LAB RECORD

RFID SYSTEM DESIGN AND TESTING

VI SEMESTER- III YEAR- ECE
REGULATION: 2021
SUBJECT CODE: CEC349
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SARANATHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TRICHY-620012

Vision of the Department

To become a leading department of Higher Learning and a Research Center of Excellence
in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Mission of the Department
• To enable budding engineers to obtain technical exposure in various areas of Electronics
and Communication Engineering.
• To nurture career improvement.
• To initiate and sustain research activities in the department in cutting edge areas of
Electronics and Communication Engineering.
• To develop professional and ethical attitude in the students.

Program Educational Objectives

The Graduates of Electronics and Communication Engineering will
• Have a strong foundation in the required sciences in order to pursue studies in Electronics
and Communication Engineering.
• Have a broad exposure in various topics related to Electronics and Communication
Engineering fields, to enable them to excel in their professional career / higher studies.
• Possess innovative skills in order to solve the technical problems which will arise in their
professional life.
• Have professional and ethical attitude and an ability to visualize the engineering issues in
a broader social context.

Program specific outcomes

• Graduates of Electronics and Communication Engineering will be able to:
• Comprehend and demonstrate the principles and concepts of Semiconductor theory,
Signal Processing & Embedded systems in the fields of Consumer Electronics, Medical
Electronics and Defense Electronics.
• Apply emerging Information and Communication Engineering Techniques to solve real
time problems.

Program Outcomes
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

SYLLABUS

CEC349 RFID SYSTEM DESIGN AND TESTING

 List of Experiments

Experiments:

1. Design of a passive RFID Tag Antenna.

2. Design of an RFID reader antenna.

3. Determination of read range of the RFID tag at UHF and Microwave frequencies.

4. Determination of RFID tag performance for different standards.

 Getting Started with HFSS
HFSS is an interactive software package for calculating the electromagnetic behavior of a
structure. The software includes post-processing commands for analyzing this behavior in
detail.

Using HFSS, you can compute:

• Basic electromagnetic field quantities and, for open boundary problems, radiated near and
far fields.

• Characteristic port impedances and propagation constants.

• Generalized S-parameters and S-parameters renormalized to specific port impedances.

• The eigenmodes, or resonances, of a structure.

You are expected to draw the structure, specify material characteristics for each object, and
identify ports and special surface characteristics. HFSS then generates the necessary field
solutions and associated port characteristics and S-parameters.

Rectangular Patch Antenna Geometry

Rectangular Inset-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna Geometry

• Analyze geometry from 8GHz to 12 GHz

• Antenna is resonant at 10 GHz

• 50 ohm Port Impedance
Launching ANSYS Electronics Desktop 2015

• To access ANSYS Electronics Desktop, click the Microsoft Start button, select Programs >
ANSYS Electromagnetics > ANSYS Electromagnetics Suite 16.0 > ANSYS Electronics Desktop
2015

• Setting Tool Options

• Note: In order to follow the steps outlined in this example, verify that the following tool
options are set :

• Select the menu item Tools > Options > HFSS Options…

– Click the General tab

• Use Wizards for data input when creating new boundaries: Checked

• Duplicate boundaries/mesh operations with geometry: Checked

– Click the OK button

• Select the menu item Tools > Options > 3D Modeler Options…. –

Click the Operation tab

Checke
d

– Click the Display tab

• Set the Default transparency value to 0.8

– Click the Drawing tab

• Edit properties of new primitives: Checked

– Click the OK button

Creating the Design

Opening the Project

• In Electronic Desktop, click the On the Standard toolbar, or select the menu item File > Open.

• Browse to the folder containing the file Rectangular Inset-Fed Patch Antenna.aedt and select
Open
• Review Solution Type

• Select the menu item HFSS > Solution Type

• Note that the following is selected

– Driven Terminal – Network Analysis

– Click the OK button

• Review Model Units

• Select the menu item Modeler > Units

• Note that the following is selected

– Select Units: cm

– Click the OK button

Setting the substrate Material:

Set substrate Material

• Select the box named sub from the modeler tree

• Right click and select Assign Material

• From the Select Definition window, click the Add Material Button

• For the Material Name type: My_sub

• For the Value of Relative Permittivity type: 2.2

• Click the OK Button to create the material

– Click the OK button to assign the material to Default Material

Assigning Boundary Conditions: Finite Conductivity:

Assigning Finite Conductivity Boundary Condition

• Select the menu item Edit > Select > Objects

• Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name

– Select the sheets named: patch, ground

• Select the menu item HFSS > Boundary > Assign > Finite Conductivity

• Click the OK button

Create Air Box Set Default Material

• Using the 3D Modeler Materials toolbar, choose vacuum

• Create Air box

• Select the menu item Draw > Box

• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the Position – X: -1.5, Y: -1.8, Z: -0.4 Press the
Enter key

• Using the coordinate entry fields, enter the opposite corner of the base rectangle – dX: 3,
dY: 3.6, dZ: 0.8, Press the Enter key

• Select the Attribute tab from the Properties window.

– For the Value of Name type: AirBox – Click the OK button

• Select the menu item View > Fit All > Active View

PML Boundary Setup • Select the faces of the Air object

• Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name

– Select the objects named: AirBox

– Click the OK button

• Select the menu item Edit > Select > All Object Faces

• Add Perfectly Matched Layer (PML)

• Select the menu item HFSS > Boundaries > PML Setup Wizard – PML Setup Wizard: Cover

Objects.

• Uniform Layer Thickness: 1.5cm

• Click the Next button

– PML Setup Wizard: Material Properties.

• Minimum Frequency: 8GHz

• Minimum Radiating Distance: 0.4cm

• Click the Next button

– PML Setup Wizard: Summary

• Click the Finish button

• Create a Radiation Setup

• Select the menu item HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite Sphere

• Name: ff_2d

• Phi: (Start: 0, Stop: 90, Step Size: 90)

• Theta: (Start: -180, Stop: 180, Step Size: 2)

– Click the OK button

Port Setup • Create Lumped Port Excitation

• Select the menu item Edit > Select > Objects

• Select the menu item Edit > Select > By Name

– Select the objects named: port

– Click the OK button

• Select the menu item HFSS > Excitations > Assign > Lumped Port

– Port Name: 1

– Conductor: ground

– Click the OK button

Analysis Setup • Creating an Analysis Setup

• Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Solution

Setup… – Click the General tab:

• Solution Frequency: 10 GHz

• Maximum Number of Passes: 20 – Click the Options tab:

• Select order of basis functions: Mixed Order

Iterative Solver

– Click the OK button

Adding a Frequency Sweep

• Select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add Frequency Sweep…

– Select Solution Setup: Setup1

– Click the OK button

• Edit Sweep Window:

– Sweep Type: Interpolating

– Frequency Setup Type: Linear Step

• Start: 8 GHz

• Stop: 12 GHz

• Step Size: 0.01 GHz

– Click the OK button

• HFSS – Frequency Sweep Type: Overview

• Discrete – Solves using adaptive mesh at every frequency

– Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep

• Fast - ALPS

– Matrix Data and Fields at every frequency in sweep

• Interpolating – Adaptively determines discrete solve points using the adaptive mesh

– Matrix Data at every frequency in sweeps

– Fields at last adaptive solution

Analyze

• Save Project

• Select the menu item File > Save As

– Filename: hfss_patch_ant

– Click the Save button

• Model Validation

• Select the menu item HFSS > Validation Check

– Click the Close button

• Note: To view any errors or warning messages, use the Message Manager.

• Analyze

• Select the menu item HFSS > Analyze All

Post Processing: 2D Rectangular Plot, S-Parameters

• Create Reports

• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Terminal Solution Data Report> Rectangular
Plot

– Solution: Setup1: Sweep

– Domain: Sweep

• Category: S Parameter

• Quantity: St(patch_T1, patch_T1)

• Function: dB

• Click New Report button

– Click Close button

Post Processing: Field Overlay, E-Field

Create Field Overlay

• Return to the 3D Model Window HFSS > 3D Model Editor

• Select the menu item Edit > Select > Faces

• By moving the mouse, graphically highlight the top face of the substrate

• Click the left mouse button to select the face (use the “B” key to select “Next Behind”)

• Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Mag_E

– Solution: Setup1 : LastAdaptive

– Quantity: Mag_E

– Click the Done button

• Select the menu item HFSS > Fields > Modify Plot Attributes

– In the Select Plot Folder Window, Click the OK button

– E-Field Window:

• Click the Scale tab

– Scale: Log

• If real time mode is not checked, click the Apply button.

– Click the Close button

• To Animate the field plot:

– Select the menu item HFSS > Fields> Animate

• Click the OK button

Post Processing: 2D Radiation Pattern, Gain

Create Reports

• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far Fields Report> Radiation Pattern

• New Report Window:

– Solution: Setup1: Last Adaptive

– Geometry: ff_2d

• Category: Gain

• Quantity: GainTotal

• Function: dB

• Click New Report button

– Click Close button

Post Processing: 3D Radiation Pattern, Gain

Create a Radiation Setup

• Select the menu item HFSS > Radiation > Insert Far Field Setup > Infinite Sphere

• Name: ff_3d

• Phi: (Start: 0, Stop: 360, Step Size: 5)

• Theta: (Start: 0, Stop: 180, Step Size: 2)

– Click the OK button

• Create Report

• Select the menu item HFSS > Results > Create Far Fields Report> 3D Polar Plot

• New Report Window:

– Solution: Setup1: Last Adaptive

– Geometry: ff_3d

• Category: Gain

• Quantity: GainTotal

• Function: dB

• Click New Report button

– Click Close button

Post Processing: Field Overlay, Radiation Pattern

Create Field Overlay

• Return to the 3D Model Window HFSS > 3D Model Editor • Select

the menu item HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > Radiation Field –

Overly Radiation Field Window:

Visible

• Transparency: 0.75

• Scale: 0.25

• Click Apply

• Click Close
 EX.NO :1 DESIGN OF A PASSIVE RFID TAG ANTENNA

AIM:

To Design a Passive RFID Tag antenna for UHF frequency (300MHz – 1GHz) using Ansys
HFSS Software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

Ansys HFSS (3D High Frequency Simulation Software)

THEORY:

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, ultra-high frequency (UHF) passive

RFID tags are an extremely popular option because they are very cost-effective, yet still have one
of the longest read ranges. They have no power of their own — which is why they are called
“passive” tags — so they are powered by the radio frequency energy transmitted from RFID
readers/antennas.

A UHF passive RFID tag consists of four sub-components: RFID chip, an antenna, an
inlay, and a carrier. The RFID chip is an integrated circuit that provides several key attributes
related to operating frequency, memory type and capacity, data transmission/receipt, and power.
In other words, the chip is the brains of the RFID tag. The UHF passive RFID antenna, which is
attached to the chip, collects radio frequency waves used to power the chip. The antenna also
transmits attribute data from the chip. Together, the chip and the antenna comprise the RFID inlay.

An inlay is typically a plastic substrate that the chip and antenna are placed on so they
can be connected. Inlays come in two types: wet and dry. A wet inlay features an adhesive so it
can be applied to a surface; a dry inlay has no adhesive. The choice of inlay depends on the
purpose and placement of the tag on an object.

There are literally hundreds of different types of inlays, each designed with a specific
application in mind. Different industries have different requirements for inlays, so there are
inlays for pharmaceutical, automotive, retail, manufacturing, and healthcare applications. The
inlays are designed for optimum performance when affixed to the material they are intended for.
Inlay manufacturers ship their products to RFID tag producers, like Lowry Solutions, who then
produce finished products that are ready to be applied.

The carrier is the material or package that the inlay is placed in. The simplest carrier is
label stock (think barcode label), where the inlay is laminated into the label stock using
specialized converting equipment. Examples of other carriers include plastic capsules or ID
badges. Sometimes carriers are made of specialized materials that make it easy to mount the
RFID tag on liquid containers or metal, or in high-heat or hazardous environments. These types
of carriers are often referred to as “hard tags.”
UHF PASSIVE RFID TAG ANTENNA DESIGN:

Antenna Overall Structure Ground Plane Isometric view

DESIGN PARAMETER

Operating Frequency: 870MHz

Substrate Material: FR4

Dielectric constant: 4.4

Height of the substrate: 1.6mm

Length of the Substrate: 100 mm

Width of the Substrate: 41 mm

CREATE GROUND PLANE

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : 92.5 ,0 ,0

 X axis : 7.5 mm

 Y axis: 41 mm

CREATE SUBSTRATE

 Go to toolbar – click Box(3D) – click – left-hand side click -create Box – enter the value
  Position : 0 ,0,0

 X axis : 100 mm

 Y axis: 41 mm

 Z axis : 1.6 mm  Assign material

 Lefthand side Right click box – Assign material- select- FR4 – click ok.

CREATE OUTER PATCH

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : 15 ,7,1.6

 X axis : 40 mm

 Y axis: 27 mm

CREATE INNER PATCH

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : 20,11.75 ,1.6

 X axis : 29 mm

 Y axis: 17.5 mm

 subtract outer patch to inner patch

CREATE FEED LINE 1

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : 59,19.5,1.6

 X axis : 41 mm

 Y axis: 2 mm

CREATE FEED LINE 2

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value
  Position : 59,13.8,1.6

 X axis : 3 mm

 Y axis: 7.7 mm

CREATE FEED LINE 3

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : 67,13.8,1.6

 X axis : -8 mm

 Y axis: 2 mm

CREATE FEED LINE 4

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : 64,7,1.6

 X axis : 3 mm

 Y axis: 6.8 mm

CREATE FEED LINE 5

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : 55,7,1.6

 X axis : 9 mm

 Y axis: 2 mm

Unite all the feedline 1-5 Unite patch and feedline

ASSIGN PERFECT E FOR BOTH GROUND PLANE AND PATCH

 click Rectangle (Left-hand side) – Right click – select assign boundary – select perfect E

ASSIGNING PORT

 Go to tool bar – visibility- change the axis xy-zx – click rectangular sheet –Draw the
rectangle – Right click- Assign Excitation- port-modal lumped port.
ASSIGNING RADIATION BOX

 Go to tool bar – click HFSS- Select modal- click create open region- new box open- enter
the operating frequency value.

ANALYSIS SETUP

 Go to project manager- right click analysis setup- select add solution setup-select
advanced-Driven solution setup window open-enter the frequency and number of pass
value (above 50 for fine refinement)- ok –sweep window open – change sweep type Fast-
change liner count to linear step- step size -0.01GHZ –click ok.

 Go to toolbar – select simulation- click validation –new tick window open – everything is
correct all the fields getting green tick otherwise some red colour indication is shown-
then click analyze all

RESULT ANALYSIS REFLECTION COEFFICIENT S11

 Go to project manager- select results-right click-create terminal solution data report-

rectangular plot-select terminal s-parameter- S(1,1)-dB- click ok- return loss graph right
click – select marker-Add marker-to point the graph tip – the value is displayed

Inference:

VSWR GRAPH

 Go to project manager- select results-right click-create terminal solution data report-

rectangular plot-select terminal VSWR-none- click ok- VSWR graph– select marker-Add
marker-to point the graph tip – the value is displayed (value should be 1to 2)
Inference:

2D-RADIATION PATTERN

 Go to project manager- select radiation- insert far-field setup-infinite sphere- window open
–enter 0 to 360 – click ok – go to result –create farfield report-select radiation pattern-
select rE-rE total-dB- New report- Ok.

Inference:
3D-RADIATION PATTERN

FIELD OVERLAY

 Select Patch antenna – right click –plot field- Radiation fied - New window open- tick
visible –Apply

CURRENT AND FIELD DISTRIBUTION

 Select Patch antenna – right click –plot field- select E- Mag E- window open-
Radiating Surface- Done.
  Select Patch antenna – right click –plot field- select E- Vector- E- window open-
All objects- Done.

Inference:

COMPUTE ANTENNA PARAMETER

 Go to project manager- select radiation- select 3D- right click- select compute
antenna parameter.
RESULT:

EX.NO :2 DESIGN OF A READER ANTENNA

AIM:

To Design a Reader antenna (microstrip patch antenna) using Ansys HFSS

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

Ansys HFSS (3D High Frequency Simulation Software)

THEORY:

A patch antenna is a type of antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a
surface. It consists of a planar rectangular, circular, triangular, or any geometrical sheet or
"patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane. The two metal
sheets together form a resonant piece of microstrip transmission line with a length of
approximately one-half wavelength of the radio waves. The radiation mechanism arises from
fringing fields along the radiating edges.

The radiation at the edges causes the antenna to act slightly larger electrically than its
physical dimensions, so in order for the antenna to be resonant, a length of microstrip
transmission line slightly shorter than one-half the wavelength at the frequency is used. The
patch antenna is mainly practical at microwave frequencies, at which wavelengths are short
enough that the patches are conveniently small. It is widely used in portable wireless devices
because of the ease of fabricating it on printed circuit boards. Multiple patch antennas on the
same substrate called microstrip antennas, can be used to make high gain array antennas, and
phased arrays in which the beam can be electronically steered.

DESIGN EQUATIONS

Step-1: To calculate width 'W'

�

W=

C- Speed of the light (3X10^8)

�0 - Operating Frequency

�� - Relative permittivity of the substrate

Step-2 : Calculation of the effective dielectric constant (����)

h- Height of the substrate w-

Width of the antenna

Step-3: Calculation of actual length of the patch

L= ���� − �∆�

Step-4 : Calculation of the effective length

Step-5 : Calculation of the length extension

Length of the substrate

�� = �� + �
Width of the substrate

�� = �� + �

Design of microstrip patch antenna

DESIGN PARAMETER

Operating Frequency : 2.4GHz

Substrate Material: FR4

Dielectric constant: 4.4

Height of the substrate:1.6mm

Length of the patch: 29.4mm

Width of the patch:38 mm

Length of the Substrate:60mm

Width of the Substrate:60mm

CREATE GROUND PLANE

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : -60/2 ,-60/2 ,0

 X axis : 60

 Y axis:60

CREATE SUBSTRATE

 Go to toolbar – click Box(3D) – click – left-hand side click -create Box – enter the value

 Position : -60/2 ,-60/2 ,0

 X axis : 60
  Y axis:60

 Z axis : 1.6

 Assign material

 Lefthand side Right click box – Assign material- select- FR4 – click ok.

CREATE PATCH

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : -38/2 ,-29.4/2 ,1.6

 X axis : 38

 Y axis:29.4

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : -5/2 ,-29.4/2 ,1.6

 X axis : 5

 Y axis:9.5

 subtract rectangle 2 and 3

 Go to toolbar – click Rectangular sheet (2D) – click – left-hand side click -create
Rectangle – enter the value

 Position : -3/2 ,0 ,1.6

 X axis : 3

 Y axis:-30

 Unite the feed-line and rectangle patch

ASSIGN PERFECT E FOR BOTH GROUND PLANE AND PATCH

 click Rectangle (Left-hand side) – Right click – select assign boundary – select perfect E
ASSIGNING PORT

 Go to tool bar – visibility- change the axis xy-zx – click rectangular sheet –Draw the
rectangle – Right click- Assign Excitation- port-modal lumped port.
ASSIGNING RADIATION BOX

 Go to tool bar – click HFSS- Select modal- click create open region- new box open- enter
the operating frequency value.

ANALYSIS SETUP

 Go to project manager- right click analysis setup- select add solution setup-select
advanced-Driven solution setup window open-enter the frequency and number of pass
value (above 50 for fine refinement)- ok –sweep window open – change sweep type Fast-
change liner count to linear step- step size -0.01GHZ –click ok.

 Go to toolbar – select simulation- click validation –new tick window open – everything is
correct all the fields getting green tick otherwise some red colour indication is shown-
then click analyze all

RESULT ANALYSIS REFLECTION COEFFICIENT S11

 Go to project manager- select results-right click-create terminal solution data report-

rectangular plot-select terminal s-parameter- S(1,1)-dB- click ok- return loss graph right
click – select marker-Add marker-to point the graph tip – the value is displayed

Inference:

VSWR GRAPH

 Go to project manager- select results-right click-create terminal solution data report-

rectangular plot-select terminal VSWR-none- click ok- VSWR graph– select marker-Add
marker-to point the graph tip – the value is displayed (value should be 1to 2)
Inference:

2D-RADIATION PATTERN

 Go to project manager- select radiation- insert far-field setup-infinite sphere- window open
–enter 0 to 360 – click ok – go to result –create farfield report-select radiation pattern-
select rE-rE total-dB- New report- Ok.

Inference:
3D-RADIATION PATTERN

FIELD OVERLAY

 Select Patch antenna – right click –plot field- Radiation fied - New window open- tick
visible –Apply

CURRENT AND FIELD DISTRIBUTION

 Select Patch antenna – right click –plot field- select E- Mag E- window open-
Radiating Surface- Done.
  Select Patch antenna – right click –plot field- select E- Vector- E- window open-
All objects- Done.

Inference:

COMPUTE ANTENNA PARAMETER

 Go to project manager- select radiation- select 3D- right click- select compute
antenna parameter.
RESULT:

EX.NO :3 DETERMINATION OF READ RANGE OF THE RFID TAG AT UHF AND

 MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES

AIM:

To determine the read range of RFID TAG at Ultra high frequency and Microwave
frequency.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY

Read range is the distance from which an RFID tag can be detected. The read range
expresses the distance from which the tag receives just enough power to be activated to send back
a signal to the reader.

The read range depends on whether the tag is active or passive. Active tags broadcast a
signal, so they have a much longer read range—300 feet or more—than passive tags. The read
range of passive tags depends on many factors: the frequency of operation, the power of the
reader, interference from other RF devices and so on.

In general, low-frequency and high-frequency tags are read from within three feet (1
meter) and UHF tags are read from 10 to 20 feet. Readers with phased array antennas can
increase the read range of passive tags to 60 feet or more.

860 ~ 960 MHz. Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Passive RFID Tags

Maximum read distance of 15 meters – an average distance of 5 meters. A passive

ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) handheld reader has a range of about 3 meters with a
highperformance reader model and high antenna gain.

The read distance of RFID mainly depends on the reader's power (module performance),
antenna size (antenna gain), tag size, and working environment.

Microwave Frequency 2.4GHz

There are several different modulations for 2.45 GHz and you can also have real-time
location information from these active tags. Read range up to 100 meters.

The maximum distance can be achieved through following parameter

• The Operating Frequency (or bandwidth if multiple frequencies) of the RFID system

• The RFID Reader and settings of the reader for the system

• The Antenna - Type, Gain(dBi),Center Frequency, VSWR, Polarization, Size, IP rating

 • Characteristics of the RFID Tag - Size, shape, polarization, tune

FREE-SPACE PATH LOSS

The free-space path loss (FSPL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feed
points of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area
plus the obstacle-free, Line of sight (LoS) path through free space.

The "Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas", IEEE Std 145-1993, defines freespace loss
as "The loss between two isotropic radiators in free space, expressed as a power ratio. It does not
include any power loss in the antennas themselves due to imperfections such as resistance.

Free-space loss increases with the square of distance between the antennas because the
radio waves spread out by the inverse square law and decreases with the square of the
wavelength of the radio waves.

FREE-SPACE PATH LOSS FORMULAE

The free-space path loss (FSPL) formula derives from the Friis transmission formula.
This states that in a radio system consisting of a transmitting antenna transmitting radio waves to
a receiving antenna, the ratio of radio wave power received Pr to the power transmitted Pt is:

Pr/ Pt= Dt Dr

Where,

Dt -is the directivity of the transmitting antenna

Dr -is the directivity of the receiving antenna
� -is the signal wavelength,
�-is the distance between the antennas

MATLAB PROGRAM:

READRANGE

function [readRange rxSensitivity_dBm rxPower_dBm distance]=read_range(freq_UHF)

% RFID Read Range Estimation Example
% Constants
% freq_UHF = 950e6; % UHF frequency in Hertz lambda_UHF =
physconst('LightSpeed')\ freq_UHF; % Wavelength % RFID
Reader and Tag Parameters txPower_dBm = 30; % Transmit power
in dBm rxSensitivity_dBm = -20; % Receiver sensitivity in dBm
txAntennaGain_dB = 6; % Transmit antenna gain in dB
rxAntennaGain_dB = 6; % Receive antenna gain in dB
% Path Loss Model (Free Space Path Loss) distance = linspace(1, 100,
100); % Distance from reader to tag in meters freeSpacePathLoss_dB =
20 * log10(4 * pi * distance / lambda_UHF);
% Total Path Loss totalPathLoss_dB = freeSpacePathLoss_dB + txAntennaGain_dB +
rxAntennaGain_dB;
% Received Signal Power rxPower_dBm =
txPower_dBm - totalPathLoss_dB;
% Calculate Read Range readRange = interp1(rxPower_dBm,
distance, rxSensitivity_dBm)
% Display Results disp('RFID Read Range
Estimation:'); disp(['Frequency: ' num2str(freq_UHF
/ 1e6) ' MHz']); disp(['Read Range: '
num2str(readRange) ' meters']);
% Plot Results

Main function figure; for i=1:4 freq_UHF

=input('enter the value of frequency');
[readRange, rxSensitivity_dBm, rxPower_dBm, distance]=read_range(freq_UHF);
plot(distance, rxPower_dBm, 'LineWidth', 2); hold on;
plot(readRange, rxSensitivity_dBm, 'ro', 'MarkerSize', 10, 'MarkerFaceColor', 'r');
xlabel('Distance (meters)'); ylabel('Received Power (dBm)'); title('RFID Read
Range Estimation');
legend('Received Power', 'Receiver Sensitivity');
grid on; end

OUTPUT:

Enter the value of frequency865E6

Read Range = 18.2433

RFID Read Range Estimation:

Frequency: 865 MHz

Read Range: 18.2433 meters

Enter the value of frequency867E6

Read Range = 18.2860

RFID Read Range Estimation:

Frequency: 867 MHz

Read Range: 18.286 meters

Enter the value of frequency960e6

Read Range = 20.2459

RFID Read Range Estimation:

Frequency: 960 MHz

Read Range: 20.2459 meters

Enter the value of frequency2.4e9

Read Range =50.6059

RFID Read Range Estimation:

Frequency: 2400 MHz Read

Range: 50.6059 meters

Result:

EX.NO :4 DETERMINATION OF RFID TAG PERFORMANCE FOR DIFFERENT

STANDARDS

AIM:

To determine the performance of RFID TAG for different standards

SOFTWARE/HARDWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

MFRC522 RFID Module

Arduino IDE

THEORY

RC522 RFID Modules work on 13.56MHz which is based on the MFRC522 controller which is
designed by NXP Semiconductor. The RC522 module supports SPI and I2C communication
protocols. Here we are using the SPI communication Interface with the ESP32 board.

This module operates on a +3.3V/13-26mA Power Supply. The RFID reader automatically goes
to power save mode after its operation is complete and it takes a 10-13mA standby current. We
can use this RFID for inventory management, attendance system, access control system, etc.

RFID RC522 Hardware Connection with ESP32

Read the MFRC522 RFID using ESP32

Here we are using MFRC522 libraries to read the RFID tag example. We will need to
install the MFRC522 library using the Arduino Library Manager.
Open the Arduino IDE and navigate to Sketch ► Include Library ► Manage Libraries…

Once you have installed the library, open the Examples submenu and choose MFRC522 >
DumpInfo example sketch.
Go to the beginning of the sketch and make sure RST_PIN is initialized correctly, in our case we
are using digital pin #5 so change it to 5
Now upload the sketch and open Serial Monitor. As you bring the tag closer to the module, you’ll
get something like the following. Do not move the tag until all the information is displayed.

It displays all the useful information about the tag including the tag’s Unique ID (UID), memory
size, and the entire 1K memory.

Arduino Code – Writing an RFID Tag

#include <SPI.h> //include the SPI bus library

#include <MFRC522.h> //include the RFID reader library
#define SS_PIN 10 //slave select pin #define
RST_PIN 5 //reset pin

MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // instatiate a MFRC522 reader object.

MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key; //create a MIFARE_Key struct named 'key',
which will hold the card information

//this is the block number we will write into and then read.
int block=2;
byte blockcontent[16] = {"Last-Minute-Engg"}; //an array with 16 bytes to be
written into one of the 64 card blocks is defined
//byte blockcontent[16] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}; //all zeros.
This can be used to delete a block.

//This array is used for reading out a block. byte

readbackblock[18];

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communications with the
PC
SPI.begin(); // Init SPI bus
mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Init MFRC522 card (in case you wonder what
PCD means: proximity coupling device)
Serial.println("Scan a MIFARE Classic card");

// Prepare the security key for the read and write functions.
for (byte i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
key.keyByte[i] = 0xFF; //keyByte is defined in the "MIFARE_Key" 'struct'
definition in the .h file of the library
}
}
void loop()
{
// Look for new cards
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent())
{ return;
}

// Select one of the cards

if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial())

{ retur
n;
}
Serial.println("card selected");

//the blockcontent array is written into the card block

writeBlock(block, blockcontent);

//read the block back

readBlock(block, readbackblock);
//uncomment below line if you want to see the entire 1k memory with the
block written into it.
//mfrc522.PICC_DumpToSerial(&(mfrc522.uid));

//print the block contents

Serial.print("read block: ");
for (int j=0 ; j<16 ; j++)
{
Serial.write (readbackblock[j]);
 }
Serial.println("");
}

//Write specific block

int writeBlock(int blockNumber, byte arrayAddress[])
{
//this makes sure that we only write into data blocks. Every 4th block is a
trailer block for the access/security info. int
largestModulo4Number=blockNumber/4*4;
int trailerBlock=largestModulo4Number+3;//determine trailer block for the
sector
if (blockNumber > 2 && (blockNumber+1)%4 ==
0){Serial.print(blockNumber);Serial.println(" is a trailer block:");return 2;}
Serial.print(blockNumber);
Serial.println(" is a data block:");

//authentication of the desired block for access

byte status = mfrc522.PCD_Authenticate(MFRC522::PICC_CMD_MF_AUTH_KEY_A,
trailerBlock, &key, &(mfrc522.uid)); if (status != MFRC522::STATUS_OK)
{
Serial.print("PCD_Authenticate() failed: ");
Serial.println(mfrc522.GetStatusCodeName(status)); return
3;//return "3" as error message
}

//writing the block

status = mfrc522.MIFARE_Write(blockNumber, arrayAddress, 16);
//status = mfrc522.MIFARE_Write(9, value1Block, 16); if
(status != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) {
Serial.print("MIFARE_Write() failed: ");
Serial.println(mfrc522.GetStatusCodeName(status));
return 4;//return "4" as error message
}
Serial.println("block was written");
}

//Read specific block

int readBlock(int blockNumber, byte arrayAddress[])
{
int largestModulo4Number=blockNumber/4*4;
int trailerBlock=largestModulo4Number+3;//determine trailer block for the
sector

//authentication of the desired block for access

byte status = mfrc522.PCD_Authenticate(MFRC522::PICC_CMD_MF_AUTH_KEY_A,
trailerBlock, &key, &(mfrc522.uid));

if (status != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) {
Serial.print("PCD_Authenticate() failed (read): ");
 Serial.println(mfrc522.GetStatusCodeName(status));
return 3;//return "3" as error message
}

//reading a block
byte buffersize = 18;//we need to define a variable with the read buffer size,
since the MIFARE_Read method below needs a pointer to the variable that
contains the size...
status = mfrc522.MIFARE_Read(blockNumber, arrayAddress,
&buffersize);//&buffersize is a pointer to the buffersize variable;
MIFARE_Read requires a pointer instead of just a number
if (status != MFRC522::STATUS_OK) {
Serial.print("MIFARE_read() failed: ");
Serial.println(mfrc522.GetStatusCodeName(status));
return 4;//return "4" as error message
}
Serial.println("block was read");
}

Access Code
#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#define RST_PIN 9
#define SS_PIN 10
byte readCard[4];
String MasterTag = "20C3935E"; // REPLACE this Tag ID with your Tag ID!!!
String tagID = "";

// Create instances
MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);
LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2); //Parameters: (rs, enable, d4, d5, d6,
d7)
void setup()
{
// Initiating
SPI.begin(); // SPI bus
mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // MFRC522 lcd.begin(16,
2); // LCD screen
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" Access Control ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print("Scan
Your Card>>");
}
void loop()
{

//Wait until new tag is available

while (getID())
{ lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
 if (tagID == MasterTag)
{
lcd.print(" Access Granted!");
// You can write any code here like opening doors, switching on a relay,
lighting up an LED, or anything else you can think of.
}
else
{
lcd.print(" Access Denied!");
}
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" ID : ");
lcd.print(tagID);

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" Access Control ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print("Scan
Your Card>>");
}
}

//Read new tag if available boolean

getID()
{
// Getting ready for Reading PICCs
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent()) { //If a new PICC placed to RFID
reader continue return false;
}
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial()) { //Since a PICC placed get Serial
and continue return false;
} tagID =
"";
for ( uint8_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) { // The MIFARE PICCs that we use have 4
byte UID
//readCard[i] = mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i];
tagID.concat(String(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX)); // Adds the 4 bytes in a
single String variable
}
tagID.toUpperCase();
mfrc522.PICC_HaltA(); // Stop reading
return true;

OUTPUT
Scan
Card Unique ID

Key Unique ID:

Access Program:

Access Granted:

Access Denied:
RESULT: