INTRODUCTION

TO
STATISTICS

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS 1

 INTRODUCTION
 The word statistics conveys a variety of
meaning to people in different walks of life.

 The word statistics comes from the Italian

words Statista

( Statement).
R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS 2
CONT…INTRODUCTION

 The German word Statistik

Political state

 The word Statistics today refers to either

quantitative information or a method of

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

delaling with quantitative or qualitative
information. 3
 DEFINITION
 “Statistics is defined as collection, Presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data”.
Acc. Croxton & cowden

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 statistics is the sciences and art of dealing with
figure and facts.
4
 Biostatistics is the branch of statistics
applied to biological or medical sciences.
 Biostatistics is the methods used in dealing
with statistics in the field of health sciences

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

such as biology, medicine, nursing, public
health etc.
5
 Biostatistics is the branch of statistics
applied to biology or medical sciences.
Biostatistics is also called “Biometry”

 In Greek, Bios Life

 Metron Measured

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

So, it is measurement of life
6
 USE & APPLICATION OF STATISTICS

 It facilitates comparisons
 It simplifies the message of figure
 It helps in formulating and testing hypothesis
 It help in prediction

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

7
 SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
 Measurement is the process of assigning numbers
or labels to objects, persons, states, or events in
accordance with specific rules to represent
quantities or qualities of attributes.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 We do not measure specific objects, persons, etc.,
we measure attributes or features that define them.
8
FOUR BASIC SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

Nominal Scales

Ordinal Scales

Interval Scales

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

Ratio Scales
9
 Nominal

Types of
Ordinal Measurement Ratio
Scales

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

Interval 10
 Theremust be distinct classes but these classes
have no quantitative properties. Therefore, no
comparison can be made in terms of one category
being higher than the other.

 For example - there are two classes for the

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

variable gender - males and females. There are
no quantitative properties for this variable or
these classes and, therefore, gender is a nominal
11
variable.
CONT…NOMINAL SCALE

 Sometimes numbers are used to designate

category membership-

 Example:
Country of Origin
1 = United States 3 = Canada

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

2 = Mexico 4 = Other
12
 Ordinal Scales
There are distinct classes but these classes have a
natural ordering or ranking. The differences can be
ordered on the basis of magnitude.

For example - final position of horses in a

thoroughbred race is an ordinal variable. The horses
finish first, second, third, fourth, and so on. The

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

difference between first and second is not
necessarily equivalent to the difference between
second and third, or between third and fourth. 13
CONT…ORDINAL SCALES

 Does not assume that the intervals between numbers

are equal

Example:
finishing place in a race
(first place, second place)
1st place 2nd place 3rd place 4th place

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours 5 hours 6 hours 7 hours 8 hours

14
 INTERVAL SCALES
 Itis possible to compare differences in magnitude,
but importantly the zero point does not have a
natural meaning. It captures the properties of
nominal and ordinal scales - used by most
psychological tests.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 Designates an equal-interval ordering - The
distance between, for example, a 1 and a 2 is the
same as the distance between a 4 and a 5
15
 We can see that the same difference
exists between 10o C ( 50 F) and 20
degree C ( 68 F)

 25 C ( 77F) and 35 C ( 95 F)

 Butwe can not say that 20C is twice as

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

hot as a temperature of 10C

16
Example - Celsius temperature is an interval
variable. It is meaningful to say that 25 degrees
Celsius is 3 degrees hotter than 22 degrees Celsius,
and that 17 degrees Celsius is the same amount
hotter (3 degrees) than 14 degrees Celsius. Notice,
however, that 0 degrees Celsius does not have a

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

natural meaning. That is, 0 degrees Celsius does not
mean the absence of heat!
17
 RATIO SCALES
 It is the highest level for measurement
 This level has all the three attributes:
 Magnitude

 Equal interval

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 Absolute zero point

 It represent continuous values

18
 Example:

 Biophysical parameters
 Weight

 Height

 Volume

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 Blood pressure

19
 30 Kg is thrice of 10 kg

 20 cm is twice of 10 cm

8 hours is four time of 2 hours

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

20
 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALES
(CONT.)

 Each of these scales have different properties

(i.e., difference, magnitude, equal intervals, or
a true zero point) and allows for different
interpretations.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

21
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALES (CONT.)

 The scales are listed in hierarchical order.

Nominal scales have the fewest measurement
properties and ratio having the most properties
including the properties of all the scales beneath
it on the hierarchy.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

22
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALES (CONT.)

 The goal is to be able to identify the type of

measurement scale, and to understand proper
use and interpretation of the scale.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

23
PRIMARY SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
Scale
Nominal Symbols Finish
Assigned B S G
to Runners o a e
b m n
e
Ordinal Rank Order Finish
of Winners
3rd place 2nd place 1st place

Interval Performance
Rating on a

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

3 7 9
0 to 10 Scale

Ratio Time to 24
Finish, in 15.2 14.1 13.4
Seconds
Scale Basic Common Marketing
Characteristics Examples Examples
Nominal Numbers identify Social Security Brand nos.,
& classify objects nos., numbering of store types
football players
Ordinal Nos. indicate the Quality Preference
relative positions of
objects but not the rankings, rankings,
magnitude of rankings of market
differences teams in a position,
between them
tournament social class
Interval Differences Temperature Attitudes,
between objects
can be compared, (Fahrenheit) opinions,
zero point is Celsius) index nos.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

arbitrary
Ratio Zero point is Length, weight Age, sales,
fixed, ratios of income, costs
scale values can 26
be compared
 Descriptive statistics use to organize and summarize the data to draw

meaningful interpretations.

 Descriptive statistics deal with the enumeration, organization and graphical

representation of data.

27
R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS
CONT…DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

 Descriptive statistics includes-

 Measures to condense data

 Measures of central tendency

 Measures of dispersion

 Measures of relationship ( Correlation coefficient)

28
R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS
 Measures to condense data
 Frequency and percentage distribution through tabulation and graphic presentation.

 Table

 Graphs and diagrams

 Percentages

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS 29

 Type

 Frequency distribution table

 Contingency table

 Multiple Response table

 Miscellaneous table
30

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
 The data may be qualitative or quantitative

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

31
 Thefollowing are the weight in kg 48
medical students. Construct the
frequency distribution table

 50, 61, 70 71 63 34 75 80 45 56 57 58
60 62 72 78 48 50 63 64 67 52 52 54
55 56 57 70 71 72 73 64 65 66 67 62

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

63 65 52 60 54 56 58 57 61 81 82 80
32
 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
 Relative frequency =
Class frequency
---------------------------
Total frequency

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

33
 FREQUENCY DENSITY OF A CLASS

 Frequency density of a class=

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

frequency of the class
-------------------------------
width of the class

34
 105 100 109 106 122 103 122 107 102
105 103 100 119 116 120 122 115 119
118 109 103 108 106 107 104 103 105
102 106 103 109 114 122 114 100 116
115 110 120 100 117 120 107 116 119
122 122 107 106 117

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

35
138 164 150 132 144 125 149 157
146 158 140 109 136 148 152 144

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

168 126 138 186 163 109 154
165 146 183 105 108 135 153
140 135 161 145 135 142 150
156 145 128

36
 Type
 Cumulative frequency curve
 Bar diagram
 Scattered diagram
 Pie chart
 Pictograms
 Histogram
 Map diagrams
 Frequency polygon

 Line diagram
37

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

CONT…GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS

 Presentationof quantitative, continuous or measured

data is through graphs. The common graphs in use
are:-
 Histogram
 Frequency polygon
 Frequency curve
 Line chart or graph
 Cumulative frequency diagram
 Scatter or dot diagram
38

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 CONT…Graphs and diagrams

 Presentation of qualitative , discrete or counted data is

through diagrams. The common diagrams in use are:-

 Bar diagram

 Pie diagram

 Pictogram diagram

 Map diagram or spot map

39

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 Measures of central tendency

 Arithmetic mean

 Median

 Mode

 Geometric mean
40

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Characteristics Measurement of central
Sl. no Data level
tendency
Measured on scale of
1 Nominal Mode (Mo)
frequency of categories
Measured on no scale but can
2 Ordinal Median (Md)
be ranked
Measured on a scale with no
3 Interval Mean (M)
true zero
Measured on a scale with
4 Ratio Mean (M)
absolute zero

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS 41

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS
42