diagram 69

12 Testing 74

13 Deployment 80

14 System Development 81

15 Add Report 90

16 New Reports 91

17 Data Report 92

18 Incident Reports 93

19 Typhoon Reports 94

20 Landslide Report 95

21 New Reports 96

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22 Report Module 97

23 Schedule and Timeline 108

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page

1 Server-Side Language 58

2 Database 59

3 Testing Tools 60

4 Trade-Offs 64

5 Technology Stack 71

6 Hardware 73

7 Risk Management Process 83

8 Risk Categories 82

9 Risk Assessment Matrix 86

10 Risk Mitigation Matrix 88

11 Risk Mitigation based upon Grade 89

12 Project Team and Responsibilities 112

13 Budget Cost Management Plan 113

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 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Disasters can occur at any moment and in any location, and their consequences

can be devastating, especially in communities with few resources and inadequate

infrastructure. Risk reduction and management techniques have been devised and applied

at several levels, including local government, to lessen the impact of such calamities. One

of the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council's (MDRRMC) key

roles in the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas, is to monitor the safety and welfare of its

citizens during emergencies and catastrophes.

To do this, the MDRRMC need an effective and efficient local contingency

monitoring system that assist in managing and monitoring contingency plans and

responding to emergencies promptly. The design should be capable of providing real-

time information on the status of the monitoring plans, as well as ensuring that barangay

authorities are appropriately informed and equipped to manage emergencies.

The purpose of this system is to design and implement a Web-based Monitoring

System for the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council for the

Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas, The system enable the MDRRMCO staff to monitor and

maintain barangay-level contingency plans, as well as provide a centralized platform for

the council to coordinate data reports.

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 The system would have been scalable, resilient, and simple to maintain if these

tools are used. Overall, the goal of this study is to offer the MDRRMC an efficient and

dependable tool for maintaining and monitoring incidents in the Municipal of Ibaan,

Batangas. It is believed that this system would contribute to the municipality's improved

catastrophe preparedness and response, ultimately helping to protect the lives and

properties of its citizens.

Background of the study

Natural and man-made disasters can strike without notice and wreak enormous

damage to people and property. Because it is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire and

typhoon belt, the Philippines is highly vulnerable to natural disasters such as typhoons,

earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, man-made disasters such as fires,

hazardous material spills, and terrorist attacks endanger the country.

To mitigate the impact of catastrophes, the Philippine government formed the

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), which is

entrusted with developing policies and programs to improve disaster resilience and

manage disaster effects. Locally, the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Council (MDRRMC) is in charge of putting these policies and strategies

into action in their particular municipalities.

One of the MDRRMC's most important roles is to protect people's safety and well-

being during emergencies and disasters. The council is meant to create and implement

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web-based monitoring plans that serves as a guide for barangays, the Philippines' smallest

governmental unit, in dealing with catastrophes and disasters. The barangays are in

charge of putting these contingency reports into action and responding to emergencies

under their authority.

Monitoring and managing plans at the Municipal level, on the other hand, can be

difficult, especially in municipalities with several barangays. The MDRRMC needs a

dependable and efficient system to monitor and manage contingency preparations and

quickly coordinate emergency responses.

Technology innovation, particularly the internet and mobile communication, are

opportunities that had been created to offer novel solutions to these difficulties. Several

web-based systems, including web-based monitoring systems, have been developed in

recent years to improve disaster risk reduction and management.

The purpose of this study is to design and implement a Web-based Monitoring

System for the MDRRMC of the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas. The system offers

MDRRMC a dependable and efficient tool for monitoring and managing contingency

plans in barangay level, as well as coordinating emergency responses. Using this system,

the MDRRMC can improve the disaster resilience of the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas,

as well as ensure the safety and welfare of its constituents.

3
Objectives of the Study

The main objective of web-based monitoring is to design and develop a Municipal

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (MDRRMC) of Ibaan, Batangas.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. To provide a web-based monitoring system for the Municipality of Ibaan that

could deliver the information reported by the barangay about the incident details

caused by natural disasters and incident reports by providing generated reports that

includes:

1.1 Earthquake reports

1.2 Landslide reports

1.3 Typhoon reports

1.4 Flood reports

2. To provide a system that records the history of natural and man-made incidents.

3. To provide a platform for emergency reporting and enable prompt response by

locating the exact location of incidents, As the part of monitoring it includes:

3.1 Status

3.2 Response

4
Significance of the study

The significance of this study stems from its varied influence on improving

catastrophe preparation, response, and management in the Municipality of Ibaan. To

begin, the construction of a web-based system that distributes natural catastrophe

information reported by barangays fulfills the fundamental requirement for a consolidated

and accessible database. This guarantees that information flows efficiently, allowing the

users to make educated choices during crises.

The historical records system, which is available to both MDRRMC and Barangay

staff, helps to provide a thorough picture of prior natural disasters. This data-driven

method allows trend analysis, risk assessment, and the development of tailored

community resilience plans. Furthermore, the system pinpoints the specific location of

occurrences, enabling for the fast deployment of resources to impacted barangays. This

real-time geographical awareness is critical for successful and focused crisis assistance.

The module for reporting emergency plans and contingencies promoted openness

and collaboration. The shared platform provides real-time information to both MDRRMC

and Barangay staff, supporting collaborative decision-making and a proactive approach

to disaster management. In summary, this Web-based Monitoring System for Municipal

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council for the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas

greatly increases the technical infrastructure and collaborative capacities required to

mitigate the effects of natural catastrophes in the Municipality of Ibaan.

5
 These goals work together to create a more resilient and well-prepared community

in the event of natural disasters and other catastrophes. The development of a web-based

monitoring system is a critical solution for ensuring the prompt and efficient availability

of information submitted by barangays about natural disasters and other crises. This

meets the requirement for a simplified and integrated platform, fostering efficient

communication, which is critical for making informed decisions during emergencies.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study focuses on the monitoring of incident reports for the Municipal Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Council of the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas. With

the system, the municipality is able to monitor incident reports and responses in a more

effective and efficient manner.

It is designed to monitor the reported case to effectively respond to the disaster

incident. The system is designed to keep track of the disaster records that occurred in the

barangay of the municipality of Ibaan, Batangas. It provides the records and

announcements for disaster management information.

The implementation of this system that governs the disaster incident monitoring

system that takes responses and appropriate actions includes different modules to enable

monitoring, creating of reports, updating incident details, viewing announcements, and

recording data reports.

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 The MDDRMCO Admin can login and access the entire system. It had been

designed for the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council to view

and manage all barangays' emergency reports. Identify the urgent actions necessary for

response activities. Providing for the urgent and necessary requirements of the afflicted

area. It also provides a recording report set by the barangay officials. The barangay

officials can log in and report a case within their respective barangay location. It is

designed to allow volunteers to respond and coordinate with MDRRMCO Admin, and to

strengthen the criteria for reporting set forth by the Barangay Sustainable Information.

The main goal of this study is to create a Web-based Monitoring System that

would strengthen the criteria for reporting set forth by the Barangay Sustainable

Information.

Nevertheless, the system also had its limitations. It requires an internet connection

to be used. This is exclusive only for the use of the MDRRMCO staff of Ibaan,

Batangas. While the Barangay Officials can access their own Barangay system and report

information and announcement modules set by the MDRRMC system to prevent data

breaching and data theft. Furthermore, the system could only monitor the said reported

data in government hour.

7
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED SYSTEMS AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, journal articles, generalizations or

conclusions, and others. Those that researchers include in this chapter help in

familiarizing information that is relevant and similar to the present study.

Technical Background

The Local Contingency Monitoring System for the Municipal Risk Reduction and

Management Council of the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas is a software system

developed to help with disaster risk monitoring and management in Ibaan's local

barangays. To implement the system, there are computer languages that would are used.

First is HTML, a language used to describe the structure of web pages. HTML makes it

possible to create static pages with text, headings, tables, lists, images, links, and so on. It

can be seen as the structure of the current system. CSS is for laying out and structuring

web pages that contain coding elements.

Moreover, it implements design elements that can be seen through the presentation

of the system. JavaScript is lightweight and most commonly used as a part of web pages,

whose implementations allow client-side scripts to interact with the user and make

dynamic pages. It is an interpreted programming language with object-oriented

capabilities. It gives functions and is interactive with the other components inside the

system output. The Django web framework, a high-level Python web framework that

8
enables for quick creation of online applications, This is used as a back-end of the

system, and SQL (Structured Query Language), a standard language for managing data

stored in relational databases, is used to build the system. This is implemented as the

database of the created report.

The system's technological implementation includes various components. The

database is built with SQL and also includes tables for storing information on

municipalities, hazards, risk assessments, and response plans. The Django web

framework is used to provide a user-friendly interface for data entry, search, and

visualization. The system contains capabilities for creating reports and visualizations

based on the collected data, allowing for a thorough overview of catastrophe risks in the

area.

Overall, the Local Contingency Monitoring System built using Django and SQL is

a great tool for local officials to use in monitoring catastrophe risks and ensuring the

safety of their residents. The technology serves to speed disaster response activities and

increase the community's overall resiliency by using the power of contemporary digital

technologies.

Related Systems and Studies

This phase defines the various associated systems and conducts research to help

develop the system and provide details on how it works.

9
Related Studies

According to Juan C. Marcillo- Delgado et al., (2022) Communication is a pivotal

element in risk and disaster management (RDM), acknowledged by international

agreements such as the Sendai Framework. This involves diverse information flow and

social engagement strategies among stakeholders. Additionally, their 2021 study

emphasizes the benefits of comprehensive Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategy

analysis, including understanding regional policies, assessing vulnerability, making

cross-country comparisons, aligning with international frameworks, generating decision-

making knowledge, and expediting strategy implementation. Together, effective

communication and strategic DRR analysis contribute significantly to the overarching

goal of improving global disaster resilience and management systems.

According to Yamamuchi S. et al., (2022), Natural disasters cause economic

losses and casualties. Younger children belong to a group vulnerable to natural disasters.

Meanwhile, the older ones may become influencers or even leaders who can inform their

families and friends about hazard preparedness. Educating and increasing the disaster

knowledge of adolescents enables them to react appropriately to the threat of natural

hazards. Growing national and international policy agenda on disaster risk reduction

(DRR) has improved the availability of educational materials. Hazard maps play an

irreplaceable role in dealing with emergencies by providing valuable information such as

escape routes and the locations of medical centers. Cross reported that some geography

instructors utilized paper hazard maps to teach at various educational levels.

10
 According to Schlumberger, J., et al., (2022) Climate change impacts are

increasingly complex owing to compounding, interacting, and cascading risks across

sectors. However, approaches to support Disaster Risk Management (DRM) addressing

the underlying (uncertain) risk driver interactions are still lacking. We tailor the approach

of Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways (DAPP) to DAPP-MR to design Disaster Risk

Management pathways for complex, dynamic multi-risk in multi-sector systems. We

review the recent multi-hazard and multi-sector research to identify relevant aspects of

multi-risk management frameworks and illustrate the suitability of Dynamic Adaptive

Policy Pathways-Multi-Risk using a stylized case. It is found that rearranging the

analytical steps of DAPP by introducing three iteration stages can help to capture

interactions, trade-offs, and synergies across hazards and sectors. We show that DAPP-

MR may guide multi-sector processes to stepwise integrate knowledge toward multi-risk

management. DAPP-MR can be seen as an analytical basis and the first step toward an

operational, integrative, and interactive framework for short-to long-term multi-risk

Disaster Risk Management.

According to Yu, I. (2022) This study is to develop a risk assessment model for

climate-related disasters that cause severe damage to the Republic of Korea and to

propose a method to use the risk assessment results for establishing adaptation measures.

A model that can estimate risks by synthesizing multiple climate-related disasters and

provide results based on a 30m grid is developed. The development of the risk

assessment model involves the design, implementation, and verification stages. The

11
methods and procedures for risk calculation were formulated in the design stage and risks

were calculated by applying the designed model to the study region in the

implementation stage. In the verification stage, the calculated risks were compared with

the actual climate-related disaster damages of the past. It assessed the climate-related

disaster risk in the research area through the risk assessment model developed through

three steps and analyzes factors that increase and decrease the risk through sub-indices

analysis.

According to Busayo, E. T. (2020) The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk

Reduction (SFDRR) (2015–2030) was specifically initiated to advance Disaster Risk

Reduction (DRR) policy globally to further understand the complexity of disaster risk in

our contemporary time. However, the essence of SFDRR is still not well embraced across

nations considering the implementation of the framework at the local level. Besides,

global change and challenges have led to various evolving risks in recent times, a

reflection on this should offer new commitments to human's sustainable living, resilience,

and well-being. Studies on Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk

Reduction highlighted the causal link between climate change and disaster risk which has

been appraised and determined by vulnerability, exposure, and the strength of a

population to prepare, respond, and recover from its impacts. However, a paradigm shift

from hazard response to identifying risks, and assessing and ranking them has become

critical recently. The focus of this shift is placed on taking account of social factors

12
affecting the local populace and interpretation of risk alongside their thresholds for

action.

According to Alcantara- Ayala, I., Pasuto, A., & Cui, P. (2022) Emphasize the

critical challenge of safeguarding vulnerable groups exposed to hazards amidst disasters

that hinder global sustainable development. They propose the establishment of a global

policy agenda, building on existing international frameworks and integrated knowledge,

to promote sustainable peace, security, and development, particularly focusing on the

interconnectedness of upland and lowland systems. Furthermore, the importance of risk

communication as an interactive and inclusive process within disaster risk management is

underscored, emphasizing the involvement of all stakeholders in decision-making for

better risk understanding and acceptance. The role of schools and teachers in disaster risk

reduction education is emphasized, as they contribute to enhancing society's disaster

resilience through knowledge transfer and skill development. Lastly, knowledge

management is proposed as a key strategy to minimize the negative impacts of disasters,

emphasizing the importance of informed mitigation actions and preparedness planning

based on learned lessons and best practices in disaster management.

According to Zhou et al., (2019) The highlight the critical importance of post-

disaster road network connectivity, emphasizing its impact on disaster response and long-

term recovery. The complexity of urban road networks is addressed, stressing that

multiple impassable road sections can significantly hinder travel time for disaster victims

and fragment the network into isolated "islands." The study also notes the improved

13
accuracy of weather forecasts, leading to earlier natural disaster warnings and reduced

impacts in Japan. The role of mobile technologies in disaster risk management is

explored, emphasizing their use throughout the entire disaster cycle for communication,

information dissemination, and emergency response. The need for a better understanding

of natural hazards and the importance of long-term hazard data in Bangladesh are

discussed, with a focus on earthquakes and the underrepresentation of larger magnitude

events in disaster risk reduction policies. Social media's role in disaster-related data

dissemination, emergency management, and societal resilience is emphasized,

highlighting its broad coverage and rapid data flow. Satellite remote sensing's suitability

for disaster response support is acknowledged, with a focus on monitoring impending

disasters. Finally, the evolving methods and indicators in agricultural drought and flood

risk assessment are discussed, emphasizing the importance of accurate spatial and

temporal distribution assessment for effective disaster prevention and mitigation policies.

According to Alberts D. SHayes (2019) The critical importance of crisis

management skills in the aftermath of significant disasters, emphasizing tasks such as

providing basic assistance to evacuees, initiating recovery operations, and delivering

relief supplies. These activities involve interorganizational cooperation, extending

beyond the jurisdiction of any single government department. The author highlights the

historical exposure of inefficient organizational systems during past disasters, citing

examples like the Japanese tsunami and Hurricane Katrina. To assess the dynamics of

assistance organizations post-Hurricane Katrina, the study employs a case study approach

14
that duplicates and imitates these dynamics. The evaluation, conducted from a network-

centric operational perspective, reveals constraints on interorganizational cooperation,

including delayed resource allocation despite increased collaboration links, limited shared

situational awareness, and challenges in synchronizing actions. The simulation

underscores the need for enhanced coordination measures in crisis situations.

According to John Twigg et. al, (2019) This Good Practice Review identifies and

discusses the principles and practice of disaster risk reduction (DRR) comprehensively

explore the principles and practices of disaster risk reduction (DRR) by drawing on

global experiences. The review provides guidance for practitioners, particularly project

planners and managers involved in DRR initiatives at subnational and local levels.

Encompassing 18 chapters, each addressing a specific theme, the publication aims to

assist those already engaged in DRR or planning to incorporate it into their existing

development or humanitarian work. Targeting a diverse audience, including individuals

in NGOs, local government, community organizations, and various stakeholders, the

review emphasizes the wide-ranging nature of DRR activities and offers practical insights

for addressing key issues in the field.

According to UNESCO and UNICEF (2019) Mapping of Global DRR Integration

into Education Curricula consultation, researchers documented significant national

experiences in disaster risk reduction (DRR) curriculum integration across thirty

countries. The primary methodology involved case study documentary research and a

meta-analysis of existing literature. The infusion method, incorporating DRR themes into

15
specific school disciplines, emerged as the most common approach. While DRR is

integrated into a limited range of subjects, particularly in the physical and natural

sciences, it seldom serves as the main emphasis in a unique subject area. The study

reveals a lack of evidence for interdisciplinary approaches and limited cross-curricular

connections, with horizontal integration more prevalent than vertical integration. Various

strategies for curriculum integration are discussed, each with its benefits and drawbacks,

including textbook-driven, pilot project-based, competency-based, centrally developed

special subject, and symbiotic approaches. The use of learning and teaching strategies in

DRR curricula is often constrained, with a need for greater emphasis on interactive,

participatory, and field-based learning to develop competencies, engagement literacy, and

confidence. While successful examples of interactive and immersive learning exist, there

is limited evidence for affective learning approaches. As disasters become more frequent,

the study highlights a growing need for affective learning in pre-disaster education,

especially in post-disaster or slow-onset disaster learning situations.

According to Gaillard, J. C. et al. (2020) The significant role of physical science in

mitigating environmental risks while highlighting the less-explored cultural factors

influencing the adoption of catastrophe risk reduction measures and their impact on

hazard and risk perceptions. The article addresses four key issues related to the

integration of "culture" into catastrophe risk reduction and interdisciplinary collaboration:

the importance of culture in reducing disaster risk, strategies for engaging with diverse

cultures, methods for accessing and utilizing local knowledge, and the integration of local

16
and scientific knowledge to mitigate disaster risk. Case study snapshots from Indonesia,

Papua New Guinea, the United States, and the Maldives, focusing on geologically

associated hazard phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis, provide insights

into the challenges, potential solutions, and the need for bridging disciplinary boundaries

to ensure cultural factors are considered in risk reduction efforts and research

applications.

According to Juergen Weichselgartner, Patrick Pigeon, (2019) Disaster risk

reduction policy and practice require knowledge for well-informed decision-making and

coordinated action. They discussed the limited attention given to systematically

addressing the processes of knowledge production and implementation within disaster

studies and policy programs. Despite attempts to improve data and information,

insufficient funding is allocated to enhance knowledge management structures or

integrate knowledge systems at various spatial scales. The authors draw attention to the

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, which emphasizes

knowledge-related concerns and provides an opportunity to underscore the pivotal role of

knowledge in disaster risk reduction. The article explores different conceptualizations of

knowledge and uses examples from France to illustrate challenges and potential solutions

in catastrophe risk reduction. The authors advocate for increased efforts to understand the

interconnectedness of catastrophe risk, knowledge, and learning, proposing that disaster

risk research can be more impactful by integrating various scales, societal actors,

knowledge sources, and disciplines. They emphasize the need for strategic incentives and

17
government support to enhance coherence, coordination, and knowledge sharing among

diverse actors and arenas in disaster risk reduction efforts.

According to Alexander, D. E. (2019) claims This essay explores how the

definition and applications of the term resilience have changed historically. The goal is to

dive into the historical evolution of the term resilience and its varied applications,

particularly within disaster risk reduction. The exploration spans disciplines, ranging

from the humanities, social sciences, legal, and political arenas, to mechanics, ecology,

and psychology. The essay illuminate’s conflicts and contradictions inherent in the notion

of resilience, such as those between stability and dynamism, and dynamic equilibrium

versus evolution. It emphasizes the potential challenges in applying the resilience concept

to catastrophe risk reduction, where the emphasis is on changing the system's state rather

than maintaining it. While acknowledging the rich history and diverse meanings

associated with resilience, the essay cautions against reading too much into the term as a

rigid model or paradigm, highlighting the need for a nuanced understanding in contexts

like disaster risk reduction.

According to Marisol Estrella, et al. (2019) address the pressing need for new

approaches to hazard mitigation and reducing exposure and vulnerability in the face of

the increasing trend in global disasters exacerbated by environmental change. They

emphasize that hazard mitigation is a key strategy that can impact all elements of the

disaster risk equation by addressing hazards, exposure, vulnerabilities, and resilience of

vulnerable groups. Despite successful instances, the gradual adoption of ecosystem-based

18
approaches to disaster risk reduction (DRR) is attributed to various factors, including the

lack of integration of ecosystem management into the DRR portfolio, undervaluation of

its contribution compared to engineered solutions, inadequate budget allocations, and

poor interactions between policymakers and researchers. The book aims to offer readers a

comprehensive overview of research and experiences in DRR and ecosystem

management, presenting insights from experts worldwide to serve as a foundation for

discussions among researchers, practitioners, decision-makers, and development

planners.

According Renaud, Sudmeier-Rieux, and Estrella (2019) The escalating global

occurrence of disasters, intensified by the impacts of environmental change, prompts the

need for innovative strategies in hazard mitigation, exposure, and vulnerability reduction.

The dilemma arises in choosing between traditional flood control measures and exploring

ecosystem-based approaches. Ecosystem management, despite its proven effectiveness in

sustainable development, faces hesitancy in adoption for disaster risk reduction (DRR).

The approach, capable of influencing all facets of the disaster risk equation, encounters

challenge due to the isolation of environmental and disaster management sectors, the

undervaluation of its significance compared to engineered solutions, and the lack of

effective communication between policymakers and researchers. The book's objective is

to comprehensively examine the knowledge and application of ecosystem management in

DRR across disciplines. Authored by experts from global scientific and disaster

19
management communities, the book aims to serve as a foundational resource, fostering

discourse among scientists, practitioners, policymakers, and development planners.

According to Udayangani Kulatunga (2019) the escalating frequency of natural

catastrophes globally has heightened concerns about associated risks, resulting in

substantial losses to individuals, the economy, and society. Despite the severe

consequences, some individuals and communities do not prioritize such events. The study

explores the correlation between culture and disaster risk reduction (DRR),

acknowledging that risk perception is shaped not only by potential harm but also by

cultural norms and behaviors. Through a comprehensive literature analysis and case

studies, the study finds that culture has both facilitated the survival of communities after

catastrophes and impeded the effectiveness of DRR operations in different scenarios. The

study suggests that integrating community-based DRR activities with cultural practices

can enhance the overall effectiveness of disaster risk management efforts.

According to Jean-Christophe Gaillard, J. C. (2019). the commonly acknowledged

role of physical science in mitigating environmental dangers and draws attention to the

less recognized cultural influences on the adoption of catastrophe risk reduction

techniques. Exploring four key concerns, the article delves into the necessity of

considering 'culture' in disaster risk reduction across disciplines: the role of culture in risk

mitigation, interaction with diverse cultural backgrounds, accessing and utilizing local

knowledge, and integrating the expertise of local residents and scientists for effective

disaster mitigation. Drawing insights from case studies in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea,

20
the United States, and the Maldives, the article outlines challenges and potential solutions

to ensure the incorporation of cultural considerations into risk reduction efforts,

emphasizing the integration of research into practice and practice into research.

According to David E. Alexander (2020) .This study investigates the evolution of

the concept of resilience is explored across different historical periods, aiming to enhance

understanding of its incorporation into disaster risk reduction and reconcile conflicts

surrounding its usage. The analysis spans various disciplines, including sciences,

humanities, legal, and political domains, tracing the concept's journey from mechanics to

ecology, psychology, social research, and sustainability science. Recognizing inherent

tensions and contradictions in resilience, such as the balance between stability and

dynamism, the paper acknowledges that while resilience fits well within general systems

theory, alternative understandings may be needed in cases where a systems-based

approach hinders explanation, particularly in the context of catastrophe risk reduction

emphasizing change processes. The study concludes that contemporary resilience draws

on diverse historical interpretations and practical applications but warns against excessive

interpretation as a comprehensive model, advocating for a nuanced understanding to

avoid potential risks or unfulfilled expectations.

According to Ilan Kelman, Jessica Mercer, and JC Gaillard (2019). There is no

universal solution for catastrophe risk reduction, but indigenous knowledge is

underappreciated and has the potential for significant contributions. After establishing a

theoretical basis for the role of indigenous knowledge in disaster risk reduction, the essay

21
presents two illustrative cases: one involving a framework for integrating diverse

knowledge systems in Papua New Guinea, and another focusing on participatory three-

dimensional mapping techniques in the Philippines. Drawing on theoretical frameworks

and empirical observations, the key insights highlight the importance of understanding

the contextualization and transferability of knowledge, fostering trust in diverse

knowledge forms, promoting self-help strategies based on multiple sources, and

recognizing the diversity within communities. The essay emphasizes the need for a

balanced approach that acknowledges the limitations of each knowledge form, facilitating

the exchange of insights between internal and external stakeholders for comprehensive

catastrophe risk reduction efforts.

According to Arvin Hadlos, et al. (2019), the study highlights the significance of

local and indigenous knowledge (LIK) in disaster risk reduction (DRR). Through a

systematic literature review of 325 articles, the research identifies LIK as a crucial factor

in anticipating, mitigating, addressing, and recovering from natural disasters. The study

reveals a diverse range of community strategies, such as hazard forecasting and

livelihood-based adaptation, but notes a concentration of research in middle- and high-

income nations. Emphasizing the convergence of LIK and scientific knowledge, the

research aligns its findings with the principles of the Sendai Framework, recognizing the

nascent acknowledgment of LIK within this framework. The synthesis aims to provide a

comprehensive understanding of LIK, enhancing its relevance in the context of DRR

initiatives.

22
 According to Jessica Mercer, et al. (2019) The increasing recognition of the

significance of indigenous knowledge has led to demands for its integration into disaster

risk reduction efforts. The integration of indigenous knowledge and scientific knowledge

is being progressively recommended in order to mitigate community vulnerability to

environmental risks. However, a comprehensive framework that demonstrates the

effective integration of these two knowledge systems has not yet been fully constructed.

This study introduces a conceptual framework that employs a participatory methodology

to facilitate the integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge. The objective is to

mitigate the susceptibility of a community to environmental threats. This study centers its

attention on small island developing states (SIDS) and provides an examination of the

necessity for establishing a framework to address their unique challenges. Additionally, it

explores the complexities associated with integrating indigenous knowledge within this

framework. Subsequently, an elucidation of the diverse mechanisms encompassed within

the framework is presented, relying on research conducted in Papua New Guinea. The

aforementioned framework plays a crucial role as an initial measure in the identification

of potential avenues for integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge. This integration

aims to mitigate community vulnerability to environmental threats.

According to Gangalal Tuladhar, Ryuichi Yatabe, et al. (2020) Nepal faces

significant vulnerability to natural disasters, making it a global disaster hotspot. Despite

various established education programs for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in schools, an

impartial research study was lacking to comprehensively assess their effectiveness. This

23
study aimed to fill that gap by surveying 124 students from 17 districts in Nepal. The

survey covered aspects like disaster information, knowledge, readiness, awareness,

adaptability, and risk perception. Statistical analyses revealed the insufficiency of current

disaster education activities, emphasizing the need for more effective approaches at the

individual level within school communities. Additionally, the study stressed the

importance of extending disaster education beyond school children to families and

communities for building resilience to disasters in Nepal.

According to Iloka, N. G.(2019) indigenous knowledge is a crucial form of

wisdom that has sustained local communities worldwide for generations, acquired

through dynamic exchanges with their environment. While existing literature extensively

covers indigenous knowledge, there is a notable scarcity of documentation on its

application in disaster risk reduction and climate change in Africa. The value of this

knowledge in catastrophe risk reduction remains inadequately acknowledged, primarily

due to the reliance on scientifically grounded mitigation techniques by policymakers.

Elements like colonialism and insufficient documentation contribute to this neglect.

Recognizing the historical resilience of indigenous African communities offers insights

for enduring strategies in the face of future challenges. The article emphasizes the need

for increased attention to indigenous knowledge in developing countries, utilizing works

from experts in disaster risk reduction, climate change, indigenous knowledge, and

adaptation. This approach aims to formulate effective, community-rooted strategies for

sustainable development in Africa.

24
Related System

According to Luna, OCHA, Gomez, Righi et al, (2021) Typhoon Odette (Rai)

wreaked havoc in the Philippines in late 2021, prompting significant international aid due

to its devastating impact on infrastructure, agriculture, and around 4 million people across

38 provinces. The aftermath exposed critical shortages, leading to severe health issues

and fatalities. Recognizing the urgency, the Center for Disaster Philanthropy initiated a

platform for assistance and donations. Given the country's vulnerability to climate

change, especially in coastal areas, this study, conducted in four municipalities in

Zambales, employed remote sensing, GIS, secondary data, and interviews to assess

vulnerability, disaster risks, and propose community-based and ecosystem-based

adaptation strategies. The article introduces a morphological analysis methodology for

decision-making in disaster risk management, encompassing a comprehensive evaluation

of seismic risk and addressing multidimensional challenges through risk mitigation and

improved social conditions.

According to Sharma et al. (2021) the transformative potential of the Internet of

Things (IoT), a globally interconnected network of smart physical entities, particularly in

disaster management. The article delves into the pivotal role of IoT in disaster

management, underscoring its life-saving capabilities. It provides an overview of IoT-

based disaster management for various calamities, offering a comparative analysis of

existing market solutions. The study showcases practical implementations, such as early-

warning systems for fire detection and earthquakes, highlighting IoT's application,

25
architecture, and its relevance across diverse disaster scenarios. With a focus on guiding

stakeholders, the research serves as a valuable resource for utilizing IoT technology to

bolster the resilience of smart city infrastructure, manage disasters effectively, and

mitigate associated risks.

According to Raikes and Smith (2019), effective disaster management necessitates

a comprehensive consideration of governance and management aspects. Governance

encompasses the system of institutions, policies, legal frameworks, and arrangements

guiding disaster risk reduction efforts, while management involves the organization,

planning, and application of measures for preparing, responding to, and recovering from

disasters. Responses may take the form of structural (e.g., dams, evacuation shelters) or

non-structural measures (e.g., building codes, land-use planning laws), and can be either

reactive or proactive in nature. This paper aims to evaluate the governance and

management of pre-disaster planning and preparedness for climate-related floods and

droughts in developed countries. The systematic review, spanning from 2005 to 2018,

focuses on priorities outlined in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

While acknowledging the disproportionate impact of disasters on lower-income

countries, the study emphasizes the importance of assessing developed countries, given

their financial and technological capacities, and widespread acceptance of pre-disaster

planning and preparedness practices. The review seeks evidence of good practices in

disaster management within developed nations, recognizing the need for intensive

26
coordination among various agencies, including police, fire departments, public health,

non-governmental organizations, and local volunteers.

In a study by Basak et al. (2020), the importance of accurate situational

information for effective disaster management is emphasized. Traditional crowdsourcing

methods, involving the collection of information from open crowds on social media, are

widely used but raise concerns about authenticity and reliability. To address this, the

paper proposes a multiplatform disaster management information system that combines

both social media-based crowdsourcing and community sourcing techniques. By directly

involving the affected community, the system aims to supplement social media posts and

enhance the authenticity of situational data. The goal is to create a comprehensive

understanding of the disaster situation by integrating location-specific information

gathered through both methods. The study explores how community participation in

disaster management can be improved through collaborative knowledge transactions,

ultimately contributing to the development of a resilient community.

In a study conducted by Yang et al. (2022), the vulnerability of communities

lacking quick disaster response capabilities, especially those situated in areas surrounded

by mountains or with weak transportation infrastructure, is highlighted. The inability to

respond swiftly to disasters can lead to isolation, resulting in significant loss of life and

property. Despite numerous studies on disaster management, there is a scarcity of

research focusing on effective disaster response for such geographically challenged areas.

In response to this gap, the research aims to develop an automated analysis tool utilizing

27
a web-based Geographic Information System (GIS) application. The tool aims to identify,

in real time, communities at risk of isolation, providing valuable insights for disaster

response and recovery efforts in these vulnerable areas.

In a systematic review conducted by Sheikhi et al. (2021), the objective is to

analyze existing research concerning the involvement of religious organizations in

disaster risk management and to comprehend the ways in which these organizations

contribute to disaster management. The contemporary focus on community-based disaster

risk management underscores its effectiveness, and within communities, religious

organizations play a crucial role. These organizations are integral components of

communities, possessing resources that can prove vital in supporting government

agencies for successful disaster management efforts. The review aims to provide insights

into the impact and significance of religious organizations in the context of disaster risk

management.

According to Migliorini, M., Hagen, J.S., et al (2019) The aim to investigate the

challenges in achieving data interoperability despite the vast potential offered by

increased access to data from diverse sources for catastrophe risk reduction. The study

focuses on a case study pertaining to data interoperability in disaster risk reduction within

Europe. It identifies existing obstacles and links them to the European Science and

Technology Advisory Group's regional initiative. Recognizing the significance of

improving data interoperability, the study emphasizes the necessity of identifying major

28
barriers as an initial step towards enhancing disaster risk reduction efforts by leveraging

available data.

According to Lin, Lexin (2018) In the past, disaster risk management (DRM)

efforts across various nations primarily concentrated on post-emergency responses.

However, advancements in science, technology, and information management have

enabled DRM bodies to conduct thorough pre-emergency assessments. These

assessments are crucial for understanding potential disaster risks, their impact on

vulnerable populations, and society's capacity to mitigate hazards and threats.

Consequently, there has been a notable shift in the focus of DRM activities from response

to preparedness and prevention. The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil

Protection Factsheet suggests that investing €1 in disaster risk prevention can lead to

savings of €4–7 in disaster response. This cost-effectiveness underscores the

encouragement for governments to allocate more resources to preventive measures.

According to Rivera, Ceesay, and Sillah (2020), numerous studies have explored

the frequency and impact of disasters in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to assess nations'

capabilities in managing hazards. The research underscores that factors influencing the

persistence and consequences of disasters in the region include weak government

capacities at both national and local levels, ineffective national institutions, and a

dependency on vulnerable natural environments. Despite prioritizing disaster risk

management in SSA and other vulnerable regions globally, achieving the goals outlined

by the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005–2015 and the Sendai Framework for

29
Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015–2030 has proven challenging. These goals

involve understanding processes generating vulnerability and diminishing resilience to

disasters to reduce harm to life, property, and the environment, but political issues and

capacity limitations have hindered effective implementation. Rivera emphasizes that

successful pursuit of programmatic goals depends significantly on the administrative and

institutional structure of disaster management, highlighting the need for political

commitment to reduce vulnerability and enhance disaster response.

According to Munawar et al. (2022), the integration of disruptive technologies

within smart cities plays a vital role in enhancing the infrastructure to effectively address

disasters. This study offers a perspective review on disruptive technologies, including the

Internet of Things (IoT), image processing, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and

smartphone applications, currently in use and proposed for future advancements in urban

disaster management. The primary focus is on exploring how smart cities can be

strategically developed to leverage disruptive technologies and enhance post-disaster

management. The study addresses key questions concerning the barriers to utilizing

disruptive technologies in disaster management and ways to improve existing disaster

management methods through their application. To address these questions, the authors

propose a novel framework that integrates big data analytics and AI, aiming to develop

effective disaster management solutions using disruptive technologies.

According to Munich Re et al. (2018), tropical cyclones have caused significant

damage amounting to USD 2111 billion globally between 1980 and 2018, with nearly

30
half of all natural hazard-related disaster losses attributed to them. These cyclones are

recognized as among the most perilous natural threats worldwide. Notably, the African

continent, particularly the region south of the Sahara, has not been exempt from their

impact. Countries in this region, including Zimbabwe, are particularly vulnerable due to

their geographical location. Zimbabwe, facing recurring natural hazards such as tropical

cyclones, droughts, and floods, has witnessed substantial destruction and displacement

resulting from storms. Climate change is anticipated to amplify the frequency and

severity of these hazards, with cyclone-induced floods being especially devastating. The

floods triggered by Cyclone Eline in 2000 caused over 700 fatalities, displaced more than

500,000 people, and inflicted cumulative infrastructure damage exceeding USD $1

billion in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Recent tropical storms, including Cyclone Dineo

in 2017 and Cyclone Idai in 2019, have also led to flooding in Zimbabwe, emphasizing

the persistent threat and impact of cyclones on the region.

According to Nemakonde, L. D., Van Niekerk, D. (2020) the common strategy of

integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) with climate change adaptation (CCA) to

mitigate the risk and impact of catastrophes. However, despite their shared objectives,

DRR and CCA often operate independently, and achieving successful integration remains

challenging. Focusing on member nations of the Southern African Development

Community, the study provides empirical insights into the perceived consequences of

maintaining separate government entities for DRR and CCA. Using a mixed-methods

31
approach with 40 participants from countries including Botswana, Eswatini, Madagascar,

Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, the research

identifies five key effects of maintaining separate DRR and CCA organizations,

hindering collaborative efforts to reduce catastrophe risk.

According to Cvetković and Tanasić (2021), building capacity is a crucial measure

for reducing disaster losses, emphasizing the importance of incorporating capacity-

building activities early in the disaster management process. The recognition of a disaster

stems from the point where a system or community's capacity and response skills are

surpassed. While there isn't a universally recognized concept of capacity building,

disaster management theory and practice have consistently focused on this aspect since

the mid-1990s. Capacity building involves enhancing the abilities of individuals,

organizations, or systems to efficiently perform enduring functions, contributing to an

increased capability for individuals or groups to adapt to unforeseen changes in their

lives. The roots of ineffective disaster response often trace back to insufficiently

developed abilities.

According to Terzi et al. (2019), future scenarios indicate that mountain regions

are highly susceptible to climate impacts, encompassing alterations in the water cycle

such as extreme rainfall, glacier melting, and changes in river runoff. These impacts pose

threats to biodiversity, ecosystem services, the local economy (including drinking water

supply, hydropower generation, and agricultural suitability), and human safety due to

increased risks of natural hazards. The comparative analysis conducted in the study

32
highlights the strengths and limitations of various approaches to multi-risk assessment in

mountainous areas, offering a roadmap for methodological and technical implementation

based on specific criteria like spatial and temporal dynamics, uncertainty management,

cross-sectoral assessment, integration of adaptation measures, required data, and

complexity levels. The findings indicate a limited application of selected methodologies

in addressing climate-related risks in mountain environments. System dynamic and

hybrid models emerge as more promising for further applications, demonstrating higher

potential to represent the effects of climate change on multi-risk processes and facilitate

the effective implementation of climate adaptation strategies.

According to Sarbayev, Yang, and Wang (2019), advanced process systems are

intricate structures with interconnected components, and failures in one or more of these

components can lead to catastrophic accidents. Instances like the Deepwater Horizon

blowout (2010) and explosions at BP Texas Refinery (2005) emphasize that the evolution

of process safety analysis has not kept pace with technological advancements,

necessitating further research on safety analysis tools. Recent decades have witnessed

numerous studies on accident analysis, process safety, fault prediction, and probabilistic

risk assessment. Risk assessment, a critical component of these approaches, involves

identifying hazards, conducting causes and consequences analysis, and modeling

accidents. Qualitative methods like hazard identification (HAZID) and hazard and

operability (HAZOP) are utilized for identifying potential hazards and proposing safety-

enhancing solutions, while quantitative risk analysis estimates the failure probability and

33
associated consequences of a process system. The insights gained from risk assessment

support the development of effective safety barriers, operational standards, and design

solutions.

Local Studies

In a study by Ravago et al. (2020), they introduced the Localized Disaster Risk

Management Index (DRMI) to assess the disaster preparedness of local government units

(LGUs) in the Philippines, particularly those exposed to various hydrometeorological

hazards. The index integrates both ex-post and ex-ante risk management strategies,

condensing them into a single numerical value. Utilizing iterative principal component

analysis, they computed the Localized DRMI for LGUs and correlated it with conditions,

outcomes, and social indicators. Interestingly, the results revealed a negative correlation

between the Localized DRMI and recovery, suggesting that LGUs with higher scores on

the index have not fully recovered from disasters. It's important to note that this doesn't

imply that lower scores would be more advantageous, emphasizing the complex interplay

of disaster risk management strategies and post-disaster outcomes.

In the study by Tatebe and Miyamoto (2021), the objective is to highlight the

crucial role of Peace Officers (POs) in the recovery process after a disaster, focusing on

the challenges faced by the most vulnerable individuals before and after Typhoon

Yolanda. The research centers on the concerns and actions of Peace Officers in the

Municipality of Medellin and Bantayan Island. Emphasizing the role of POs, the study

underscores the need to envision a new association for the "next society" post-disaster.

34
While previous research has emphasized community-level efforts and resources, this

study introduces the perspective that organizations within a community can be

categorized based on neighborhood relationships or specific interests and purposes. POs,

in this context, are considered hybrid organizations that encompass both aspects, holding

potential for shaping the future societal landscape after a disaster.

According to Robielos et al. (2020). the implementation of the bottom-up

approach embodied in the Vulnerability Assessment Framework to hold local

government units accountable and enhance disaster risk management and governance. By

having access to comprehensive vulnerability information, these government units can

adeptly formulate and execute programs that are effective in the pre-disaster, during, and

post-disaster phases. Utilizing vulnerability data even before a disaster strikes,

governments can proactively invest in building resilience by making substantial

investments in barangay and municipal infrastructures and services. This approach

ensures a proactive stance in disaster preparedness and response, ultimately contributing

to more robust disaster risk management.

According to Ravago, Mapa, Sunglao, et al. (2020). The dataset provides a

valuable avenue for researchers to examine the response of Local Government Units

(LGUs) in the Philippines to disasters stemming from natural hazards. The data

encompasses insights into the amalgamation of ex-ante and ex-post risk management

strategies employed by LGUs to enhance the well-being of their constituents. The focus

on LGU initiatives is motivated by the ease with which various local-level ex-ante and

35
ex-post programs can be explored, offering a detailed examination of the diverse types

and levels of initiatives aimed at mitigating disaster impact and achieving comprehensive

recovery. Given the inherently local nature of disaster impacts, conducting surveys at the

municipal or city level ensures a higher resolution of generated data, particularly in areas

where Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) policies are fully

implemented.

According to Ner et al. (2022). the significance of evaluating the Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Plans of Local Government Units (LGUs) in Metro Manila

with a resilience perspective, specifically to anticipate climate change-induced disasters.

Their study contributes to the discourse on disaster resilience in local planning by

scrutinizing the incorporation of resilience concepts in LGUs' plans. Using the UNDRR

Urban Resilience Framework as a guide, the research systematically identifies strengths,

weaknesses, and gaps in these plans. The emphasis on institutional resilience highlights

the crucial role of intergovernmental linkages and partnerships with key stakeholders in

enhancing the efficiency of disaster risk reduction and management. The study employs a

questionnaire to assess the institutional and personnel adaptive capacities of Quezon City

LGUs across seven climate change priority areas, with a specific focus on Extreme

Weather Events.

According to Aspiras, K. F. (2022) The study aims to identify factors influencing

the intention to prepare among Filipinos for mitigating the impact of The Big One

earthquake. The research integrated the Protection Motivation Theory and Extended

36
Theory of Planned Behavior, analyzing factors such as understanding of The Big One,

perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, subjective norm, perceived behavioral

control, attitude, media influence, and intention to prepare through Structural Equation

Modeling (SEM). Remarkably, this study represents the first investigation into the

intention to prepare for The Big One earthquake in the Philippines, providing a robust

theoretical foundation for readiness when such an earthquake occurs. The model

constructed in the study has broader applicability and can serve as a framework for

evaluating preparedness for various types of natural disasters worldwide.

According to Resuello, M. D. (2020) The study focusing on the economic

consequences of disasters on the local economy and examined how the revenue-

generating capability of local governments contributes to establishing a disaster-resilient

local economy. The research revealed that although the law encourages local

governments to invest in Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM), the existing

system disadvantages lower-income local governments. These entities face challenges

due to reduced revenues, leading to fewer resources available for DRRM efforts. Income

disparities among local governments not only hinder local growth but also impact their

ability to fulfill devolved DRRM functions. Consequently, the study emphasizes the

pivotal role of local governments' revenue generation capacity in fortifying DRRM at the

grassroots level. To foster a disaster-resilient local economy in the Philippines, the

research suggests addressing income disparities, overcoming complexities in sourcing

local revenue, and having proactive and transformative local leadership.

37
 According to Ipong, L. G. et al. (2020) The objective of evaluating the

repercussions of earthquakes on both the lives and livelihoods of the affected community.

The focus was on assessing the impact across physical, human, social, and financial

assets, with an emphasis on understanding the interconnectedness of these impacts and

their cumulative effect on the community. The study revealed that the earthquake's

impact was exacerbated by the absence of hazard mitigation practices and inadequate

emergency preparedness within the affected community. Both the Barangay Local

Government Unit of Lake Danao and the broader Local Government Unit (LGU) of

Ormoc City were found to have shortcomings in implementing hazard mitigation

practices. Despite the community's known vulnerability to geological hazards, residents

were insufficiently aware and informed about the associated risks.

According to Cuaton and Su (2020). the anticipated rise in frequency and severity

of extreme weather events due to climate change, significantly impacting impoverished

communities. The World Disasters Report reveals that over the past decade,

approximately 134 million people were affected by 3,571 natural disasters, causing

incalculable damage to local and global socioeconomic systems. Despite facing

heightened challenges, often overlooked and disenfranchised groups, particularly

indigenous peoples, have demonstrated remarkable resilience. The transmission of

indigenous knowledge and traditions across generations has played a pivotal role in their

ability to withstand and adapt to climate change-induced threats and disasters. Focusing

on the Mamanwas, an indigenous group in the Philippines, the research provides concrete

38
data on the efficacy of local indigenous knowledge and practices in reducing disaster

risks and enhancing community resilience. The study underscores the importance of

integrating indigenous knowledge into disaster risk reduction efforts through a web-based

monitoring system, acknowledging the expertise of indigenous communities and

empowering them to bolster resilience and preparedness against climate-related hazards.

According to Gabriel et al. (2021) the increasing importance of disaster risk

reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in global governance, driven by

the prevailing scientific consensus indicating more frequent and severe climate change-

related disasters. The urgency for prioritizing DRR-CCA efforts at both national and

local government levels is underscored by the anticipated 1.5°C global warming and the

observed climate variability in the Philippine archipelago.

According to Gabriel, A. G., Santiago, P. N. M., & Casimiro, R. R. (2021) which

conducted a study to assess the implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate

Change Adaptation (DRR-CCA) principles in the comprehensive development plans

(CDPs) of five component cities in Nueva Ecija, Philippines, which are vulnerable to

geological and hydrometeorological hazards in Central Luzon. Utilizing survey

questionnaires distributed to 25 members of local government units involved in planning,

coupled with an examination of written policies and plans, the study reveals that, despite

existing laws and policies related to DRR-CCA, their practical application is at a nascent

stage. The findings underscore the challenges and potential hindrances in fully integrating

DRR-CCA principles into the governance framework of the province. The study provides

39
valuable insights for both academics and policymakers, offering a foundation for future

endeavors in enhancing DRR-CCA implementation.

According to Lawangen, A. O. and Roberts, J. M. (2023) The importance of

Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM),

encompassing transmitted behaviors, expressions, knowledge, and abilities across

generations. Focusing on the role of social media in disaster discussions, the study delves

into the impact of indigenous knowledge, practices, and rituals on community coping

mechanisms in Benguet, Northern Philippines, particularly in the context of typhoons.

Utilizing a qualitative mixed-methods approach, the research highlights key elements of

indigenous knowledge, including social support, cultural technologies, rituals, and early

warning systems, contributing significantly to local-level DRRM. The study advocates

for proactive government measures to integrate ICH into mainstream society and actively

involve indigenous communities in DRR initiatives, recognizing and leveraging their

valuable contributions.

According to Reyes et al. (2020). the extensive discussions among social science

scholars advocating for integrative frameworks and participatory procedures,

emphasizing the crucial role of indigenous knowledge in mitigating the impact of natural

disasters and adverse events. In the context of archipelagic developing countries like the

Philippines, prone to frequent natural disasters, this information becomes indispensable.

Despite the potential of indigenous knowledge to contribute significantly to disaster

prevention, mitigation, response, rehabilitation, and recovery, as well as its integration

40
with Western scientific knowledge for reducing vulnerability and enhancing disaster risk

management, the literature on incorporating specific communities' indigenous

knowledge-based disaster preparedness and adaptation remains limited. The paper's

original contribution lies in exploring the unique indigenous knowledge, addressing a gap

in existing research.

According to Mamon, M. A. C. et al. (2021) The Department of Education's

initiative to integrate disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) into the school

curriculum and educational programs in alignment with the Philippine Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Act of 2010. The primary goal is to improve the resilience of

students in dealing with natural disasters. The study conducted aims to assess Grade 11

students' disaster-related knowledge, preparedness, readiness, adaptation, awareness, and

risk perception.

Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework is a theoretical structure or model used in research to

direct the creation of hypotheses, theories, and empirical studies. It offers a systematic

and cohesive method for comprehending and arranging ideas, concepts, and variables in a

certain field of study. In essence, a conceptual framework provides a foundation for

comprehending and interpreting complicated phenomena within a topic or field of study.

On the basis of data gathering, a conceptual 4 for creating an A Web-based Monitoring

System for Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council for the Municipality

of Ibaan, Batangas.

41
Figure 1.
Conceptual Framework

This conceptual framework represents the key components and relationships along

with various features and the necessary development tools. The components are

interconnected to ensure a seamless workflow. The system platform would facilitate

collaboration and information sharing among local members, and would draw data from

the risk assessment module to provide the public with real-time updates.

The Figure 1 Illustration is separated into two parts which are the barangay officer

and the MDRRMCO staff the framework starts login and starts with the input of profile,

processing the report details, posting disaster reports and uploading announcement. The

barangay officials start at inputting profile, and shows the process such as reporting

42
incidents, and viewing disaster details and announcement information. This input is

processed by the system's core functionalities include real-time monitoring, analysis, and

reporting of critical data.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are conceptually and operationally defined for a better

understanding of the study.

Accentuate. It involves drawing attention to a particular aspect, feature, or point in order

to make it stand out or be more pronounced. (Pasuto, A., & Cui, P. 2022).

Catastrophes. A nonetheless present in the medieval lexicon: it occasionally appears in

medieval Latin literature where it typically refers to the third part of a drama, what we

would now call the denouement. (Gayk & Reynolds, 2022)

Contingency. It refers to the planning, preparedness, and response measures that

organizations, governments, and communities put in place to address unexpected and

potentially adverse events. (F Maulshagen, 2015)

Consolidated. Providing a comprehensive definition that provides a clear understanding

of the sharing economy. (Schlagwein et al., 2019)

Disasters. An often-catastrophic event that causes significant harm, damage, and

disruption to a community, region, or society. These events typically overwhelm the

affected area's capacity to cope, necessitating external assistance and recovery efforts.

43
Dwindle. It is to gradually decrease or diminish in size, quantity, strength, or importance.

When something dwindles, it becomes smaller or less significant over time. (Idroes, R.,

& Sofyan, H. 2020)

Emergency. A capabilities approach considers what individuals are truly able to do and

be, which has implications for understanding human flourishing and well-being in the

face of emergencies (Martha Nussbaum, 2018)

Furnish. It is to provide or supply something, typically items, information, or resources,

to meet a particular need or purpose. It involves equipping a space or individual with

necessary items or details. ( Eyike Mbongo, L. de B. 2021)

Local Government Units. (LGU’s) associated with the aging process have primarily

been examined from the standpoint of international studies and national policy. (Maj-

Waśniowska & Jedynak, 2020)

MDRRMC. Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. It generates

reports accurately to serve the people in the municipality. As well as, the decision tree

algorithm used in finding the pre-needs of the evacuee prior to the calamity or

disaster. (Monreal, R.N., Palaoag, T.D., 2019)

NDRRMC. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC) is an agency in the Philippines responsible for disaster risk reduction and

management. (United Nations)

44
Pragmatic. It relates to or reflects a practical and realistic approach to situations and

problems. It is often associated with a focus on achieving practical results and solutions

rather than theoretical or idealistic considerations. (Djoumessi, Y. F 2019)

Preparedness. is the aggregate of all measures and policies adopted before an event

occurs that promotes mitigation of the damage caused by an event and minimizes the

dysfunction that could result from the damage. (Lakein, 2014)

Resilience. A capacity to withstand or to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness and

ability of communities and individuals to come together, support each other, and maintain

a sense of well-being during and after a disaster. (Oktari, R. S 2021)

Socioeconomic. It refers to a broad range of impacts on the social and economic

components of the populace, encompassing adjustments to living standards,

opportunities, capacities, or resources. (Morais, 2020)

Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG) The Sustainable Development Goals are

designed to address various global challenges, including those related to disaster risk

reduction and management, and aim to promote a more sustainable and resilient future.

(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction)

Vulnerability. Risks to humans participating in research must be minimized; that is,

subjects must be offered protection from risks. (Ochsner J. 2020)

45
 CHAPTER III

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the data gathered and presentation of the design methods

used in developing the system.

System Analysis and Design

Agile is a kind of software development process that accounts for the requirement

for flexibility and incorporates pragmatism into the final product's delivery.

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 Since agile software development emphasizes the clean delivery of discrete

software components rather than the full application, it necessitates a cultural

transformation in many organizations. Brush and Silverthorne (2022)

Figure 2. Agile Model. Figure from Free Learning Platform For Better Future (2022)

The Local Contingency Monitoring System would be designed and developed

using a framework as an Agile Development approach, as shown in Figure 2. This type of

development promotes team cooperation, continuous planning, and continuous learning

in order to generate minimal viable products that will go through many iterations before

they are finalized. Relatively, the development of the system would be adapted to support

the emergency community service of Municipal Risk Reduction of the Municipality of

Ibaan, Batangas.

In addition, the proponents of the study believed that the Agile development

approach for the study since it depends on the constant's fundamental strength and regular

47
iterations, and the capacity to rapidly adapt to the client's preferences or the project's

continually changing requirements is required.

Analysis Phase, the developers want to change the manual operation into a more

innovative way. The analysis provides enough reason to pursue developing the proposal

system.

During this phase, the researchers decided that the incident system of distributing

volunteers in different areas and generating reports can be enhanced by developing the

system. The Local Contingency Monitoring System for Municipal Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council simply needs a computer-literate administrator who

can access the entire system for managing and monitoring incidents like the deployment

process, manage reports and communicate with each department. Relevant documents

were obtained and analyzed. The system provides an easier way of updating services and

more reliable and accurate information. The relevant documents include an unpublished

thesis and technical reports related to the natural disaster system.

Design Phase, this would be the second step in a project where the researchers

involved plan all the important parts, like what the project would look like and what

needs to happen for it to be successful. disasters based on defined goals, and the system

interface initially is the needs and responsibilities of municipality staff placed under the

local contingency monitoring plan process.

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Development Phase, the system establishment of actual system implementation and

development takes place as the proponents utilize it, the development phase is complete

when implementation is ready to start. All matters must be clear and carry out the

implementation.

Implemented system design to produce a functional system, learning is advised at

this level of the programming process. Convert machine statements that are compliant

with the program from customer-supplied program requirements. This is an important

task to Control specification is implemented through an algorithm that is expressed in a

programming language. In this phase, structured data representations that are simple to

access and manage are created. This comprises specifying the database's tables, columns,

relationships, and constraints. The creation of a database that is effective, accurate, and

simple to manage is the aim of database design.

Testing Phase, the researcher is committed to improving benefits to the client,

such as enhanced system performance and quality, while at the same time giving the

project team value, such as lowered running expenses and response times.

Implementation Phase, the website is ready for the implementation phase after

testing was completed and any required changes are made and corrected. Implementation

means that the website is ready to be published and updated on the internet.

Maintenance Phase, this includes fixing bugs, upgrading software components,

and making other functional adjustments. The software development life cycle includes a

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phase called system maintenance that is crucial to ensuring the durability and ongoing

usage of the software system.

Analysis of the Existing System

The Municipal Risk Reduction Management Council of Ibaan, Batangas has to

continuously determine itself in case of the standards in place and keep sustaining the

latest quantity of resources. To improve its report details, investigation, and facilities in

line with the most recent demands of the charge of putting these policies and strategies

into action in their particular municipalities.

Implementing the program outlined in a written manual may not be flexible

enough to adapt to unexpected occurrences or circumstances in the environment.

Municipal staff may find it difficult to respond appropriately in the case of a calamity that

is not addressed by the manual. A manual-based system may not take into account

municipal limited resources, such as financial or human resources. This might lead to an

unrealistic or impossible response plan. Also, a manual-based system may rely on manual

data gathering and reporting, which can be inefficient and error-prone. It could lead to

inaccurate or incomplete data, which could lead to poor response actions.

Fishbone Analysis

A fishbone diagram that illustrates the primary issue raised in the progress of the

project. The proponents organized a session to rigorously identify a variety of potential

explanations. Then further organize these potential sources of concern or problems into

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categories. As a result, the proponents evaluated the validity of each bone by looking at

the data and discovering common ground where bones are unlikely.

Figure 3.
Fishbone Diagram

The fishbone diagram illustrated in Figure 3 shows a brainstorming style. Through

the use of fishbone analysis recognized six causes in the Web-based Monitoring plan

process named People, Process, Equipment, Materials, Environment and Management

along with their corresponding impacts.

In this figure above, The Fishbone diagram consists of the cause and effect of the

discovery tool that helped figure out the reasons of failure within the process. The

primary cause of the problem, which was the stakeholders' lack of cooperation, pointed to

the human aspect as the most likely source of the problem.

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 Furthermore, Lack of communication and changes in management structure were

identified as among the primary causes throughout the system since they were the critical

factors to the problem.

System Boundary

The project's system boundary, which lists the various system components. It also

illustrates how the system functions as a whole. Partitioning the web-based system into

multiple categories was represented by the system boundary. Within the field of systems

design, it is imperative to carefully identify and separate the internal and external

components of a system. The proponents of a Web-based Monitoring System effectively

point out the fundamental concept. The system was design to provide the safety of each

barangay of the Municipality of Ibaan Batangas for every Barangay Officials and the

Administration Staff of the Municipality of Ibaan can only guarantee to have an account

of the system and The Municipality of Ibaan was responsible for managing the records of

the incident reports.

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Figure 4.
System Boundary

According to the proponents, establishing and identifying the system's internal

components and separating them from external ones are essential aspects of systems

design. The dashed line, which serves as a border between the environment and the

internal parts and entities of the Web-based Monitoring System, is shown in the diagram.

The Municipal Risk Reduction and Management Council's emergency response

efforts are improved by the barangay Monitoring System, which is designed to work well

in the face of a variety of potential difficulties and challenges. Additionally, the

supporters underlined how important external influences are, which happen outside of the

system in the environment. Furthermore, the recognition of extraneous factors outside the

boundaries of the system emphasizes the comprehensive stance adopted by the advocates.

Understanding that outside variables that are part of the larger environment are important

highlights how flexible and responsive the system is to actual circumstances.

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Hardware Requirements

The range of hardware specifications designed to meet the system's needs was

Minimum to the suggested specifications for a better system and maximum efficiency

engagement. The proponents stated these needs as hard disk requirements in regard to

this. devices for input and output as well as a drive, processor, and memory.

Regarding processors, At least Intel Core i3 or higher processors are required,

however, the advocates advise more. Third-generation or dual-core processors.

Contrarily, the minimal required Hard disk drives must be at least 128GB in size,

however, 256GB is preferred. Meanwhile, The recommended and minimum memory

requirements are 4GB DDR and 16GB DDR or higher, if appropriate. The computer-

assisted accrediting system requires input devices like a keyboard and mouse as well as

output equipment like monitors and Wi-Fi access points in order to succeed. In a Web-

based Monitoring System for Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council

for the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas in particular, attempts to develop a method that is

systematic and coordinated for monitoring and responding to emergency situations that

may arise in a neighborhood or local community.

Software Requirements Specification

In order to comply with the accreditation system's requirement for accurate

function specifications, specifications were broken down into categories for operations,

data storage, and software needs. Both functional and nonfunctional criteria are required.

54
Data management, communication, and emergency response operations would all be

made possible by the system's many user requirements and capabilities.

Additionally, the system must adhere to performance, security, compatibility,

usability, and accessibility criteria to ensure its efficacy and accessibility to all users. The

requisite programming languages and the end user's level of system comfort were among

the other requirements.

Software Requirements

The Municipal Risk Reduction and Management Council of the Municipality of

Ibaan, Batangas uses a web-based system called the A Web-based Monitoring System for

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council for the Municipality of Ibaan,

Batangas to monitor and manage the municipality's contingency plans. The system needs

particular software components, such as a server, client devices, network equipment, and

different software tools like an operating system, web server, database management

system, Python, Django web framework, front-end development tools, mapping and

visualization libraries, and other development tools.

The system's development and operation are supported by these requirements,

making it possible for it to successfully meet the demands of the Municipality's risk

reduction and management initiatives.

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Functional Requirements

Stakeholders could communicate their needs through functional requirements.

criteria and expectations to the study's proponents in order to attain the ultimate goal of

providing a high-quality accreditation system exactly as requested;

1. User / Barangay Officials

1.1 Barangay Officials have an account of the System

1.2 Barangay Officials can only have access through their particular Barangay

System

1.3. Barangay Officials can submit reports

1.4 Barangay Officials can view Announcement information

2. ADMIN / MDRRMCO Staff

2.1 MDRRMCO Staff have an account and as an administrator

2.2 MDRRMCO Staff can receive all the data reports of all Barangay

2.3 MDRRMCO Staff can manage report detail

2.4 MDRRMCO Staff can arrange announcement details

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Non-Functional Requirements

1. Security

1.1 The system should have robust security features to protect against

unauthorized access, hacking, or data breaches.

1.2 The system must include access control features such as passwords and

varying user permissions based on roles.

2. Usability

2.1 The system should be user-friendly and intuitive, with clear and concise

instructions that are easy to follow.

2.2 When users return to the system, the system should easily regain competency

following a period of idleness.

3. Reliability

3.1 The system would give an online accrediting guide that would serve as a

complete reference. Document technical communication for a wide range of

people.

3.2 The system should be available and functional at all times, with minimal

downtime or system failures.

4. Compatibility

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 4.1 The system should be compatible with different hardware and software

platforms, allowing users to access the system using different devices or browsers.

4.2 The system must verify that a web application runs on all versions of whether

they are distinctive browsers or not.

5. Performance

5.1 The system would centralize all information to enable an effective accrediting

procedure. the required information in one place.

5.2 The system must be able to operate efficiently under specified conditions for a

specified period of time and a set amount of time.

Constraints

In evaluating the two designs using the set of software, considering various

dimensions such as performance, dependability, end-user criteria, reliability, usability,

availability, and security. The limitations of the development tools become apparent

across these parameters, influencing the overall effectiveness and robustness of the

designs. Performance constraints may impact the speed and efficiency of the software,

while dependability limitations could affect the software's reliability and stability. End-

user criteria, encompassing factors like user exper ience and satisfaction, can be

influenced by certain tool limitations. Reliability issues may arise if the development

tools have shortcomings in ensuring consistent and error-free operation. Usability

constraints could hinder the ease of use and accessibility of the software, affecting its

58
overall user-friendliness. Availability constraints may impact the accessibility and uptime

of the software, while security limitations pose potential risks to data integrity and

confidentiality. A thorough consideration of these limitations is crucial for making

informed decisions in the software development process.

Table 1.
Server-Side Language
Design HTML CSS JavaScript Python MySQL
Constraints

Performance 8 8 8 9 9

Dependability 8 8 8 8 8

End User Criteria 7 8 7 9 9

Reliability 8 8 7 9 8

Usability 7 9 7 9 9

Availability 7 7 7 9 8

Security 8 9 8 8 8

Table 1 illustrates the server-side programming languages that have been carefully

chosen for the project. The selection of programming languages, including HTML, CSS,

JavaScript, Python, and MySQL, has been made as a deliberate choice in accordance with

the unique needs and limitations of the project.

HTML is utilized for the purpose of organizing and arranging material, CSS is

utilized to apply stylistic elements, JavaScript is utilized to enhance interaction, Python is

valued for its adaptability, and MySQL is employed for the effective maintenance of

data. The excerpt presented is in accordance with the objectives of the project,

guaranteeing congruence, expandability, and efficient usage of resources. These

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programming languages collectively serve as the foundation for our server-side

development, allowing us to construct a resilient and prompt system that fulfills the

objectives of the project while adhering to crucial design limitations.

Table 2.
Database
Design Constraints MySQL PostgreSQL
Performance 8 9
Dependability 8 9
End User Criteria 8 9
Reliability 8 9
Usability 9 9
Availability 8 9
Security 9 9

Table 2 presents an overview of the database management system choices that

have been made, including MySQL and PostgreSQL as the recommended solutions. The

design restrictions arise from a thorough assessment of the distinctive demands,

anticipated performance levels, and the crucial necessity for maintaining data integrity

inside our project. MySQL is widely recognized for its exceptional performance and

capacity to handle large workloads, making it particularly suitable for applications with

high performance requirements. On the other hand, PostgreSQL offers a comprehensive

set of sophisticated features and strong support for complex data types, making it the

preferred option for projects that necessitate extensive data modeling and administration.

These restrictions not only function as guiding principles, but also assure the optimization

of our system for the tasks it needs to do.

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Table 3.
Testing Tools
Design Constraints XAMPP WAMP MAMP

Performance 9 8 8

Dependability 8 8 8

End User Criteria 9 8 8

Reliability 9 8 8

Usability 9 8 8

Availability 8 8 8

Security 8 8 8

Table 3 provides an in-depth comparison of our chosen testing tools, XAMP,

WAMP, and MAMP, which were selected through a rigorous assessment of their

respective strengths and weaknesses. Each tool offers unique advantages and constraints

that must be carefully weighed to ensure project success. Through adherence to design

requirements and strategic tool selection, we aim to streamline the testing process,

accelerate our development cycle, and deliver a software product that meets high

standards of resilience and reliability. Ultimately, this approach underscores our

commitment to producing quality software solutions that effectively address user needs.

Web System Module

The efficiency of an Accreditation System bears witness to its thorough design and

well-functioning framework in the complex field of catastrophe management and

response. The core component of this system is illustrated in the block diagram that goes

61
with it. It shows six different modules, each of which is carefully designed to perform a

certain function inside the accrediting framework.

Figure 5.
Web System Module

As observed in the block diagram, the system comprises six modules each tailored to

specific functions such as report administration, emergency coordination, announcement

scheduling, report filing, emergency report sharing, and viewing crucial updates.

Together, these modules synergize to enhance system performance and streamline

operations for the MDRRMC and affected barangays. Their cohesive interaction

facilitates improved efficiency across various tasks, spanning from report management to

emergency response coordination and timely information dissemination. This analysis

emphasizes the collective impact of the six modules in strengthening the resilience of

MDRRMC and barangays during crises.

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Security Model

Security models are pivotal in cybersecurity, enabling the assessment,

determination, and enforcement of regulations to safeguard computer systems and data.

They encompass various forms like access right, distributed computing, and computation

models. The access right model manages user privileges to ensure authorized resource

access, while the distributed computing model emphasizes secure communication in

networked environments. On the other hand, the computation model secures processes

within computing environments. The versatility of security models renders them essential

in contemporary cybersecurity, adept at addressing diverse scenarios without requiring

extensive training or configuration.

Figure 6.
Security Model

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 The major purpose of the Coordinating Emergency Module is to enhance

emergency response times and lessen the effect of emergencies on impacted persons and

communities. The Coordinating Emergency Module can help save lives, reduce damage,

and restore order more quickly and efficiently by giving emergency responders with the

tools they need to collaborate successfully.

The login box, which demands users to give valid credentials before getting

access to the system, is one of the security measures employed. The login box is linked to

two sorts of users: barangay users and municipality users. These users are given access to

the system's dashboard, which provides information and tools related to their unique tasks

and responsibilities.

The dashboard is intended to serve as a single portal for barangay and municipality

users to handle tasks, examine reports, and access critical information. This includes

updates and notifications on their areas of responsibility. The dashboard is also linked to

a security symbol, which acts as a shortcut to security-related features and services.

The security is accessible by both barangay and municipality users and is designed

to provide a quick and easy way to access security-related features and functions. This

may include features such as emergency reporting, incident management, and access

control. By connecting the security icon to the dashboard, barangay, and municipality

users can easily and quickly access these important security-related functions, which

helps to ensure the safety and security of the community.

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Trade-Offs

In the development of the web system project, the consideration of various

software and hardware tools necessitates decisions involving trade-offs, wherein one

option may be sacrificed in favor of another due to constraints or limitations. This entails

carefully evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of different choices to select the most

suitable option based on project priorities, objectives, and available resources. The

software alternatives that could be useful for the project are outlined below.

Table 4.
Trade-Offs
Design Software Tools

Design A HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Django Python, SQL

Design B HTML, CSS, JavaScript, MySQL or PostgreSQL,

XAMPP

Design C Python

Software Trade-Offs

Three design options have been proposed for developing a Contingency Monitoring

System with a focus on risk mitigation and management. Design 1 incorporates HTML, CSS,

JavaScript, Django Python, and SQL for front-end development, with deployment on Digital

Ocean and database management using MySQL or PostgreSQL. Design 2 simplifies the front-

end to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, while using Django Python for backend development and

MySQL or PostgreSQL for database management. Design 3 relies solely on Python, chosen for

its flexibility and adaptability, making it suitable for the dynamic domain of online system

design. Among these options, Design 3, with its Python foundation, stands out for its

65
adaptability, making it well-suited for developing a Contingency Monitoring System that

provides access to Barangay data. These design sets offer viable approaches for creating web

system tools tailored to mitigate and manage risks effectively.

System Design/ Architecture

To map out the flow of information for the accrediting system using symbols,

Figure 7 depicts the operations or processes that acquire, alter, store, and distribute data

between a system and its environment, as well as between system components.

Figure 7.
Context Diagram

Based on the figure above, the system being examined is a single high-level

procedure within the Barangay Contingency Monitoring System. The system is designed

to support the Municipal Risk Reduction and Management Council of the Municipality of

Ibaan, Batangas. The context diagram also illustrates the system's interaction with other

external entities, such as the MDRRMC Staff and Barangay.

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Use Case

These illustration scenarios are important instruments in software development,

providing a clear and physical representation of user interactions and system

performance. They play a significant part in requirements collecting and system design,

allowing for a full knowledge of how users interact with the system. This helps to refine

system functionality and ensure alignment with user demands and preferences, hence

improving the whole development process.

Figure 8.
Use Case Diagram

The system had two types of users: the Municipality Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Council Office and the Barangay Official. The MDRRMCO has an account

67
that allows them to log in to the system and access all the Barangay reports created. They

have the ability to manage report details, coordinate emergency reports, and arrange

announcement details across all the Barangay accounts. While, theBarangay Officials

have access and can only access their own Barangay system. They can submit reports,

share emergency reports, and view only announcement information specific to their

Barangay.

Data Flow Diagram

It outlined the procedure of the entire system. The Level 0 DFD went farther

compared to the Context Diagram that came before it because each process was split to

separate processes. Together, these smaller operations provide the system's total output,

movement and operation.

Figure 9.
Level 0 Diagram

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 Figure 9 represents the Level 0 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) for the system. There

are two external entities which are barangay officials and MDRRMC Admin which

provide them a multiple that will provide the operation of the system. While data flow

provides the connection between entities to its process it also provides the connection

between the data store of the system.

Sequence Diagram

Sequence diagrams provided an overview of the applications' general order. It

showed every feature that the application required to be used.

Figure 10.
Sequence Diagram

69
 Figure 10 shows the sequence diagram of the application. The display interacts

between the system components and allows you to map out and illustrate the web-based

while also facilitating collaboration between barangay officials and MDRRMCO Staff.

Moreover, it illustrates a schematic of the interactions between MDRRMCO Staff

and Barangay Officials, Based on the diagram, the sequences were arranged in

accordance with the report that the user advances through. Additionally, the participants

in the operation, such as the MDRRMCO Staff and Barangay Officials.

Database Design

The database design manages all of the data contained in the database with

PostgreSQL and illustrates the links between different properties and tables.

Figure 11.
Database Diagram

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 This figure shows the database design. It shows the relationship of each and how it

is connected. It also involves the attribute name and datatypes of each table. But this

figure includes the most significant tables. The information about the MDRRMC Ibaan

monitoring is stored in the item information table. The information that records in the

system is held by Municipality Admin, Announcements, Emergency, and Reports.

Each of these elements plays a vital role in the system by serving as repositories for the

information and data necessary for its efficient functioning.

Development

Throughout the development process, researchers carefully identified and refined

the project's requirements as it progressed. This dynamic approach ensured the project's

alignment with evolving objectives. Crucial discussions occurred regarding software

selection, the system's front-end and back-end components, and the necessary

technological devices for optimal implementation.

Software

In the realm of software, this phase delved into the selection of critical

development tools. This included choosing the ideal Integrated Development

Environment (IDE), database software, and programming languages. These selections

were made with the aim of harnessing the system's full potential and capabilities. This

strategic software selection underpinned the foundation of the project's success

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Visual Studio

When developing anything that is intended to be hosted online or even offline,

have users, and be useful for the benefit of a specific organization or community, In

most circumstances, programmers select software that would provide them with the

ideal experience while working on something that would eventually result in an

inventive output. Visual Studio Code includes an extensive plugin package that can

make project development more efficient and faster than with other software create new

form similar to this in essay form

Technology Stack

For the development of the application, requirements are needed to be considered

like hardware requirements. Several components must be up-to-date in order for the

development to run smoothly. In addition to hardware requirements, it is imperative to

ensure that the software components, such as operating systems, programming

languages, and development tools, are also up-to-date to facilitate the seamless

execution of the development process.

Table 5.
Technology Stack
Categories Technology Stack

Front-End HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python

Back-End Django

Database PostgreSQL

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 The project's technology stack, presented in a table, comprises front-end elements

such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Python. These components play a key role in

crafting dynamic, visually appealing web pages. Their flexibility enhances the efficiency

and utility of web development, with ReactJS particularly valuable for creating reusable

components that enhance the user experience.

Database

PostgreSQL stands out as a leading relational database system favored for its advanced

features and open-source nature, making it an ideal choice for enterprise-level

applications. Renowned for its robustness and reliability, PostgreSQL offers

comprehensive support for SQL queries, ensuring compatibility with established database

management practices. However, what sets PostgreSQL apart is its versatility in handling

semi-structured data through support for JSON queries. This flexibility enables

developers to efficiently manage diverse data types, making it particularly well-suited for

modern applications requiring agile data handling capabilities.

Subscriptions

As the project is a web-based portal, web hosting is essential for its online

presence. Vercel subscription is essential for hosting a web-based portal project,

ensuring its online presence. Vercel provides a user-friendly platform with features like

automatic deployment and scalable infrastructure, simplifying hosting management for

developers. By leveraging Vercel, project stakeholders can focus on enhancing their

73
portal without worrying about complex hosting configurations, ensuring reliable

performance and user experience.

Hardware for Development

In application development, hardware requirements play a vital role in ensuring

the program's functionality. These requirements pertain to the specific components

necessary for the software's proper operation. It's essential to maintain up-to-date and

compatible hardware to facilitate a smooth development process. Thorough

understanding of the hardware requirements allows developers to optimize the

application's performance, ensuring that it can effectively leverage the capabilities of the

underlying hardware infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and user experience.

Table 6.
Hardware
Components Minimum Requirements

Random Access Memory (RAM) 4gb

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Intel i3 and above

Hard Drive 128gb storage

The table outlines the minimum development requirements for the proposed project,

including specifications such as 4 GB of RAM, an Intel i3 CPU, and a 128 GB hard drive

capacity, to ensure effective multitasking, smooth execution, and adequate storage

capacity respectively. These hardware specifications are crucial for supporting the

development process and maintaining optimal performance throughout the project

lifecycle.

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Testing

Figure 12.
Testing

What Testing and Evaluation would be used?

The Web-based Monitoring System for the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Council in Ibaan, Batangas is a web-based platform designed to offer the

municipality with its constituents an information and reporting platform about disaster.

Barangay can access elements such as climate, typhoon, weather details, earthquake,

flood, landslide informations and including incident reports in their community through

monitoring system. While, admin can provide announcement and reports about disaster

information. To ensure that the system fulfills the specified quality standards, a rigorous

testing and assessment process using the ISO 9126 standard is required.

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ISO 9216 has six different components which would be used to determine the quality of

the system. The following are:

Functionality

This evaluation assesses the system's proper operation, encompassing

examinations of features such as timetable access, grade retrieval, and academic

information availability. It is a crucial process to identify and rectify any system errors or

issues effectively.

Through meticulous scrutiny, the system ensured that the digital repository

transcended labyrinthine complexities, emerging as an illuminated pathway to

enlightenment. Their close examination affirmed that the system, beyond being a mere

ledger of scores, functioned as a conduit for acknowledging and applauding academic

achievements. By fostering a symbiotic relationship, it facilitated seamless access to

courses, syllabi, and collective academic expertise, thereby enriching the user experience.

Reliability

As part of its never-ending quest for operational excellence, the evaluation keeps

an eye out to make sure the system operates reliably and is always available. This critical

stage consists of a thorough analysis that is similar to a stress test and determines how

well the system can withstand high traffic and a spike in requests.

The narrative evolves as a strategic endeavor to both enhance and safeguard the

system's stability, serving as a resilient barrier against unexpected outages or

76
malfunctions. Every check turns into a turning point in the story, showing that the system

is more than just a digital object rather, it is a dynamic force that is able to withstand the

ups and downs of virtual traffic while remaining steadfast in its dedication to ongoing

functionality and dependability, in which the system proves to be a pillar of strength amid

the constantly changing demands of technology.

Usability

Usability testing focuses on ensuring the Online Student Portal's user-friendliness

and ease of navigation. The evaluation concentrates on the user interface to verify its

intuitiveness. The primary goal is to enable students to access information effortlessly

and without confusion. the context of usability testing, with an emphasis on the Online

Student Portal's ease of use and navigation as the means of achieving the best possible

user experience. Through careful examination of each component, this assessment

process turns into a purposeful investigation of the user interface, a canvas where each

element's intuitiveness is confirmed. The main objective of this story is to provide

students with clear and easy access to knowledge. Every test is an intentional engagement

with the online environment that guarantees the portal does more than just work; it

represents a user-centered design.

Efficiency

In the context of efficiency testing, the story develops as a methodical

investigation guaranteeing the highest level of system performance. This evaluative phase

77
zeroes in on the system's speed and reaction times, displaying a concerted attempt to

maintain a seamless and rapid response devoid of delays or lags. Every test that is run

turns into an important chapter, proving the system's commitment to not just working but

also thriving in the field of quick and effective solutions.

Maintainability

This assessment checks the system's ease of maintenance and adaptability to

platform changes and updates without compromising performance or stability. As the

assessment unfolds, the system's resilience takes center stage, demonstrating its capacity

to endure platform changes and adapt to them without compromising its steadfast

performance and stability. Similar to navigating the chapters of a technological saga, this

evaluative journey embarks on a purposeful exploration, delving into the system's

adeptness at efficiently incorporating updates while preserving its stability and core

functionality.

At each pivotal juncture in this narrative, the significance lies in the system's

commitment to ongoing growth and operation, ensuring its role as a dynamic force adept

at navigating the swiftly evolving landscape of technical advancements.

Portability

Portability testing encompasses testing the system across various browsers,

operating systems, and devices. It ensures that students can access and use the system

seamlessly from different platforms and devices. This testing phase is crucial to

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guarantee a consistent and user-friendly experience, regardless of the diverse

technological environments user may use to access the system,

A journey that explores the complex testing of the system on a range of browsers,

devices, and operating systems presents a calculated attempt to determine the system's

flexibility and smooth operation on multiple platforms. Every exam in this story becomes

a chapter, examining how the system works across technology divides to make sure

students can use and access it without difficulty, no matter what browser, operating

system, or device they use. Like designers of a technological epic, the assessors

painstakingly weave a tale in which the system seems not only as a contained entity but

also as an adaptable and durable solution, able to deliver a dependable and user-friendly

experience throughout the diverse array of digital platform environments.

Testing Procedures

Usability Testing. Usability testing assesses the user's satisfaction with the

system, focusing on performance and efficiency. This evaluation is pivotal for

researchers as it identifies potential gaps and areas for improvement based on user

feedback, enabling necessary adjustments to ensure an optimal user experience.

Efficiency Testing. Efficiency testing aims to evaluate the system's performance

concerning runtime and user experience while navigating the system. This test provides

insights into system performance and identifies areas requiring enhancements to improve

the overall user experience.

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 Reliability Testing. Reliability testing assesses the system's adaptability and

flexibility across diverse environments and challenges. The results affirm the system's

reliability and versatility, demonstrating its capability to withstand various circumstances.

Functionality Testing. Functionality testing examines the system's ability to

perform functions as initiated by the end user. It focuses on whether the system can

deliver the expected output when specific functions are executed, ensuring that it aligns

with user requirements and actions. This form of testing is essential to the user

experience since it ensures that the system operates as intended, allowing for a smooth

and intuitive interface while also ensuring that the system operates as intended.

Data Gathering

The collecting, arrangement, and analysis of material aligned with the project's

objectives is a vital aspect in the construction of a capstone project. This procedure

comprises identifying numerous data sources and deciding on the best data gathering

methods. The data acquired acts as the foundation for educated decision-making and

suggestions. The researcher performed an interview with the project's customer in order

to acquire critical insights for the proposed project. The information acquired includes the

precise functionality and features needed by the customer in the system. On April 26,

2023, an interview was held at the Municipal of Ibaan, Batangas offering a crucial source

of project-related information.

Deployment

The deployment phase marks the conclusion of system development and

encompasses the application's deployment and maintenance strategy. Once the system

development is finalized, the initial step is deployment, involving essential client

80
interaction as well as the involvement of admins and barangay personnel responsible for

system management. Consequently, training sessions and tutorials are conducted to

guarantee the system's error-free operation. This phase plays a pivotal role in ensuring a

seamless transition to the operational stage.

Figure 13.
Deployment

Figure 13 is on how intricate our strategic approach is. After the system is

completed with development, it goes through a rigorous quality assurance inspection as

the following step in its journey. This critical phase acts as the application's sentinel,

guaranteeing its flawless operation and proactively addressing any possible problems that

might occur when using it. As the quality assurance stage acts as a watchful gatekeeper,

the story advances to the critical point at which the system is declared ready for use.

When the curtains rise, the target audience—the MDRRMCO Staff and the Barangays—

is revealed, ready to enter the domain of this creative solution.

System Deployment

A System Deployment is a comprehensive implementation approach that takes

into account people, procedures, and technological infrastructure. It comprises a series of

relatively easy yet difficult operations.

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Figure 14.
System Deployment

Depending on the magnitude of the project, system deployment might take

anything from a few days to many months. As illustrated in Figure 14, the data obtained

through formal interviews with the client is transferred to a suitable device that meets

system criteria. Following the transfer, the data is thoroughly reviewed and sculpted into

a solution that meets the goals of the client, including the production of visible and

accessible features for end-users once the web-based portal is live.

The finished project output is hosted online, allowing MDRRMC Office

personnel, Barangay Officials, and the organization's jurisdiction to view it. Following

hosting, end users can do their planned tasks, such as creating reports, making

announcements, and sharing updates. Each stage in this procedure is critical to the

effective deployment and operation of the system.

Maintenance Plan

Effective system maintenance is vital for its smooth operation. It's an ongoing

process involving regular upgrades and updates to enhance functionality, providing an

improved user experience and staying competitive. Timely correction of any emerging

flaws or errors is crucial to system sustainability. Moreover, user feedback serves as a

82
valuable resource for suggesting new features and improvements that can be seamlessly

integrated while maintaining user-friendliness. Should new project requirements arise,

the Organization can freely propose and implement updates and additions without

compromising system functionality, ultimately enhancing the overall user experience.

Risk Management Plan

Throughout the development and post-implementation phases, the system is

vulnerable to faults and obstacles caused by both unanticipated and predicted hazards.

Risk includes the possibility of internal and external difficulties disrupting operations

both before and after an incident. Risks are not limited to software; they may also arise in

hardware usage.

As a result, project researchers have painstakingly discovered and specified

possible vulnerabilities from system construction to client handover. This strategy

educates clients on how to respond to specific hazards by providing a thorough guide to

solutions and preventative actions, creating trust in a well-prepared approach to avoiding

possible complications.

The researchers discovered the following risks:

● Connection Disruption

● Failure of Hardware

● Failure of Software

● Incompatibility

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 ● Unfamiliarity

● System problem

Risk Management Process

As already mentioned, risks are an inevitable part of any project, but this doesn't

mean that we are powerless in the face of adversity or that we lack options. In this

section, we will provide a visual representation of the comprehensive analysis, study, and

understanding of these risks. The project's researchers have also formulated strategies for

preventing, managing, and resolving potential issues, ensuring the system's optimal

effectiveness and efficiency.

Table 7.
Risk Management Process
Risk Risk Category Risk Planning Strategy

Connection Disruption Medium Mobile data accesses the internet via your cellular
network, and hotspots may be setup using your
smartphone or a separate device.

Failure of Hardware Medium Ensure the device's quality and specs. If the device is
out of date and no longer meets its requirements,
consider upgrading to a more competent device for a
better internet experience.

Failure of Software Medium It is critical to keep the device's operating system,

software, and apps up to date in order to preserve
security and performance.

Incompatibility Low Test the systems on various devices to find and correct
any problems.

Unfamiliarity Medium The developer will cater all the information needed by
the Municipality including its barangay

System Problem High Regular system maintenance may avoid slow

performance and connectivity issues, ensuring your
system performs optimally.

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 Table 7 depicts the risk management process, which includes the discovered

hazards, their categorization, and the appropriate actions linked with them. additionally

outlining the relevant activities that are closely linked to each other, offering a strategic

road map for overcoming any obstacles that may arise during the project.

Review of Risk Issues

It is critical to establish a systematic procedure for continuous risk management

after identifying possible hazards related to the system's development and suggesting

options for resolution. The goal of this evaluation is to improve risk management and

keep a close eye on the highlighted hazards. This method includes assessing risks and

adopting suitable remedies to limit their effect and possibility of recurrence. It guarantees

that the project stays on schedule and that risks are actively addressed throughout the

duration of the project.

Risk Monitoring

Risk assessment is a continuous process that includes periodical risk assessments

driven by unforeseen difficulties or changes in the system, even if they were not present

at the time of its initial deployment. Every incident that has the potential to undermine the

system should be properly documented, since a single omission might be disastrous for

the organization, not only helps to detect possible threats but also essential for developing

and implementing countermeasures, especially in the crucial areas of information security

and assurance. This study is essential not just for detecting hazards, but also for creating

85
and executing countermeasures, especially in the context of information assurance and

security.

Risk Reporting

Risk reporting analyzes the present state of a system's risk management concerns

and outlines potential solutions to resolve them. It is an important component that project

associates must focus on if the updates are to be more successful. risk reporting provides

stakeholders with valuable insights into the current risk landscape, enabling informed

decision-making and proactive measures to mitigate potential challenges. Regular and

transparent communication through risk reporting fosters a collaborative environment,

enhancing the project's overall resilience and adaptability to changing circumstances.

Risk Categories

Identifying and classifying risks, including analyzing their severity, probability,

and impact level, is a critical step in minimizing possible system and user hazards. This

analytical depth enables the creation of contingency plans in advance, guaranteeing

successful risk management. Organizations can build backup plans ahead of time by

anticipating and assessing the risks' degree, likelihood, and impact. This proactive

method guarantees a strong foundation for effective risk management, where possible

risks to the system and users are not only recognized but also carefully addressed,

strengthening the system's overall resilience.

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Table 8.
Risk Categories
Risk Risk Severity Risk Likelihood Risk Level

Connection Disruption Intolerable Possible Medium

Failure of Hardware Undesirable Possible Medium

Failure of Software Undesirable Possible Medium

Incompatibility Undesirable Possible Low

Unfamiliarity Tolerable Possible Low

System Problem Intolerable Possible High

Table 8 serves as a foundation for the risk management process, providing

researchers with critical insights into prospective risks and their related severity and

probability. By methodically recording these characteristics, the table provides a

thorough perspective of hazards, allowing stakeholders to properly allocate resources and

adopt tailored mitigation strategies. This organized method promotes proactive risk

management, which ultimately improves project resilience and reduces possible

disruptions throughout its life cycle.

Risk Assessment Matrix

The matrix for risk assessment will display the risk rating key or the possibility of

something negative to occur. Each criterion is carefully weighted throughout a range of

low, medium, high, and extreme acceptability, from the acceptable and bearable to the

undesired and unacceptable. This thorough risk matrix serves as both a strategic roadmap

and a visual aid, giving stakeholders a sophisticated comprehension of the complex

relationship between probability and effect. This facilitates well-informed decision-

87
making and focused risk-reduction tactics. As well as the impact/effect it can throw once

an event’s uncalled for, criteria range from acceptable, tolerable, undesirable and

intolerable, weighted by low, medium, high and extreme.

Table 9
Risk Assessment Matrix
Risk Rating Key Acceptable Tolerable Undesirable Intolerable

Improbable Low Medium Medium High

Possible Low Medium High Extreme

Probable Medium High High Extreme

Table 9 is an essential instrument for assessing the likelihood and possible effect

of system risks. It uses a complete matrix to methodically examine numerous hazards that

the system may face, offering a quantitative evaluation of their likelihood and possible

impact. This matrix not only identifies possible hazards, but it also provides information

about the degree of each risk, which may help prioritize mitigation measures. By

graphically mapping the landscape of potential hazards, stakeholders have a better

knowledge of the threats to the system, allowing for more informed decision-making and

proactive risk management. Table 9's organized approach improves the project's capacity

to identify and solve possible issues, adding to overall resilience and success.

Risk Mitigation Matrix

Following the risk assessment, it is simply essential to determine what the

mitigation strategy should be using a risk mitigation matrix. The post-assessment stage

becomes crucial when we move from identifying possible hazards to developing effective

88
mitigation plans. This crucial stage is made easier by applying a painstakingly created

risk mitigation matrix, a tool that directs us in choosing the best approaches to mitigate

and deal with the risks that have been identified. This thoughtful analysis will be

graphically represented below, giving stakeholders a clear and strategic road map for risk

mitigation and guaranteeing the project's resilience in the face of unforeseen

circumstances. Simplifying this critical stage is the carefully crafted risk mitigation

matrix, a tool designed to guide the selection of optimal approaches for mitigating

identified risks.

Table 10.
Risk Mitigation Matrix
Risk Matrix

Section Impacted

Low Medium High Extreme

Low N D C A
Likelihood
Medium D C B A

High C B A A

Table 10 displays the risk mitigation matrix utilized by the researchers. It covers

the many areas of its influence, as previously mentioned: Low, Medium, High, and

Extreme and its probability might range from low to medium to high. Aside from

displaying these classifications, the table clarifies the significance of each grade,

explaining its meanings and effects. Furthermore, it delineates the complex interplay

between influence and likelihood, providing a deeper view of risk dynamics within the

matrix framework. It acts as a guiding tool for describing the complex intersections

89
between these parameters, assisting in the identification, assessment, and prioritization of

mitigation methods. Its comprehensive approach enables informed decision-making and

ensures that resources are deployed efficiently to manage risks according to their

potential impact. In short, Table 10 enables researchers to traverse the complexity of risk

management with accuracy and confidence, therefore increasing the project's resilience

and success.

Table 11.
Risk Mitigation based upon Grade
Grade Possible Action

A Mitigation strategies to reduce both likelihood and

severity must be identified and implemented as a
priority at the outset of the project.

B Throughout the project, mitigation actions to

reduce both likelihood and severity will be
identified and implemented.

C Mitigation steps that reduce both the chance and

severity are to be identified, and the cost of
potential action should fund permit execution.

D Risk will be identified, but no action will be

taken unless the possibility of such an occurrence
grows.

N Risk will be identified, but no action will be

taken unless the possibility of such an occurrence
grows.

Table 11 serves as a comprehensive guide emphasizing the importance of

proactively identifying and implementing strategies from the project's initiation to

minimize the likelihood and severity of potential issues. It underscores the continuous

nature of risk mitigation efforts throughout the project's progression, with a specific

90
focus on cost-effectiveness. Each entry in the table signifies a meticulous analysis of

associated risks and the corresponding action plans formulated for effective risk

management.

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter contains the project's findings and discussions, final layout and

system features, and data interpretation for the "A Web-based Monitoring System for

Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council for the Municipality of Ibaan,

Batangas." The outcomes of the provided objectives were consolidated and listed

accordingly.

Figure 15.
Add Report

In Figure 15, the newly developed web-based module for the Municipality of

Ibaan enables MDRRMC staff to distribute and manage essential information submitted

by barangays about event details caused by both natural and man-made disasters. The

MDRRMC staff acquired the opportunity to simplify the flow of information with a

91
simple interface, ensuring that data is submitted quickly and properly. The technology

streamlined the process of acquiring event information, boosting the Municipality's

ability to react to crises quickly and efficiently. The administrator played a key role in

organizing resources and reactions via this platform, eventually contributing to a more

robust and resilient disaster management framework for the Municipality of Ibaan.

Figure 16.
New Reports

This figure shows a comprehensive repository for documenting the rich history of

natural and man-made occurrences that is available to both Municipal Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Council (MDRRMC) officials and Barangay staff. This

collaborative tool enables authorized people to methodically collect and store critical

catastrophe data. The module supports rapid data input, ensuring that historical incident

records are reliably documented, with user-friendly interfaces customized for both

MDRRMC staff and Barangay staff. This excellent resource allows in-depth trend

92
analysis, risk assessment, and the creation of tailored resilience strategies, boosting the

Municipality of Ibaan's overall readiness and response capabilities.

Figure 17.
Data Report

The figure 17 shows how incident response is revolutionized by accurately

locating the exact site of incidents, which is available to both Municipal Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Council (MDRRMC) staff and Barangay staff. This module,

featuring a user-friendly interface, not only enables staff to manually input location data

but also has an interactive map function. Users may target and mark the precise area on

the map with ease, offering a visual and accurate representation of the incident site. This

dynamic feature greatly accelerates response times, allowing MDRRMC and staff

members to deploy resources to affected areas quickly and effectively. Incorporation of

93
real-time geographical awareness improves the Municipality's crisis response capabilities,

guaranteeing a focused and effective disaster management strategy.

Figure 18.
Incident Reports

Figure 18 shows the accessibility from Barangay staff to MDRRMC staff reports.

All contingency plans and emergencies files compiled during the incident occur, the

report was recorded in the report section and notified in the notification in the reports.

Each report has a location where the incident happens. The role of the filter is the

selection of barangay and the date submitted the reports. The MDRRMC staff was the

only one who had access to the files for municipality purposes.

94
Figure 19.
Typhoon Reports

Figure 19 illustrates an efficient system for reporting specific types of typhoons,

offering users a seamless experience. Upon selecting the designated typhoon indicator,

users are directed to a dedicated page housing a comprehensive database with detailed

information about the reported typhoon, including affected barangays, report dates, and

submission timestamps. The platform's cohesive design allows users to not only gain a

holistic understanding of the reported typhoon but also to organize the information

effectively. With sorting capabilities, users can refine and manage the extensive array of

95
reports, empowering them to navigate and comprehend typhoon-related data more

efficiently.

Figure 20.
Landslide Report

Figure 20 illustrates the landslide reports, which is a component of the web

application that users can see the additional of the specified reports. This information is

essential for alerting communities or barangay at risk, enabling them to take necessary

precautions to protect themselves. Landslide reports help in assessing the potential risk of

96
landslides in specific areas, which were the data being compared year after year to have a

prevention in different prone areas.

Figure 21.
New Reports

This figure shows New Barangay Reports, displaying the pulse of real-time

community interaction. The table, active with the latest changes, conveys the essence of

emerging events. Each post gives an accurate representation of the changing

environment, precisely documented with the date reported, time recorded, and originating

Barangay.

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 This visual module not only depicts the Barangays' proactivity, but it also acts as a

dynamic instrument for responsive government, symbolizing the dedication to addressing

and reacting to the community's ever-changing needs

Figure 22.
Report Module

Capturing crucial facts, including date, time, and reporting barangay. It is located

in the admin page, wherein the action of the admin sets the status if the report is

responded or declined. The module facilitates rapid reactions by ensuring efficient

communication and coordination between users and authorities for successful flood

control, by providing a thorough synopsis of what happened.

98
 By utilizing a function, users can express the events as they happen, adding

informative photos to their reports to enhance awareness. It streamlines the reporting

process and allows users to communicate critical information through a user-friendly

interface. It makes sure that vital information is shared quickly and efficiently for

coordinated flood control operations by combining narrative descriptions, photographic

proof, and map-based locating.

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This section of the paper presents the summary of discoveries, conclusions, and

recommendations made by the researchers throughout the process of designing and

developing the Web-based Monitoring System for Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Council for the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas

Summary of Findings

The study revealed a comprehensive assessment of the system implementation of

the Web-based Monitoring System for the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Council in Ibaan, Batangas. The system provided the MDRRMC with a

trustworthy and efficient tool for monitoring and maintaining barangay-level contingency

plans, as well as coordinating emergency responses. Using this approach, the MDRRMC

could increase the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas' disaster resilience while also ensuring

the safety and welfare of its inhabitants. The following findings were derived by the

researchers:

 A Web-based module for the Municipality of Ibaan that delivers the information

reported by the barangay about the incident detailed caused by natural disasters

has been provided.

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  A module that is available to the user that records the history of natural incidents

has been provided.

 A module that is available to the user that determines the exact location of the

occurrence in order to respond quickly.

 A module that is available to the user reports during and after contingency plans

and emergencies.

The system helped in responding to natural disasters and other emergencies by

providing an accurate and real-time monitoring system, as well as improving the

accuracy and efficiency of disaster risk assessment by providing timely and reliable

information on potential hazards, vulnerability, and risk exposure in Barangays of Ibaan,

Batangas.

Conclusion

The following conclusions were considered in the given information:

During the user functionality testing phase, the research team thoroughly evaluated

the performance of the Web-based Monitoring System module in terms of its intended

features. The test scenarios included all essential features of user interactions and

accessibility for both regular users and administrators. Surprisingly, the Web-based

Monitoring System module satisfied all functionality requirements with remarkable

accuracy. According to the results summary, the module's multiple interfaces, such as

101
Data Collection, Incident Reporting, Notifications, and Stakeholder Communication, not

only met but frequently surpassed the expected objectives.

The system module's capabilities for meeting administrator needs were conducted

during admin capabilities testing. The Home Page offered a comprehensive overview of

the system's operations, while the Login Page ensured secure access to administrator

accounts. MDRRMCO Staff were able to effortlessly view various report types such as

natural or situational reports and man-made which is incident reports. This module

effectively addressed the specific requirements of administrator staff, facilitating their

tasks in managing disaster risk-related information

Recommendations

Upon evaluating the findings and drawing conclusions, the following

recommendations for the system were taken into account:

1. Securing the safety of all barangays regarding the social accounts by

means of double security where the account should be backed-up

with much stronger password together with the phone number to

receive codes.

2. Provide government beneficiaries that can collaborate with the

barangay as a report representative to gather and unroll data.

3. Amplify the implemented system throughout collaboration.

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 4. A function that collaborates with authorities such as the police

department, hospital department etc. as an admin with selected

features.

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APPENDICES

109
 APPENDIX A

SCHEDULE AND TIMELINE

The sequence of events is depicted in the image below, together with the

associated data such as relevant times, durations, and parties participating in the specific

activity. Assigning tasks using this graph. It was made possible to have several members.

It includes a detailed timetable and timeline for the whole project. Analysis, designs,

development, testing, and implementation are all part of the process.

Figure 23.
Schedule and Timeline

The table above was completed during an eight-month period. The task's time/days

were measured in calendar days, and the table's filled-in boxes reflected how many days

were spent on each activity, from early planning to final deployment, demonstrating the

project phases' sequential character. It gave a visual depiction of the project's progress

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and assisted the project team and stakeholders in meeting project objectives and

deadlines.

APPENDIX B

PROJECT TEAM AND RESPONSIBILITIES

This project's lead programmer, assistant programmer, data gatherer, and research

team comprised teams that test software development. The table below detailed the exact

tasks that each team member is expected to do. The crucial role of the research team is to

provide valuable insights, identify best practices, and suggest innovative solutions to

enhance the software testing process. Overall, each team member's contributions are vital

for the project's successful completion, and fostering a collaborative environment is

essential for maximizing efficiency and achieving project goals.

Project Leader

The project leader acts as a link between the client's requirements and the project

team, ensuring that the system under development satisfies the client's demands. The

project manager enlists the team, satisfying their requirements and creating a positive

work environment. This collaborative approach provides clear communication, alignment

with project objectives, and successful project completion.

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Lead Programmer

Programmer who oversees and coordinates the technical parts of a software

development project is known as a lead programmer. This position often entails leading a

team of programmers, establishing project goals and priorities, making technical choices,

and ensuring that software is created efficiently and successfully. Lead programmers are

frequently involved in architectural design, code review, and debugging sophisticated

technical issues.

Assistant Programmer

They are responsible for assisting with different parts of software development

initiatives. Assistant programmers are frequently assigned duties like as debugging,

documentation, and rudimentary coding, As they gain experience and knowledge,

assistant programmers can progress to more senior positions within the development

team.

Data Gatherer

Collects and aggregates data from multiple sources. This might include performing

research, questionnaires, or interviews, as well as using automated data gathering

technologies. Data collectors guarantee that the information they collect is correct,

relevant, and timely, as this information is frequently utilized for analysis, decision-

making, and reporting in a variety of sectors.

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UI Designer

A crucial member of the software development team responsible for designing the

visual layout and elements of digital interfaces. They utilize design tools and principles to

craft interfaces that effectively communicate information and guide users through the

software's functionalities.

Quality Assurance Tester

The major role is to carry out extensive testing methods to detect any problems,

errors, or inconsistencies in the program. Quality assurance testers use a variety of testing

methodologies, including manual testing, automated testing, and regression testing, to

evaluate software against set quality requirements. Identifying and resolving faults early

in the development cycle improves the overall quality and stability of the program.

Document Writer

They are responsible for creating and maintaining documentation related to

software projects. This includes writing user manuals, technical specifications, API

documentation, release notes, and other instructional materials.

UX Designer

A UX (User Experience) Designer works to analyze and improve individuals'

entire experiences while dealing with digital goods or services. They do user research,

assess user feedback, and provide design solutions that focus on usability, accessibility,

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and satisfaction. By applying user-centered design concepts and performing usability

testing, UX Designers help to create software solutions that provide pleasant and

memorable user experiences.

Table 12.
Project Team and Responsibilities
RESEARCHERS RESPONSIBILITY DETAILS
Catibog, Jomhar Kelly Project Leader, Address: Brgy. 24 Batangas
Lead Programmer, City
Data Gatherer, Contact Number:
UI Designer, 09184240316
Quality Assurance Tester
Forlaje, Miles G. Assistant Programmer, Address: Brgy. Tulay, Ibaan
UX Designer, Batangas
Data Gatherer, Contact Number:
Document Writer 0945671869
Quijano, Laurence Document Writer, Address: Brgy. Matala Ibaan,
Data Gatherer, Batangas
Quality Assurance Tester Contact Number:
09686205312

Table 12 serves as a comprehensive directory, listing the names, positions, and

contact details of system analysts and researchers responsible for system integration.

With clear information on each individual's role and contact information, the table

streamlines communication and facilitates efficient coordination within the project team.

This centralized resource enhances organizational efficiency and supports effective

project management, ensuring smooth execution of system integration tasks.

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 APPENDIX C

BUDGET COST MANAGEMENT PLAN

The following table specifies the facilities and equipment required for the project's

development. Plan for Budgeted Cost Management. The table also offers a thorough

summary of the resources required to build the system.

Table 13.
Budget Cost Management Plan
Facility Address Monthly Rent Total Rent
(Home) Batangas City Free Free
Catibog, Jomhar
Kelly
(Home) Batangas City Free Free
Forlaje, Miles G.
(Home) Batangas City Free Free
Quijano, Laurence

The budget cost management approach is shown in the table Budget Cost

Management Plan. All that is included is the cost of using the facility, which includes the

researchers' houses as well as their laptop computers and internet connections. The goal

of this cost management method is to keep a tight grip on the costs spent while carrying

out the project.

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 APPENDIX D

RELEVANT SOURCE CODE

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{% load static %}

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<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js"
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<h1 style="font-weight: 700;">BARANGAY REPORTS</h1>

</div>

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<table class="table table-bordered">

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<script>

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window.jsPDF = window.jspdf.jsPDF;

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 }

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filterReportsByDate(selectedDate);

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 }

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const reportId = $(this).data("report-id");

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respondent_name: $(this).data("respondent-name")

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 };

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 ["Status", selectedReport.response_status],

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 var imgWidth = 100;

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let marker;

function displayReportDetails(reportId) {

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return;

$.ajax({

url: "{% url 'get_report_details' %}",

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 method: "GET",

data: { report_id: reportId },

dataType: "json",

success: function (data) {

const formattedDate = formatDateString(data.date_reported);

const formattedTime = formatTimeString(data.time_reported);

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$("#modalStatus").text(data.response_status);

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var lat = data.latitude;

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var map = L.map('map').setView([lat, lng], 13);

L.tileLayer('https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png', {

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 attribution: 'Map data © <a
href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/">OpenStreetMap</a> contributors'

}).addTo(map);

var marker = L.marker([lat, lng]).addTo(map);

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$(document).ready(function () {

var paginationData = null;

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function loadAllReports(page) {

$.ajax({

url: "{% url 'get_all_reports' %}",

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dataType: "json",

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 }

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 ariaHidden: "true",

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 return function () {

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currentPage = pageNumber;

generatePagination(currentPage, totalPages);

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ariaHidden: "true",

text: "Next",

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loadAllReports(nextPage);

135
 currentPage = nextPage;

generatePagination(currentPage, totalPages);

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const formattedTime = formatTimeString(report.time_reported);

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respondent-name="${report.respondent_name}" data-status="{{ report.response_status }}" data-
report-id="${report.id}" data-subject="${report.subject}" data-description="$
{report.description}" data-attachment="${report.attachment}" data-date-reported="$
{report.date_reported}">

<td>${report.subject}</td>

<td>${formattedDate}</td>

<td>${formattedTime}</td>

<td>${report.barangay}</td>

136
 <td>${report.response_status }</td>

</tr>`;

table.append(tableRow);

});

function formatDateString(dateString) {

const options = { year: 'numeric', month: 'long', day: 'numeric' };

const date = new Date(dateString);

return date.toLocaleDateString('en-US', options);

function formatTimeString(timeString) {

const options = { hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit' };

const time = new Date(`2000-01-01T${timeString}`);

return time.toLocaleTimeString('en-US', options);

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{latitude}&lon=${longitude}`;

fetch(apiUrl)

.then(response => response.json())

.then(data => {

const address = data.display_name;

console.log('adress', address)

$("#modalLocation").text(address);

})

137
 .catch(error => {

console.error('Error fetching address:', error);

});

$(document).ready(function() {

const urlParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);

const success = urlParams.get('success');

if (success === 'true') {

const alertContent = 'Report submitted successfully.';

const alertBox = `<div class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible fade show alert-fixed"

role="alert">${alertContent}

<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close">

<span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span>

</button>

</div>`;

$('#alert-container').html(alertBox);

setTimeout(function(){

$('.alert').alert('close');

}, 2000)

});

</script>

{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

138
 APPENDIX E

USER MANUAL

I. Login

1. First access to the website

2. Click Login button

3. Enter the username and password provided

4. Login Successfully

II. Reporting an Incident

1. After logging in and accessing the homepage Click Reports

2. Click Add New Reports

3. Select Subject of Incidents

4. Enter the Descriptions

5. Select Date of Report

6. Enter the Respondent’s Name

7. Upload Image Attachment for proof

8. Select the Location of the incident

9. Lastly, click Submit Report

III. Creating an Announcement

1. In the website, click the Announcement

139
2. Click Add Announcement

3. Enter the Subject

4. Provide the Description

5. Enter the Reported by

6. Select the Date

7. Choose which the barangay you wanted to view your report either a specific or in

general announcement for barangay

8. Click Send Announcement

IV. Viewing of Reported Incident

1. There are many options to view the Reports.

2. Click the Home button to view all the reports created by all the barangay.

3. Click the Reports

4. Enter the All Reports

5. Click the Specific Incident

V. Downloading of Report Incident

1. There are two ways to Download Reports

2. Access the website

140
3. Go to homepage

4. Click Export to PDF to download all the reports

5. Click the Reported Incident

6. Click export to PDF

141
 APPENDIX F

GRAMMARIAN CERTIFICATE

Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (043) 425-0139; 425-0143 local 2223
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstateu.edu.ph

CERTIFICATE OF EDITING

This is to certify that this thesis/dissertation entitled “A Web-based Monitoring

System for Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council for the
Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas” of Catibog, Jomhar Kelly, Forlaje, Miles G,
Quijano, Laurence in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Science in Information Technology Major in Service Management has been reviewed
and edited by the undersigned based on the minutes of the final defense. It now
follows the standard format of the university and conventions of research writing.

It now follows the standard format of the university and conventions of research
writing.

Grammarian

Date Signed: ___________

142
 APPENDIX G

BIONOTE

Jomhar Kelly A. Catibog is an ambitious and motivated 4th year Student currently

pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology with a specialization in front-

end and wireframe ideas. With a strong foundation in IT fundamentals, he is dedicated to

leveraging technology to address real-world challenges. He excels in problem-solving,

analytical thinking, teamwork, etc., and is eager to apply these skills to contribute to

innovative solutions within the IT industry. Throughout his academic journey, he has

demonstrated adaptability and a willingness to learn, positioning himself as a valuable

asset in an ever-evolving technological landscape. His capstone project aims to showcase

143
his ability to synthesize IT concepts, engage in strategic thinking, and deliver impactful

solutions with less direct programming or database expertise.

Laurence R. Quijano. He is now currently pursuing a Bachelor of Science in

Information Technology major in Service Management in Batangas State University –

The National Engineering University Alangilan Campus. He graduated from Teodoro M.

Luancing College of Rosario in Senior High School where he specialized in Science,

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. As a further benefit, he gained knowledge

and skills in critical thinking and problem solving. He collaborated with his co-

developers on the development of A Web-based Monitoring System for Municipal

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council for the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas as

a capstone project.

144
 Miles G. Forlaje. is now pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Information

Technology - Major is Service Management in the Batangas State University - The

National Engineering University Alangilan Campus. He graduated from STI College

Lipa in Senior High School where he specialized in Information Communication

Technology (ICT) As a side benefit for programming skills and obtained knowledge and

abilities, his area of interests is sports and travel. He collaborated with his co-developers

on the development of A Web-based Monitoring System for Municipal Disaster Risk

Reduction Management Council for the Municipality of Ibaan, Batangas as a capstone

project.

145
146