MODULE 7: Science in Daily Life question you formed because it’s answering

the question you developed with a specific

Science prediction that you’ll go on to test. A good
- is creating wonders almost every day. What hypothesis should be falsifiable, meaning
was once sheer fantasy is now almost a that it’s possible to prove it wrong.
reality by virtue of the recent achievements 5. CONDUCT AN EXPERIMENT. How do you
of men of science. Almost everything that find an answer to your hypothesis? You
makes eases our daily life are the wonders conduct an experiment to test it! Depending
of modern science. Science has conferred on what a scientist is studying, an
many gifts on modern life. experiment can be very quick or take
- Science is developed from the need of years—some experiments have even been
understanding the natural phenomena. It is going on for hundreds of years!
a set of complex theories and ideas based 6. ANALYZE RESULTS AND DRAW A
on observing, testing, analyzing and then CONCLUSION. This is what we’ve all been
presenting phenomena. Scientist have waiting for—what is the answer to the
developed several techniques to achieve question? In this step, scientists take a step
this. back, look at the data, and decide whether
to accept or reject the hypothesis.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD Sometimes the conclusion is pretty
- The logical process adopted by scientists to straightforward, but scientists always do
develop knowledge of nature and present it statistical tests just to make sure they’re
as acceptable fact. This method is based on reading the results correctly.
gathering empirical data through 7. REPORT YOUR RESULTS. You’ve just
observation and experimentation and the tested an important piece of information. It’s
formulation an d testing of hypotheses. something that nobody else in the world
knows. What good is that knowledge if you
STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD keep it to yourself? The final step of the
1. MAKE AN OBSERVATION. You can’t study scientific process is to report your results.
what you don’t know is there. This is why Scientists generally report their results in
scientists are so curious—they’re always scientific journals, where each report has
looking for patterns, trends, questions, and been checked over and verified by other
problems that we don’t understand. Once a scientists in a process called peer review.
scientist finds a really interesting pattern
that they want to know more about, they
move onto the next step.
2. ASK A QUESTION. Once a scientist finds
an interesting thing to study, they need to
ask a question that hopefully they can
answer.
3. DO BACKGROUND RESEARCH. To find
out the answer to your question, you need MODULE 8: Science, Technology and the
to know what potential answers are. That’s Human Condition
where background research comes in,
remembering that not everything you read Science and technology has been part of human
online is true. activity since the beginning of our species. It has
4. FORM A HYPOTHESIS. A hypothesis is a aided us in survival and helped us outsmart our
statement of what you think the answer to adversaries, provided us comfortable living, allowed
your question is. It’s different from the
us to explore the world, and assisted us in lives by enhancing living status and
discovering more about ourselves and the truth. discovering different remedies to
most diseases. Distribution of
The Human Condition Before Common Era medicines is also made easier and
● Our early ancestors’ primal need to survive faster.
paved the way for the invention of several 3. Literacy Rate. Access to education
developments. Gifted with brains more provided to more individuals
advanced than other creatures, humans are generally creates a more informed
able to utilize abundant materials for their public that could determine a more
own ease and comfort. As it is difficult to just society.
pinpoint the particular period where 4. Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
technology is said to have started, one can Although not an indicator of an
say that at the very least, the motivation to average person’s lifestyle in a
make things easier has been around since certain country, it is often used to
humans are. Homo erectus have been determine the value of the country’s
using fire to cook, through chipping one flint goods and services produced within
over the other to produce a spark, all the the territory given a certain time
while without realizing the laws of friction period. Higher country income is
and heat. Tools from stones and flints brought upon by high productivity,
marked the era of Stone Age, during the often an indicator of presence of
advent of our very own Homo sapiens, and technology.
humans began to sharpen stones as one
would a knife; an example of this is the The Essence of Technology
simple machine called wedge. ● Humanity has indeed come a long way from
our primitive ways, and as a general rule, it
The Human Condition in the Common Era is said that we are more “developed” than
● Position-wise, the humans of today are we were before. Above data are few
much better off compared to humans indicators of the route that we have come to
several centuries ago. Advancements in take as species, and there are no signs of
medicine, technology, health and education stopping. Modern humans are reliant on
ushered in humanity’s best yet, and show technology in their search for the GOOD
no sign of stopping. LIFE. Man is constantly in pursuit of the
● The following are some of the notable good life. Every person has his perspective
COMPARISONS then and now: when it comes to what comprises the good
1. Mortality Rate. Due to technology, life. Science and technology has been, for
lesser women and children die the most part, at the forefront of man’s
during birth, assuring robust attempts at finding this happiness. The only
population and strong workforce. question at the end of the day is whether
Medical care for premature infants science and technology are taking the right
allows them to survive and develop path toward attaining what it really means to
normally, while proper maternal care live a good life.
ensures that mothers can fully
recover and remain empowered.
2. Average Lifespan. Aside from the MODULE 9: Science, Technology and
reason that people engage less in Nichomachean Ethics
combat and are less likely to die in
treatable diseases now as opposed Philosophical giant Aristotle takes on the big
to then, science is able to prolong question: HOW TO FIND THE HIGHEST GOOD IN
LIFE? His Nichomachean Ethics influenced and vulgarity. Aristotle sees no reason to be
centuries of political philosophy and gives enduring ascetic but also warns against being flashy.
advice for seekers of happiness. Nicomachean 5. Magnanimity – the virtue relating to pride, it
Ethics is a philosophical inquiry into the nature of is the midpoint between not giving yourself
the Good life for a human being. Every human enough credit and having delusions of
activity aims at some end that we consider Good. grandeur. It is a given that you also have to
Everyone agrees that the supreme Good is act on this sense of self-worth and strive for
HAPPINESS, but people disagree over what greatness.
constitutes happiness. Common people equate 6. Right ambition – a disposition to aim at the
happiness with sensual pleasure: this may be intermediate between empty vanity and
sufficient for animals, but human life has higher undue humility.
ends. Others say that receiving honors is the 7. Patience – this is the virtue that controls
greatest good, but honors are conferred as your temper. The patient person must
recognition of goodness, so there must be a greater neither get too angry nor fail to get angry
good that these honors reward. when they should.
8. Truthfulness – the virtue of honesty.
Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle places it between the vices of
- is a book written by Aristotle named for habitual lying and being tactless or boastful.
Nicomachus, which in keeping with the 9. Wittiness – at the midpoint between
Greek practice of boys being named after buffoonery and boorishness, this is the
their grandfathers, was the name of both virtue of a good sense of humor.
Aristotle's father and his son. 10. Friendliness – while being friendly might
not seem like a moral virtue, Aristotle claims
Virtues friendship is a vital part of a life well lived.
- Aristotle sees virtues as character traits and This virtue lies between not being friendly at
tendencies to act in a particular way. We all and being too friendly towards too many
gain them through practice and by copying people.
'moral exemplars' until we manage to 11. Justice – the virtue of dealing fairly with
internalize the virtue. We become temperate others. It lies between selfishness and
by practicing temperance, courageous by selflessness. This virtue can also be applied
practicing courage, and so on. Eventually, into different situations and has a whole
the virtue becomes a habit. chapter dedicated to the various forms it
can take.
ELEVEN(11) VIRTUES
1. Courage – the midpoint between cowardice
and recklessness. The courageous person
is aware of the danger but goes in any way.
2. Temperance – the virtue between
overindulgence and insensitivity. Aristotle
would view the person who never drinks
justas harshly as the one who drinks too NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS
much. ● Aristotle begins Nicomachean Ethics by
3. Generosity – the virtue of charity, this is the asserting that there is some ultimate good
golden mean between miserliness and which is both final and self-sufficient, and he
giving more than you can afford. defines this good as happiness.
4. Magnificence – the virtue of living ● In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses
extravagantly. It rests between stinginess eleven virtues: courage, temperance,
generosity, magnificence, magnanimity, right
 ambition, good temper, friendliness, EVER-PROGRESSING MIND OF
truthfulness, wit, and justice. Virtue ethics is MANKIND.
based on the character of human beings. ● A number of technological devices can be
easily found inside the home, the most
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN ARISTOTLE’S accessible place to anyone. A typical
SCIENCE AND ETHICS household owns at least four of the
● If man is virtuous, then his scientific following devices: a mobile phone (89%),
discoveries and inventions will also aim in smartphone (53%), tablet (14%), desktop
the attainment of GOOD life and (39%), laptop or netbooks (37%), and smart
HAPINESS. Hence, in order for one to be a TV (4%). These data prove the deep-seated
moral person, one needs to develop or fascination of Filipinos to different
cultivate his virtues. By doing so, one technological devices.
manages to flourish as a human being and
when one flourishes (as a human being) Some facts about Filipinos and their use of
one becomes a morally good person. gadgets and the internet:
● Mobile phone subscription is at 119 million.
FAQs ● Filipinos spend approximately 3.2 hours on
1.What is the difference between Intellectual mobile and 5.2 hours on desktop daily.
Virtues and Moral Virtues? ● Currently, the Philippines has one of the
● Intellectual Virtues know what is just and highest digital populations in the world.
admirable; learn through instruction while ● There are now 47 million active Facebook
Moral Virtues do just and admirable deeds; accounts in the Philippines.
learn through habit and practice. ● The Philippines is the fastest-growing
2.What is the definition of Moral Virtue according to application market in Southeast Asia.
Aristotle?
● Aristotle defines moral virtue as a Ethical/Moral Dilemmas Faced by These
disposition to behave in the right manner Technological Advancements:
and as a mean/average between extremes ● Children become lazy and unhealthy.
of deficiency and excess, which are vices. ● Alienation, because people no longer take
Virtue is a matter of having the appropriate time to get out of their houses and mingle
attitude toward pain and pleasure. with other people.
● People have the tendency to be unaware of
MODULE 11: When Technology and Humanity the time because they are so engrossed
Cross with the use of technological device. In fact,
if they get disturbed, there is a great chance
● The ever-growing society has made people that they will get mad or annoyed. Children
see technology as some form of necessity. who are not capable yet of rationally
TECHNOLOGY THESE DAYS ENJOYS deciding for themselves what is right or
SUCH FAME AND GLORY BECAUSE OF wrong, are freely exposed to different things
THE MANY DIFFERENT BENEFITS IT on television, mobile phones, laptops, or
BRINGS TO HUMANITY. Some would even computers. Because of the availability and
say that it does not only bring convenience easy access to the internet, they can just
but also pleasure and happiness to people. easily search the web and go to different
This is because of the different leisure websites without restrictions.
activities that technology can offer to
people. In general, technology keeps on
progressing due to not only the changing
times and environment but also to the
 NOW
● Today, the human mind is pictured as a
complicated computer
● Steven Jobs and William Gates
● Microchip (inventors were awarded a Nobel
Prize in Physics in 2000)
● Majority are engaged in supply of services

MODULE 12: History of Information Age

Information Age
- is defined as a “period starting in the last
quarter of the 20th century when information
became effortlessly accessible through
publications and through the management
of information by computers and computer
networks”. The means of conveying
symbolic information (e.g., writing, math, M MODULE 13: Issues in STS: Information
- Age-Automation
- codes) among humans has evolved with
increasing speed. The Information Age is Highly modernized, automated, data-driven and
also called the Digital Age and the New technologically advanced – these best describe our
Media Age because it was associated with society nowadays, as evidenced by how
the development of computers. information can be transferred or shared QUICKLY.
The different areas of society have been influenced
According to James R. Messenger who proposed tremendously such as communications, economics,
the Theory of Information Age in 1982, “the industry, health and the environment. Despite our
Information Age is a true new age based upon the gains due to the growing development of
interconnection of computers via information technology, the rapid upgrade of
telecommunications, with these information information also has disadvantages. As man
systems operating on both a real-time and evolved, information and its dissemination has also
as-needed basis. Furthermore, the primary factors evolved in many ways. Eventually, we no longer
driving this new age forward are convenience and kept them to ourselves; instead, we share them and
user-friendliness which, in turn, will create user manage them in different means. Information got
dependence.” ahead of us. It started to grow at a rate we were
unprepared to handle.
BEFORE
● During Galileo’s and Newton’s time, people ● ADVANTAGES commonly attributed to
were viewed as complicated mechanical automation include higher production rates
machines and increased productivity, more efficient
● Thomas Alva Edison, Alexander Graham use of materials, better product quality,
Bell, and Henry Ford improved safety, shorter workweeks for
● Screw and bolt in the Industrial era labor, and reduced factory lead times.
● Majority of labor force was into Higher output and increased productivity
manufacturing of goods have been two of the biggest reasons in
justifying the use of automation. Despite the
 claims of high quality from good
workmanship by humans, automated
systems typically perform the manufacturing
process with less variability than human
workers, resulting in greater control and
consistency of product quality. Also,
increased process control makes more
efficient use of materials, resulting in less
scrap.
● DISADVANTAGE often associated with
automation, worker displacement, has been
discussed above. Despite the social
benefits that might result from retraining
displaced workers for other jobs, in almost
all cases the worker whose job has been
taken over by a machine undergoes a
period of emotional stress. In addition to
displacement from work, the worker may be
displaced geographically. In order to find
other work, an individual may have to
relocate, which is another source of stress.
Other disadvantages of automated
equipment include the high capital
expenditure required to invest in automation
(an automated system can cost millions of
dollars to design, fabricate, and install), a
higher level of maintenance needed than
with a manually operated machine, and a
generally lower degree of flexibility in terms
of the possible products as compared with a
manual system (even flexible automation is
less flexible than humans, the most versatile
machines of all).

Automation
- the technique, method or system of
operating or controlling a process by highly
automatic means, as by electronic devices.