02' mß.

Kl fufyhqï moaO;s

fuu mßÉfÊoh wjidkfhaoS Tng

• fufyhqï moaO;shla hkq l=ula oehs

• fufyhqï moaO;shl ld¾h Ndrh
• fufyhqï moaO;s j¾.SlrKh lsÍu

ms<sn| j ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jkq we;'

mß.Klfha jev wrUuq

mß.Klfha úÿ,s iaúph l%shd;aul l< úgoS ^mß.Klh mK .ekajq úgoS&
Tng olakg ,efnk ksÍlaIK fudkjdo@

úÿ,s iaúph l%shd;aul l< ú.iska u Tng mß.Klfha jev weröug

wjia:dj Wodjkafka keye' mß.Klh Ndú; lsÍug wjYH lrk mßirh ielfik
f;la tkï fufyhqï moaO;sfha w;=reuqyqK; Èia jk f;la uo fõ,djla /|S isàug
isÿ jk nj fï jkúg Tng ksÍlaIKh lsÍug ,eî ;sfnkjd fkao@

fuysoS isÿ jkafka l=ula o@ wms oeka ta ms<sn| j úia;r úuid n,uq'

mß.Klfha úÿ,s iaúph l%shd;aul l< úg oS ^mß.Klh mK .ekajq úgoS&

isÿ jk l%shdldrlï my; mßÈ h'

• uq,ska u mGk ud;% u;lfha jq mß.Klh wdrïN lsßfï Wmfoia uOH

ieliqï tallh fj; fhduq lrkq we;'
• bka miq mß.Kl moaO;sfha jq oDVdx. tall mßlaId lsÍfï jevigyk
l%shd;aul lrkq we;' fuh Power On Self Test (POST) f,iska y÷kajk
w;r fuu mßlaIdfõoS lsishï fodaIhla yuqjqjfyd;a th ;srfha olajñka
mß.Klh mK .ekaùu kj;ajkq we;' ^wod< fodaIh ;srh iïnkaO jqjla
kï th ;srfha o¾Ykh l< fkdyels ksid mß.Kl iamSlrfhka îma yvla
ksl=;a lrñka mß.Klh mK .ekaùu kj;kq we;'&

28
 • Power On Self Test (POST) mßlaIdj id¾:l j wjika jq miqj mß.Klfha
uQ,sl wdodk iy m%;sodk tall mßlaId lrñka wod< úia;r mß.Kl
;srfha o¾Ykh lrkq oelsh yels jkq we;' fuysoS wod< úia;r CMOS
(Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) u;lfhka ,nd .ksñka wod<
Wmdx. mßlaId lsÍu isÿ lrhs' ^mß.Klfha iúlr we;s Wmdx.j, f;dr;=re
wvx.= lr we;af;a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) u;lh
;=<hs' tfia u Èkh iy fõ,dj wdoS úia;r o fuys ;ekam;a lr we;s w;r
fuu úia;r wjYH mßÈ fjkia l< yels h'&

fufyhqï moaO;sh mQrKh l< hq;= Odjlh l=ula oehs igyka lr we;af;a
o CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) u;lh ;=<hs' wjYH;dj mßÈ
fufyhqï moaO;sh mQrKh l< hq;= Odjlh fjkia lsÍu CMOS (Complementary
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) u;lfha jq ieliqï ieliSfuka isÿ l< yels h'

Power On Self Test (POST) mßlaIdfõoS úfYaIfhka u mß.Klfha iiïNdù

m%fõY u;lfha mßlaId lsÍu ^w.h olajñka& ;srfha o¾Ykh lrkq oel .; yels
w;r ta iuÕ u oDV ;eáh" m%ldY ;eá Odjl jeks tajdfha f;dr;=re o ;srfha
o¾Ykh lrkq oel .ekSug ,efnkq we;'

• wjika mshjr oeka l%shd;aul jk w;r fufyhqï moaO;sh wod< Odjlfhka

iiïNdù m%fõY u;lh fj; mQrKh ùu werfUkq we;' mß.Klfha
fufyhqï moaO;s tllg jvd ia:dmkh lr we;akï fuysoS Tng mß.Klh
wdrïN l< hq;= fufyhqï moaO;sh f;dard .ekSu i|yd fukqjla o¾Ykh
lrkq oelsh yels h' tuÕska wjYH lrk fufyhqï moaO;sh f;dard .; hq;=
w;r fndfyda wjia:dj,oS tla fufyhqï moAO;shla iajhx j l%shd;aulùug
ilia lr we;s w;r hï fõ,djlg miqj th iajhxl%Sh j mß.Klhg
mQrKh jkq we;'

• fufyhqï moaO;sh u;lh fj; mqrKh ùfuka miqj fufyhqï moaO;sfhys

wdrïNl ;srh o¾Ykh jk w;r j¾;udkfha fndfyda fufyhqï moaO;sj,oS
wod< fufyhqï moaO;shg m%fõYùu i|yd wjYH lrk mßYs,l kduh iy
uqrmoh we;=<;a lsÍug Tng isÿ jkq we;'

• wod< mßÈ mßYs,l kduh iy uqrmoh we;=<;a lsÍfuka miqj fufyhqï

moaO;sfha jev;,h o¾Ykh jk w;r oeka Tng ßis mßÈ mß.Klh iuÕ
jev l< yels h'

29
 rEmh 19'1 ( Windows 7 jev;,h rEmh 19'2 ( Ubuntu 12.10 jev;,h
Tnf.a mß.Klfha oelSug ,efnk jev;,h by; rEmj, oelafjk tajdg
jvd fjkia wdldrhla .eksug bv we;' ta .ek Tn l,n, úh hq;= ke;' ta ukao
h;a mß.Klfha isÿ lr we;s ieliqï wkqj jev;,fhys fmkqu fjkia fjkia
wdldrj,ska ,efnk neúks'

oeka Tn mß.Klfha jev wdrïN l<d' mß.Klfha jev wdrïN lsßug

fufyhqï moaO;shla w;HjYH nj oeka Tng jegySs we;ehs is;uq' tfiau fufyhqï
moaO;shla uÕska mß.Klfha ld¾h md,kh lrk nj;a oeka Tng jegyS we;ehs
is;uq' fï ksid wms oeka fufyhqï moaO;shla hkq l=ula oehs iy th l%shd;aul
jkafka flfia oehs úuid n,uq'

l%shdldrlu 19'1

Windows 7 jev;,fhys $ Ubuntu 12.10 jev;,fhys jq fldgia kï lrkak'

tajdfha ld¾h o igyka lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 19'2

mß.Klfha ld¾h wdrïN lsÍfïoS ^mß.Klh mK .ekaúfïoS& isÿjk ld¾h

ish,a, ksÍlaIKh fldg fldá jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'

mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;shla hkq l=ula o@

mß.Kl moaO;shl jq oDVdx. md,kh lrñka ñ;%YS,S mßYS,l w;=re
uqyqK;la ,nd foñka l%shd;aul jk mß.Kl uDÿldx. mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;s
f,iska ye|skafõ'

30
 fufyhqï moaO;shg ysñ ia:dkh
my; igykska Tng mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;shla mß.Kl oDVdx. yd
mßYS,lhd iuÕ we;s iïnkaO;dj myiqfjka f;areï .ekSug yels jkq we;'

Computer User mß.Kl mßYS,lhd

Utilities Wmfhda.S;d jevigyka Applications Software fhÿï uDÿldx.

Operating System fufyhqï moaO;sh

Computer Hardware mß.Kl oDVdx.

rEmh 19'3 ( mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;shg ysñ ia:dkh

fufyhqï moaO;sh mßYs,lhd yd mß.Kl oDVdx. w;r iïnkaO;dj we;s lrkq
,nk w;rueÈfhl= f,iska l%shd;aul jk mß.Kl uDÿldx.hla neõ Tng fuu
igykska meyeÈ,s jkq we;' idudkHfhka mßYS,lhdg mß.Kl oDVdx. iuÕ
iDcqj .kqfokq l< fkdyels w;r ta i|yd Tyq$weh fufyhqï moaO;sfha iyh ,nd
.; hq;= h'
mß.Klfha l%shd;aul jk ish¨ mß.Kl uDÿldx.j,g oDVdx. yd .kqfokq
lsÍug fufyhqï moaO;sfha iyh ,nd .ekSug isÿfõ' mßYs,lhdg wjYH;dj mßÈ
fufyhqï moaO;sh iuÕ fyda wfkl=;a uDÿldx. iuÕ fyda iïnkaOfjñka wjYH
lrk lghq;= lsÍug yels h'
mßYs,lhdg oDVdx. yd uDÿldx. iuÕ jev lsÍug wjYH mßirh mß.Kl
fufyhqï moaO;sh uÕska ilia lr fok neúka iEu mß.Klhlu mß.Kl
fufyhqï moaO;shla ia:dmkh lr ;sîu wksjd¾h jkq we;'

mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;shl ld¾h Ndrh

mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;sfha by; ye|skaùfuka wmg mß.Kl fufyhqï
moaO;shla úiska bgq lrkq ,nk m%Odk ld¾h folla y÷kd .ekSug mq¿jka' tajd
kï (
• mß.Kl moaO;shl jq oDVdx. md,kh lsÍu
• ñ;%YS,S mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;la ,nd oSu

31
fufyhqï moaO;shl ld¾h Ndrh ms<sn| j bf.k .ekSug kï wms fuu ld¾h fol
ms<sn| j úia;rd;aul j úuid ne,sh hq;= h' tu ksid wms oeka fuu ld¾h fol
ms<sn| j úia;r úuid n,uq'

mß.Kl moaO;shl jq oDVdx. md,kh lsÍu

fufyhqï moaO;s uÕska my; oelafjk l<ukdlrK ld¾h yryd mß.Kl
moaO;sfha jq oDVdx. md,kh lsÍu isÿ lrhs'

1' l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh Process Management

2' u;l l<ukdlrKh Memory Management
3' Wmdx. l<ukdlrKh Device Management
4' f.dkq l<ukdlrKh File Management
5' wdrlaIK l<ukdlrK Security Management

wms oeka fuu l<ukdlrK ld¾h my ms<sn| j úia;r úuid n,uq'

1' l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKh Process Management

mß.Klhla Ndú; lrñka wm úiska úúO jq ld¾h bgq lr .kakd nj Tn
okakjd' WodyrKhla jYfhka ,smshla uqøK hka;%fhka uqøKh lr .ekSu ms<sn|
j is;a fhduq lrkak' ,smshla uqøKh lsÍu tla ld¾hhla f,iska wmg fmkqko
mß.KlfhaoS fuu ld¾hh isÿ lrkqfha l=vd l=vd ld¾h rdYshlg fnod .ksñka h'
fufyhqï moaO;sj,oS wm úiska fuu l=vd ld¾hhla l%shdj,shla f,iska y÷kajuq'

mß.Klfha l%shd;aul fjñka mj;sk mß.Kl jevigykla fyda jevi-

gykl fldgila l%shdj,shla f,iska ir,j y÷kajd Èh yels h' mß.KlfhaoS iEu
ld¾hhla u l%shdj,s tlla fyda lsysmhla yryd bgq lrhs'

l%shdj,s i|yd wjYH lrk wdldrfhka uOH ieliqï tallfha ld,h fjka
lr .ekSu" u;lh fjka lr .ekSu iy wdodk-m%;sodk tall fjka lr .ekSu jeks
iïm;a l<ukdlrK ld¾h fufyhqï moaO;sfha l%shdj,s l<ukdlrKfhaoS isÿ
lrhs'

tfia u l%shdj,s ish,a, kshñ; wdldrfhka fm< .eiSug lghq;= lsÍu;a

^tkï ls%hdj,s wjYH mßÈ tlla miq mi tlla isák f,iska ilia lsÍu;a& l%shdj,s
l<ukdlrKh hgf;aoS fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska bgq lrkq we;'

32
 l%shdldrlu 19'3

WINODWS fufyhqï moaO;sfhaoS l%shd;aul j mj;sk l%shdj,s oel .ekSu

Task Manager yryd isÿ l< yels w;r Linux fufyhqï moaO;sj,oS fï i|yd ps -a
wKlsÍu Ndú; l< yels h' Tn mß.Klh Ndú; lrñka isák hï wjia:djloS
l%shd;aul j mj;sk l%shdj,s fidhd n,d igyka lrkak'

2' u;l l<ukdlrKh Memory Management

mß.Klh l%shd;aulùfïoS u;lh ^úfYaIfhka u wms fuysÈ l;d lrkafka
m%d:ñl u;lh tkï iiïNdù m%fõY u;lh .ekhs& úYd, ld¾hhla bgq lrkq
olskag mq¿jka' wdodkh lrkq ,nk ish¨ o;a; iy Wmfoia uOH ieliqï tallh
fj; .uka lrk f;la r|jd ;nd .kafka o ilia lrkq ,enQ o;a; tkï f;dr;=re
m%;sodk tall fj; fhduq lrk f;la r|jd ;nd .kafka o u;lh ;=,hs' fï
ksid u;lh úêu;a j l<ukdlrKh lsßu mß.Klfha ukd l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd
w;HjYH h' l%shdj,s i|yd u;lh fjkqfjka we;súh yels .egqï j,ld<ñka
l%shdj,s i|yd wjYH lrk u;lh fjka lr oSu;a tu l%shdj,s wjidkfha oS u;lh
ksoyia lsÍug wjYH lghq;= isÿ lsÍu;a u;l l<ukdlrKfhaoS isÿ lrhs'

u;l l<ukdlrKh i|yd fufyhqï moaO;s uÕska úúO jq Wml%u fhdod

.kakd w;r fufyhqï moaO;s uÕska mß.Klfha jq m%d:ñl u;lh (Primary Memory
-iiïNdú m%fõY$msúiqï u;lh -Random Access Memory -RAM& fuka u oaú;Shsl
u;lh (Secondary Memory& hk u;l wdldr folu l<ukdlrK lsÍug lghq;=
lrk neú wm úiska u;l ;nd .; hq;= h'

l%shdldrlu 19'4

kùk mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;s u;l l<ukdlrKh i|yd Ndú; lrk

my; Wml%u ms<sn| j úia;r fidhd n,d flá jd¾;djla ilia lrkak' óg
wu;rj u;l l<ukdlrKh i|yd Ndú; lrk fjk;a Wml%u mj;skafka kï
tajd fudkjdoehs fidhd n,d tajdfha ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'

• w;:H u;lh Virtual Memory

• Readyboost

33
 l%shdldrlu 19'5

Tnf.a mß.Klfha iiïNdú m%fõY$msúiqï u;lfha (Random Access

Memory -RAM tflys& m%udKh o¾Ykh lrk ^fidhd .kakd& wdldr$h olajkak'
Tnf.a mß.Klfha iiïNdú m%fõY$msúiqï u;lfha (Random Access Memory -RAM
tflys& m%udKh o igyka lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 19'6

Tnf.a mß.Klfha w;:H u;lfha (Vitual Memory tflys& m%udKh o¾Ykh

lrk ^fidhd .kakd& wdldr$h olajkak' Tnf.a mß.Klfha w;:H u;lfha (Vir-
tual Memory tflys& m%udKh o igyka lrkak'

3' Wmdx. l<ukdlrKh Device Management

mß.Kl moaO;shl fndfyda m¾hka; Wmdx. (peripheral devices) Ndú; lrk
nj Tn okakjd' fuu ish¨ Wmdx. md,kh lsÍfï j.lSu orkafka o fufyhqï
moaO;shhs' Wmdx. md,kh i|yd oDVdx. fldgia jk Wmdx. md,l (device control-
lers) o uDÿldx. fldgia md,kh i|yd Odjl$t<jqï jevigyka (device drivers) o
fhdod .kS'

WodyrKhla f,iska Tn úiska ñ,oS .kq ,nk uqøK hka;%hla Tnf.a

mß.Klfhys ksjerÈ l%shd;aulùug kï ta i|yd kshñ; Odjl$t<jqï jevigyk
(device driver) fufyhqï moaO;sfhys kshñ; wdldrfhka ia:dmkh l< hq;= h' tfia
fkdjqK úgoS uqøs; msgm;a ,nd .ekSug yels jqjo uqøK hka;%fha jq kùk myiqlï-
j,ska Tng ksis m%fhdackhla ^Wod' iajhxl%Sh j lvodisfha fomiu uqøKh lsÍu
jeks myiqlï& ,nd .ekSug fkdyels jkq we;'

j¾;udkfha oS fndfyda Wmdx. iúl< ú.i l%shd;aul jk wdldrfhka (plug

and play) ilia lr we;s w;r Bg wod< Odjl$t<jqï jevigyka (device driver)
fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska iajhxl%Sh j ia:dmkh lr .kq olakg mq¿jka' fï ksid
j¾;udkfhaoS fndfyda wjia:dj,oS wmg fuu Odjl$t<jqï jevigyka (device driv-
er) ia:dmkh lsßu ms<sn| j lrorùug wjYH fkdjkq we;'

34
 l%shdldrlu 19'7

kj uqøK hka;%hla (printer tlla& i|yd wod< Wmdx. Odjl$t<jqï jevi-

gyk (device driver tl& Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=< ia:dmkh (install)
lrk wdldr$h igyka lrkak'

4' f.dkq l<ukdlrKh File Management

mß.Klfha o;a; ;ekam;a lsÍug f.dkq Ndú; lrk nj;a tajd úêu;a
j l<ukdlrKh lsßug f*da,avr fhdod .kakd nj;a Tn fï jk úg okakjd'
f.dkq l<ukdlrKh i|yd lghq;= lsÍu;a fufyhqï moaO;sfha ld¾hhls' fufy-
hqï moaO;s uÕska f.dkq l<ukdlrKh i|yd my; i|yka fiajd isÿ lrkq oelsh
yels h'

• kj f.dkq ilia lsÍu iy tajd ksis f,i ia:dk.; lsÍu

• wkjYH f.dkq uld oeóu
• wjYH mßÈ f*da,avr ilia lsÍu iy wkjYH tajd uld oeóu
• f.dkqj, yd f*da,avrj, kï fjkia lsÍu
• f.dkq yd f*da,avr msysá ia:dk fjkia lsÍu
• wjYH jq wjia:dj,oS wjYH lrk f.dkq Wmia: lsÍu

l%shdldrlu 19'8

f.dkq yd f*da,avr iuÕ jev lghq;= lsÍu wjfndaO lr .ekSug my;

l%shdldrlï olajd we;s ms<sfj,g isÿ lrkak' fï ish¨ l%shdldrlï isÿ lr tajd
isÿ lrkq ,enQ mshjr meyeÈ,s j igyka lrkak'

• Tnf.a fufyhqï moaO;sfha jev;,fhys my; i|yka wdldrfhka f*da,avr

wdlD;shla ilia lrkak'

• Tnf.a fufyhqï moaO;sfhys jq rEm we|sfï jevigyk Ndú; lrñka rEmh-

la ilia lr th Images f*da,avrfhys MyImage kñka ;ekam;a lrkak'

• thska msgm;la Draft f*da,avrhg fhduq lrkak' fuysoS uq,a msgm; t;eku
mej;sh hq;= h'
• oeka uq,a rEm f.dkqfjys ku ModifiedImage f,ig fjkia lrkak'

35
 • oeka ModifiedImage f.dkqj Finished f*da,avrh fj; fhduq lrkak' fuysoS
uq,a msgm; Draft f*da,avrfhka bj;a j ^uelS f.dia& Draft f*da,avrhg tla
úh hq;= h'

• ModifiedImage f.dkqfjys msgm;la ClosedImage f,iska Finished f*da,avrf-

hys u ilia lrkak'

• ModifiedImage f.dkqj uld oukak'

• uld oukq ,enQ ModifiedImage f.dkqj Tng kej; ,nd .ekSug ^ms<silr
lsÍug& yels o@ yelskï th ms<silr lrk wdldrh olajd ms<silr lrkak'

• Draft f*da,avrh kej; ms<silr l< fkdyels f,iska uld oeóh yels o@
yelss kï th isÿ lrk wdldrh úia;r lrkak' Draft f*da,avrh ms<silr
l< fkdyels f,iska uld oeñh yelskï th isÿ lr ta neú ;yjqre lrk
wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

• Excercises f*da,avrfhys ku Activities f,iska fjkia lrkak'

f.dkq l<ukdlrKfhaoS fufyhqï moaO;sh uÕska f.dkq Wm,laIK" f.dkq

fufyhqï" f.dkq m%fõY$msúiqï wjir iy f.dkq moaO;s hk lreKq ms<sn| j o
ie,sls,su;a jkq oelsh yels h'

l%shdldrlu 19'9

f.dkq $ f*da,avr i;=j fndfyda Wm,laIK mj;S' Tnf.a fufyhqï moaO;s-

fha f.dkqjla $ f*da,avrhla f;dard f.k tys Wm,laIK fidhd n,k wdldrh
igyka lr olakg ,efnk Wm,laIK o igyka lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 19'9 (
my; oelafjk f.dkq wdldr Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;s fudkjdoehs fidhd n,d
igyka lrkak'
• FAT16
• FAT32
• NTFS
• ext4
• ReiserFS
36
 l%shdldrlu 19'10

fufyhqï moaO;s ;,fhaoS f.dkqj,g m%fõYùu ^msúiSu& i|yd fhdod .kakd

my; wdldr fol fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

• wkql%ñl m%fõYh$msúiqu Sequential Access

• iiïNdù m%fõYh$msúiqu Random Access

5' wdrlaIK l<ukdlrK Security Management

mß.Kl moaO;shla fj; ndysßka fuka u wNHka;rfhka o úúO jq ;¾ck
we;sjkq oelsh yels h' ndysr iy wNHka;r Wmøj,ska mß.Kl moaO;sh wdrlaId
lr .ekSfï uQ,sl j.lSu orkafka o fufyhqï moaO;shhs'
wNHka;r wdrlaIKh hgf;aoS mß.Kl moaO;sfha jq iïm;a .egqïj,ska
f;drj wjYH lrkq ,nk l%shdj,s i|yd ksis f,i fjka lroSu tkï l<ukdlrKh
lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
ndysr wdrlaIKh hgf;aoS úfYaIfhka u mß.Kl o;a;" jevigyka yd
iïm;a wkjir m%fõYfhka j,lajd .ekSu i|yd wjYH lrk mshjr .ekSu isÿ
lrkq we;'
ndysr wdrlaIKh hgf;aoS mß.Klhlg ndysr we;s úh yels Wmøj
rdYshla mj;sk w;r fuysoS wm úiska i,ld n,kq ,nkafka fufyhqï moaO;shg
l<ukdlrKh l< yels ndysr Wmøj muKla nj ie,lsh hq;= h'

l%shdldrlu 19'11

fufyhqï moaO;s uÕska wkjir m%fõYh j,lajd .ekSu fyda md,kh lsÍu
i|yd fhdod .kakd Wml%u fudkjd oehs ,ehsia;=.; lr tajd fláfhka úia;r
lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 19'12

fufyhqï moaO;shlg ;ksj ndysr Wmøj ish,a, u md,kh lsßug fkdyels

h' fï i|yd ndysr uDÿldx.j, iyh ,nd .kakjd oelsh yels h' fufyhqï
moaO;shlg ;ksj md,kh lsÍug wmyiq ndysr ;¾ck yd tajd md,kh i|yd Ndú;
lrk uDÿldx. fudkjd oehs ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
37
 ñ;%YS,S mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;la ,nd oSu
mß.Klh iuÕ jev lghq;= lsÍug w;=re uqyqK;la wjYH lrhs' fufyhqï
moaO;s uÕska wjYH lrkq ,nk l%shd myiqfjka yd ir,j bgq lr .eksug wjYH
lrk wK lsÍï ^úOdk& iy Wmfoia ,ndoSu i|yd ñ;%YS,S w;=re uqyqK;la wm
fj; ,nd fohs' fuu w;=re uqyqK; Ndú; lrñka wjYH lrk ish¨ l%shd ixlS¾K
l%shdoduhlg fkdf.dia myiqfjka u bgq lr .ekSug yels h'
w;=re uqyqK;a ms<sn| j l;d lsÍfïoS wmg m%Odk jYfhka wdldr foll w;=re
uqyqK;a oel .ekSug mq¿jka'
1' úOdk fma,S w;=re uqyqK;a (CLI -Command Line Interfaces)
2' Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;a (GUI -Graphical User Interfaces)
1' úOdk fma,S w;=re uqyqK;a (CLI -Command Line Interfaces) iys;
fufyhqï moaO;s
wdrïNl wjêfhaoS ks¾udKh lrkq ,enq ish¨ mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;sj, olakg
,enqfKa úOdk fma,S w;=re uqyqK;a jk w;r fuys wod< wK lsÍï iy Wmfoia
we;=<;a lsÍug i|yd fm%arlhla (prompt) olakg ,eìKs' wjYH lrk ish¨ wK
lsÍï iy Wmfoia fuu fm%arlh u; h;=re ,shkh l< hq;= úh' tfia u wod< wK
lsÍfï ldrl Í;sh (syntax) ksjerÈ j wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'

l%shdldrlu 19'13

Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha úOdk fma,S w;=re uqyqK; ,nd .kakd
wdldrh igyka lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 19'14

Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha úOdk fma,S w;=re uqyqKf;ys Ndú;

l< yels wK lsÍï lsysmhla igyka lr tajdhska bgq lrk ,nk fiajd igyka
lrkak'
2' Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=re uqyqK;a (GUI -Graphical User Interfaces) iys;
fufyhqï moaO;s
j¾;udkfha Ndú; lrk ish¨ mß.Kl fufyhqï moaO;sj, w;=re uqyqK; ilia
fjkafka Ñ;%l mdol lr .ksñks' mßYS,lhskag myiqfjka uqislh uÕska fyda
w;eÕs,s Ndú; lrñka wjYH lrk l%shd bgq lr .ekSug fïjdfhaoS yelshdj mj;S'
38
fuuÕska b;du;a myiqfjka fufyhqï moaO;sh Ndú; lrñka wjYH lrk lghq;=
bgq lr .; yels h'

Ñ;%l mßYS,l w;=reuqyqK;a iys; fufyhqï moaO;s [Operating Systems with Graphical
User Interfaces (GUI)] ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS m%Odk ixrpl (componets) y;rla Ndú;
lrñka ñ;%YS,S mßirhla ilia lr oS we;' tu ixrpl (componets) i;r WIMP f,i
fláfhka y÷kajhs' WIMP hkqfjka woyia lrkafka

1' ljq¿ Windows

2' ksrEml$whslk Icons
3' fukq Menus
4' olajkh Pointer hkakhs'

l%shdldrlu 19'15

Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha f;dard .;a ^fjkia wdldrfha& ljq¿

foll olakg we;s wxf.damdx. kï lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 19'16

Tnf.a fufyhqï moaO;sfha jev;,fhys olakg ,efnk whslk ish,a, kï

fldg tajdfhys ld¾h igyka lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 19'17

Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha ir, jevigykla foll olakg

,efnk fukq foll olakg ,efnk wjia:d ^úl,am& Ndú; lrk wdldrh úia;r
lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 19'18

Tn Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;sfha ^uqisl& olajkfha úúO yev;, olakg

mq¿jka' ^uqisl& olajkfha iajrEm lsysmhla olajkak' ^uqisl& olajkfha yev;,h
wjYH wdldrfhka fjkia lr .kafka flfia oehs olajkak'

39
 l%shdldrlu 19'19

fufyhqï moaO;shla iuÕ lghq;= lsÍfïoS uqislh iuÕ ikaikaokh lsÍfïoS

w;eÕs,s Ndú; lsÍfï jdis iy wjdis igyka lrkak'

fufyhqï moaO;s j¾.SlrKh

fufyhqï moaO;s j¾.SlrKh lsÍu úúO udk Tiafia isÿ l< yels h' thska
wdldr lsysmhla muKla fláfhka fuys igyka lr we;'

• Ndú; l< yels mßYS,lhska m%udKh wkqj

o tal mßYS,l fufyhqï moaO;s Single User Operating Systems

Wod' MS DOS [Microsoft Disk Operating System], Windows 95, Windows
98, Windows ME (Millenium Edition)

o nyq mßYS,l fufyhqï moaO;s Multi User Operating Systems

Wod' Linux, Unix, Windows [NT, 2000, XP, Vista, 7], Mac OS X (Macintosh
Operating System TEN)
• Ndú; l< yels jevigyka ^isÿ l< yels ld¾h& m%udKh wkqj

o tal ld¾hh fufyhqï moaO;s Single Tasking Operating Systems

Wod' MS DOS [Microsoft Disk Operating System]

o nyq ld¾h fufyhqï moaO;s Multi Tasking Operating Systems

Wod' Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows [NT, 2000, XP,
Vista, 7], Linux, Unix, Mac OS X (Macintosh Operating System TEN)

• m%;spdr olajk wjia:dj ^ld,h& wkqj

o ld, iuNdú;$úNdck fufyhqï moaO;s Timesharing Operating Sys-

tems
o ;:H ld, fufyhqï moaO;s Real Time Operating Systems
o ldKav ieliqï fufyhqï moaO;s Batch Processing Operating Systems

40
 j¾;udkfha m%p,s; fufyhqï moaO;s
úúO jq ld¾h i|yd Ndú; lrk fufyhqï moaO;s w;súYd, m%udKhla
j¾;udk f,dalfhys Ndú; lrkq olakg mq¿jka' iuyr tajd b;du;a úfYaIs; ld¾h
i|yd muKla fhdod .kakd w;r ;j;a tajd idudkH tkï fmdÿ Ndú;h i|yd
fhdod .kq olakg mq¿jka'

j¾;udkfha mqoa., mß.Klj, Ndú; lrk jvd;a m%p,s; fufyhqï moaO;s jkafka
• Microsoft mjqf,a Windows fufyhqï moaO;s fm<

• Apple iud.fï Mac OS X (Macintosh Operating System TEN)

• Linux fnodyeÍï

l%shdldrlu 19'20

wjYH lrk Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh wm úiska ñ,hg .; hq;= jqj;a wjYH lrk
Linux fnodyeÍula fkdñ,fha u ,nd .ekSug yelshdj mj;S' flfia jqjo iuyfrla
Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh Ndú; lsÍu jvd;a jdisodhl hehs mjik w;r ;j;a
iuyfrla újD; yd ksoyia fla; uDÿldx. ldKavhg wh;a jk Linux fnodyeÍula
Ndú; lsÍu jvd;a jdisodhl hehs mjihs' fï ms<sn| j Tn ork woyi fya;= idOl
iys; j úia;r lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 19'21

j¾;udkfha cx.u Wmdx. rdYshl tajdfha ld¾h l<ukdlrKh i|yd fufyhqï

moaO;shla ia:dmkh lr ;sfnkq oelsh yels h' j¾;udkfha cx.u Wmdx.j, Ndú;
lrk m%p,s; fufyhqï moaO;s foll úia;r úuid n,d flá jd¾;djla ilia
lrkak'

41