Math 10

Remainder, Factor, and

Rational Roots Theorems
 Schedule

Dec. 5, Tue Dec. 6, Wed Dec. 7, Thu

Discussion HW due, Practice Exercise

Discussion

Dec. 11, Mon Dec. 12, Tue Dec. 13, Wed

HW due, PMS & Recitation Long Test 2,
Seatwork Card due, Quiz Make-Up
 Homework #11

Answer pages 33 and 34 of your

Math 10 Workbook.
Due: December 11, Monday
 Reminders: Quiz #5 Reminders: LT #2
Topics: Topics:
Lesson 11: Introduction to Lesson 10: Equation of a Circle
Polynomial Functions, Synthetic Lesson 11: Introduction to
Division Polynomial Functions, Synthetic
Lesson 12: Remainder, Factor, and Division
Rational Roots Theorems Lesson 12: Remainder, Factor, and
Rational Roots Theorems

Bring: Bring:
Mongol pencil #2, pen, eraser, Mongol pencil #2, pen, eraser,
correction tape correction tape
 Objectives

01 List down all possible rational roots of a

polynomial function.

02 Determine all rational roots of a

polynomial function.

03 Write a polynomial function in complete

factored form.
 01
Roots/Zeroes of a
Polynomial Function
 Root/Zero of a Function

A root or zero of a function is a number that, when plugged

in for the variable, makes the function equal to zero.
Thus, the roots/zeroes of a polynomial P(x) are the values of
x such that P(x) = 0.

*If P(c) = 0, then c is a zero of P(x).

 Some Notes:
A polynomial can be written in expanded form or in factored form.
• A polynomial is in expanded form if it is written as sums and differences of
terms. 4 2
H(x) = x – 15x + 10x + 24
• A polynomial is in factored form* if it is written as a product of its factors. A
polynomial may have identical factors.
H(x) = (x2 – x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 4)
• A polynomial is in complete factored form if none of its factors can be
further factored.
H(x) = (x + 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 4)
• The product of all the factors in the factored form is equal to the expanded
form. H(x) = x4 – 15x2 + 10x + 24 = (x + 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 4)
 Some Notes:
A polynomial function will have exactly as many zeroes as its
degree.
To illustrate:
H(x) = x4 – 15x2 + 10x + 24 ⟹ degree: 4, H(x) has 4 roots/zeroes.
H(x) = (x + 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 4) ⟹ roots/zeroes: –1, 2, 3, and –4

J(x) = x6 – 3x4 + 2x3 ⟹ degree: 6, J(x) has 6 roots/zeroes.

J(x) = x3(x – 1)2(2x + 3) ⟹ roots/zeroes: 0 of multiplicity 3,
0 of multiplicity 3 means 1 of multiplicity 2, and
0 is considered as a root/zero 3 times. –3/2
 Example #9
Write the complete factored form of a polynomial function,
P(x), given its zeroes.
a. zeroes: 5, –3, and 8
P(x) = (x – 5)(x + 3)(x – 8)
1
b. zeroes: 2, –2 of multiplicity 3, and
4
P(x) = (x – 2)(x + 2)3(4x – 1)
 Some Notes:
A polynomial function may have rational roots, irrational roots,
or imaginary roots. In this lesson, we will focus on polynomials
with rational roots.
𝑷 𝒙 = (𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟒 + 𝟓𝒊)(𝒙 − 𝟒 − 𝟓𝒊)
1
zeroes: −3, , 2, − 2, 4 − 5𝑖, 4 + 5𝑖
2
rational zeroes
rational zeroes irrational zeroes
rational zeroes complex imaginary
rational zeroeszeroes

rational
real zeroes nonreal zeroes
zeroes
 02

Rational Roots Theorem

 Rational Roots Theorem

Given a function where

P is a factor of the constant term and
Q is a factor of the leading coefficient,
P
the possible rational roots of the function are of the form .
Q
 Example #10
Find all possible rational roots of R(x) = 3x5 – 4x3 – 12.
The values of P are the P: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12
factors of the constant, -12.
The values of Q are the factors Q: ±1, ±3
of the leading coefficient, 3.

List down all possible P 1 2 4

combinations of P/Q. : ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12, ± , ± , ±
Q 3 3 3
There are 18 possible rational roots of R(x).
 Example #11
A. Find all possible rational zeroes of A(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6.

P is a factor of the constant term, 6. P: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6

Q is a factor of the leading coefficient, 1. Q: ±1

Possible rational zeroes: P

: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6
Q
Which of these possible rational
There are 8 possible
zeroes are the zeroes of A(x)? rational roots of A(x).
 How to get the zeroes of a function?

Step 1: Use the Rational Roots Theorem to find all possible

rational roots of the function.
Step 2: Use synthetic division to evaluate a possible zero by
synthetically dividing the candidate into the polynomial.
If the remainder is zero, then the candidate is a zero. If
the remainder is not zero, discard the candidate.
Step 3: Repeat Step 2 using the quotient found with synthetic
division. If possible, continue until you have found all the
roots.
 Example #11
B. Find all the roots (zeroes) of A(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6.
From Example 11 A, the possible P
: ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6
rational zeroes are: Q
Use synthetic division to check which of these values are zeroes of the function.

Let’s try 1. 1 1 –4 1 6 Coefficients of A(x).

1 –3 –2
Complete the The remainder, A(1), is
1 –3 –2 4 not 0, this means 1 is
synthetic division.
NOT a zero of A(x).
We need to try the other values.
 Cont. Example #11
B. Find all the roots (zeroes) of A(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6.
From Example 11 A, the possible P
rational zeroes are: : ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6
Q
Note: You can decide which of the remaining values you want to test next. For illustration, let us try 2.

Let’s try 2. 2 1 –4 1 6 Coefficients of A(x).

2 –4 –6
The remainder A(2) = 0. Therefore,
Try 3 next. 3 1 –2 –3 0 2 is one of the zeroes of A(x).
3 3
Continue the synthetic The remainder is 0.
division to find the 1 1 0 Therefore, 3 is also a zero of A(x).
third zero.
 Cont. Example #11
B. Find all the roots (zeroes) of A(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6.
From Example 11 A, the possible !
rational zeroes are:
= ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6
"

The remainder is 0.
This time, try -1. -1 1 1 0 Therefore, 3 is also a zero of A(x).
-1
The remainder is 0. Therefore, -1 is also a
1 0 zero of A(x).

Thus, the zeroes of A(x) are 2, 3, and –1.

Complete factored form of A(x): A(x) = (x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 1)
 Example #12
If 3 and –1 are zeroes of B(x) = x4 – 6x2 – 8x – 3, what are the
other zeroes?
List down all the possible factors of P and Q. P: ±1, ±3 Q: ±1
List down all the possible rational roots first. P
: ±1, ±3
Q
• Note that the degree of B(x) is 4. Thus, it must have 4 zeroes.
• Since 3 and –1 are zeroes of B(x), we only have to determine two more
zeroes of B(x).
• Use continuous synthetic division at zeroes 3 and –1 to determine the other
zeroes of B(x).
 Cont. Example #12
If 3 and –1 are zeroes of B(x) = x4 – 6x2 – 8x – 3, what are the other
zeroes?
𝐏
Let’s have 3 = ±1, ±3
3 1 0 -6 -8 -3 𝐐
first.
3 9 9 3
This time, -1. -1 1 3 3 1 0 B(3) = 0, so 3 is a zero of B(x).
-1 -2 -1
Remainder = 0, so -1 is indeed a zero
1 2 1 0
of B(x).
x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
We have two remaining zeroes to solve for since the degree of B(x) is 4. The remaining
coefficients can be written as x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 which is equal to (x + 1)2 = 0.
 Cont. Example #12
If 3 and –1 are zeroes of B(x) = x4 – 6x2 – 8x – 3, what are the other
zeroes?
• We have two remaining zeroes to solve for since the degree of B(x) is 4. The
remaining coefficients can be written as x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 which is equal to
(x + 1)2 = 0.
• With (x + 1)2 , the other two zeroes then are -1 and -1.
• Therefore, the zeroes (or roots) of this polynomial function are: 3, -1, -1,
and -1 (or simply, -1 of multiplicity 3).

The zeroes of B(x) are 3, and –1 of multiplicity 3.

Complete factored form of B(x): B(x) = (x – 3)(x + 1)3
 Example #12 (Another solution)
𝐏
If 3 and –1 are zeroes of B(x) = x4 – 6x2 – 8x – 3, what are the other zeroes? = ±1, ±3
𝐐
Let’s try 3. 3 1 0 -6 -8 -3 Use the same coefficients, since we
have not found any of the roots yet.
Complete the
synthetic division.
3 9 9 3
This time, try -1. -1 1 3 3 1 0 B(3) = 0, so 3 is a root of B(x).

Continue synthetic -1 -2 -1
division.

Let’s try -1 again.

-1 1 2 1 0 Remainder = 0, so -1 is a root of B(x).

-1 -1
Let’s try -1 for the -1 1 1 0 Remainder is 0, so -1 is a repeated root!
third time.
-1
1 0 Remainder is again 0, so -1 is a root with multiplicity 3.
 Summary

1. When P(x) is divided by (x – c), the remainder is P(c).

2. If P(c) = 0, then (x – c) is a factor of P(x).
3. If P(c) = 0, then c is a root (or zero) of P(x).
4. If c is a root (or zero) of P(x), then (x – c) is a factor of P(x) and vice
versa.
5. P(x) will have exactly as many zeroes as its degree.
6. P(x) may have rational roots, irrational roots, or imaginary roots.
7. You can get the zeroes of a polynomial function using the Rational
Roots Theorem and synthetic division.
 03

For Practice…
 Example #13A
Completely factor out H(x) = 2x5 + 8x4 – 2x3 – 8x2.
• Sometimes, the terms in a polynomial function have common factors.

• In the case of H(x), its four terms has 2x2 as a common factor.

• Factor out 2x2. So H(x) in partial factored form is H(x) = 2x2(x3 + 4x2 – x – 4).

• Now, we need to get the factors of x3 + 4x2 – x – 4.

P
• Using the Rational Roots Theorem, the possible rational roots are =±1, ±2, ±4.
Q
• Let us start testing the values using synthetic division.
 Cont. Example #13A
Completely factor out H(x) = 2x5 + 8x4 – 2x3 – 8x2.
𝐏
We want the factors of x3 + 4x2 – x – 4. = ±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟒
𝐐
Using synthetic division,
Try 1! 1 1 4 -1 -4 List down the coefficients.
1 5 4
Next, try -1! -1 1 5 4 0 B(1) = 0, so 1 is a root!

-1 -4
B(-1) = 0, so -1 is a
Now, try -4! -4 1 4 0 root!
-4
1 0 B(-4) = 0, so -4 is a root!
 Cont. Example #13A

Completely factor out H(x) = 2x5 + 8x4 – 2x3 – 8x2.

We now know that the roots of x3 + 4x2 – x – 4 are 1, -1, and 4.

Therefore its factors are (x – 1), (x + 1), and (x – 4).

Substituting these to the partial factored form of H(x), we get:
H(x) = 2x2(x3 + 4x2 – x – 4)
H(x) = 2x2(x – 1)(x + 1)(x – 4) Complete factored form of H(x).
 Cont. Example #13B
What are the zeroes of H(x) = 2x5 + 8x4 – 2x3 – 8x2?
From Example 13A, we know that the complete factored form of H(x) is:
H(x) = 2x2(x – 1)(x + 1)(x – 4) ⟹ H(x) = (2x)(x)(x – 1)(x + 1)(x – 4)
Apply the Zero Product Property to get the zeroes, that is, equate
each factor to zero then solve for x.
2x = 0 x= 0 x–1 =0 x+1 =0 x–4 =0
x= 0 x=1 x=–1 x=4

The zeroes of H(x) are 0 of multiplicity 2, 1, -1, and 4.

 Example #14
Is 1 a zero of f(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 – 16x2 + 14x – 3?
If yes, show the solution and find the other zeroes of f(x).
Applying the Rational Roots Theorem, 𝐏 𝟏 Notice that 1 is a
= ±𝟏, ±𝟑, ±
the possible rational zeroes of f(x) are: 𝐐 𝟑 possible rational zero.

To check if it is indeed a zero of f(x), use synthetic division.

Test value, 1 1 3 2 -16 14 -3 Coefficients of f(x)

3 5 -11 3
3 5 -11 3 0 The remainder is 0.

Yes, 1 is a zero of f(x).

 Cont. Example #14
Is 1 a zero of f(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 – 16x2 + 14x – 3?
If yes, show the solution and find the other zeroes of f(x).
Applying the Rational Roots Theorem, 𝐏 𝟏
= ±𝟏, ±𝟑, ±
the possible rational zeroes of f(x) are: 𝐐 𝟑
To find the other zeroes of f(x), continue the synthetic division.
1 3 2 -16 14 -3
3 5 -11 3
Check if -3 is a zero. -3 3 5 -11 3 0 The remainder is 0, 1 is a zero of f(x).
-9 12 -3
3 -4 1 0 The remainder is 0, -3 is a zero of f(x).
 Cont. Example #14
Is 1 a zero of f(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 – 16x2 + 14x – 3?
If yes, show the solution and find the other zeroes of f(x).
-3 3 5 -11 3
-9 12 -3
Check if 1 is a
1 3 -4 1 0 The remainder is 0, -3 is a zero of f(x).
repeated zero.
3 -1
Check if 1/3 is a R = 0, thus, 1 is a zero of multiplicity 2.
1/3 3 -1 0
zero.
1
3 0 R = 0, thus, 1/3 is a zero of f(x).

The zeroes of f(x) are 1 of multiplicity 2, -3, and 1/3 .

 03

Try These Exercises

 Try These…
A. Find all possible rational roots of P(x) = x4 – x2 + 4.
 Try These…

B. Determine the zeroes of the following functions:

1) f(x) = (2x – 5)5 (x + 6)2

2) f(x) = x3 + 10x2 + 25x
3) f(x) = x4 + 3x3 + x2 – 3x – 2
4) f(x) = 3x5 + 5x4 – 11x3 – 9x2 + 16x – 4
 Answers to Try These…
A. Find all possible rational roots of P(x) = x4 – x2 + 4.
Using the Rational Roots Theorem, let us list down the values for P and Q first.
We also consider the
The values of P are the factors P = 1, 2, 4, -1, -2, -4 negative factors of 4.
of the constant, 4.
Same with P, we also consider the
The values of Q are the factors of Q = 1, -1 negative factor of 1.
the leading coefficient, 1.

𝐏 Simplify the values. If there

List down all possible 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 "𝟏 "𝟏 "𝟐 "𝟐 "𝟒 "𝟒
combinations of P/Q. = 𝟏, "𝟏, 𝟏, "𝟏, 𝟏, "𝟏 , 𝟏 , "𝟏, 𝟏 , "𝟏, 𝟏 , "𝟏 are values that repeat, list
𝐐 them only once.

𝐏 There are 6 possible rational

= 1, -1, 2, -2, 4, -4 roots (±1, ±2, ±4 ) of P(x).
𝐐
 Answers to Try These…

B. Determine the zeroes of the following functions:

1) f(x) = (2x – 5)5 (x + 6)2 - 6 of mult. 2 , 5/2 of mult. 5

2) f(x) = x3 + 10x2 + 25x - 5 mult. 2 , 0

3) f(x) = x4 + 3x3 + x2 – 3x – 2 - 2, - 1 mult. 2 , 1

4) f(x) = 3x5 + 5x4 – 11x3 – 9x2 + 16x – 4 - 2 mult. 2 , 1/3 , 1 mult. 2

 Thanks!

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