Department of BCA(Shift I)

IoT and its Applications – SU46B

1. IoT & Web Technology
Internet of Things (IoT)
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of connected things that include electronics in
their design to interact and perceive their interactions with one another and the external
environment.
• In the future, Internet-of-things technology will enable increased service levels and will
fundamentally alter how people live their everyday lives.
• Medicine, energy, gene treatments, agriculture, intelligent buildings, and intelligent
buildings are just a few of the broad categories in which IoT is well established.
Examples
• Biometric Security Systems
• Disaster Management
• Farming
• Home Automation
• Process Automation
• Shopping malls
• Smart Cars
• Wearable Health Monitors
Web technology
• Web technologies are how computers/devices connect using markup languages. It is
web-based communication that is used to generate, distribute, or manage online
content via hypertext markup language (HTML).
• A web page is an HTML-formatted online document (hypertext markup language).
 It is supposed to have reduced the globe to the size of a tiny hamlet, where people
and machines may connect in real-time.
 The WWW has enabled access to information that would have been unattainable or
difficult to locate without the Internet.
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2. The Internet of Things Today
• Internet of Things application areas, Smart Cities (and regions), Smart Car and mobility,
• Smart Home and assisted living, Smart Industries, Public safety, Energy & environmental
protection, Agriculture and Tourism as part of a future IoT Ecosystem (Figure 1.1)

• the majority of the governments in Europe, in Asia, and in the Americas consider now the
Internet of Things as an area of innovation and growth.
• in some application areas still do not recognise the potential, many of them pay high
attention or even accelerate the pace by coining new terms for the IoT and adding
additional components to it.
• Moreover, end-users in the private and business domain have nowadays acquired a
significant competence in dealing with smart devices and networked applications
• As the Internet of Things continues to develop, further potential is estimated by a
combination with related technology approaches and concepts such as Cloud computing,
• Future Internet, Big Data, robotics and Semantic Internet of Things: Converging
Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems.
Factors are:
• No clear approach for the utilisation of unique identifiers and numbering spaces for
various kinds of persistent and volatile objects at a global scale.
• No accelerated use and further development of IoT reference architectures like for
example the Architecture Reference Model (ARM) of the project IoT-A.
• • Less rapid advance in semantic interoperability for exchanging sensor information in
heterogeneous environments.
Difficulties in developing a clear approach for enabling innovation, trust and ownership
of data in the IoT while at the same time respecting security and privacy in a complex
environment.
• Difficulties in developing business which embraces the full potential of the Internet of
Things.
• Missing large-scale testing and learning environments, which both facilitate the
experimentation with complex sensor networks and stimulate innovation through
reflection and
 • Only partly deployed rich interfaces in light of a growing amount of data and the need
for context-integrated presentation.

3. Time for Convergence

• Integrated environments that have been at the origin of the successful take up of
smartphone platforms and
• capable of running a multiplicity of user-driven applications and connecting various
sensors and objects are missing today.
Coherence of object capabilities and behaviour:
• the objects in the Internet of Things will show a huge variety in sensing and actuation
capabilities, in information processing functionality and their time of existence.
• In either case it will be necessary to generally apprehend object as entities with a growing
“intelligence” and patterns of autonomous behaviour.
• Coherence of application interactivity:
the applications will increase in complexity and modularisation, and boundaries between
applications and services will be blurred to a high degree.
• Fixed programmed suites will evolve into dynamic and learning application packages.
Besides technical, semantic interoperability will become the key for context aware
information exchange and processing.
• Coherence of corresponding technology approaches:
• larger concepts like Smart Cities, Cloud computing, Future Internet, robotics and others
will evolve in their own way, but because of complementarity also partly merge with the
Internet of Things.
• Coherence of real and virtual worlds:
• today real and virtual worlds are perceived as two antagonistic conceptions. At the same
time virtual worlds grow exponentially with the amount of stored data and ever
increasing network and information processing capabilities.
• Understanding both paradigms as complementary and part of human evolution could lead
to new synergies and exploration of living worlds
4. Towards the IoT Universe
 The overall scope is to create and foster ecosystems of platforms for connected
smart objects, integrating the future generation of devices,
 network technologies, software technologies, interfaces and other evolving ICT
innovations, both for the society and
 for people to become pervasive at home, at work and while on the move.
 These environments will embed effective and efficient security and privacy
mechanisms into devices, architectures, platforms, and protocols,
 including characteristics such as openness, dynamic expandability,
interoperability of objects, distributed intelligence, and cost and energy-efficiency
Internet of Things related research in the scope of Horizon 2020 and corresponding national
research programs will address the above matters, challenges from a societal and
policy perspective remain 6 Driving European Internet of Things Research equally important,
in particular the following:
1. Fostering of a consistent, interoperable and accessible Internet of Things across sectors,
including standardisation.
2. Directing effort and attention to important societal application areas such as health and
environment, including focus on low energy consumption.
3. Offering orientation on security, privacy, trust and ethical aspects in the scope of current
legislation and development of robust and future-proof general data protection rules.
4. Providing resources like spectrum allowing pan-European service provision and removal
of barriers such as roaming.
5. Maintaining the Internet of Things as an important subject for international cooperation
both for sharing best practises and developing coherent strategies.
5.Internet of Things Vision
• Network of networks will allow IoT to become even more powerful in what it can help
people achieve
• The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime, anyplace,
with anything and anyone ideally using any path/network and any service.
• Internet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet.
• Objects make themselves recognizable and they obtain intelligence by making or
enabling context related decisions thanks to the act that they can communicate
information about themselves
• New types of applications can involve the electric vehicle and the smart house, in which
appliances and services that
• provide notifications, security, energy-saving, automation, telecommunication, computers
and entertainment are integrated into a single ecosystem with a shared user interface.
• In the future computation, storage and communication services will be highly pervasive
and distributed: people, smart objects, machines, platforms and the surrounding space
• (e.g., with wireless/wired sensors, M2M devices, RFID tags, etc.) will create a highly
decentralized common pool of resources (up to the very edge of the “network”)
interconnected by a dynamic network of networks.
•

Current Status & Future Prospect of IoT

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6. IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions
  The development of enabling technologies such as nano electronics,
communications, sensors, smart phones, embedded systems, cloud networking,
network virtualization and software will be essential to provide to things the
capability to be connected all the time everywhere.
 This will also support important future IoT product innovations affecting many
different industrial sectors.
 Some of these technologies such as embedded or cyber-physical systems form the
edges of the “Internet of Things” bridging the gap between cyber space and the
physical world of real “things”, and are crucial in enabling the “Internet of
Things” to deliver on its vision and become part of bigger systems in a world of
“systems of systems”.

The final report of the Key Enabling Technologies (KET), of the High Level Expert Group
identified the enabling technologies, crucial to many of the existing and future value chains of the
European economy:
 Nanotechnologies
 Micro and Nano electronics
 Photonics
 Biotechnology
 Advanced Materials
 Advanced Manufacturing Systems.
IoT creates intelligent applications that are based on the supporting KETs identified, as IoT
applications address smart environments either physical or at cyber-space level, and in real time.
The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors has emphasized in its early editions
the “miniaturization” and its associated benefits in terms of performances, the traditional
parameters in Moore’s Law.
This trend for increased performances will continue, while performance can always be traded
against power depending on the individual application, sustained by the incorporation into devices
of new materials, and the application of new transistor concepts.
This direction for further progress is labelled “More Moore”.
The second trend is characterized by functional diversification of semiconductor-based
devices.
These non-digital functionalities do contribute to the miniaturization of electronic systems,
although they do not necessarily scale at the same rate as the one that describes the development
of digital functionality.
Proposed solutions are the seamless integration of existing Wi-Fi networks into the mobile
ecosystem. This will have a direct impact on Internet of Things ecosystems.
The chips designed to accomplish this integration are known as “multicom” chips. Wi-Fi and
baseband communications are expected to converge in three steps:
1. 3G — the applications running on the mobile device decide which data are handled via 3G
network and which are routed over the Wi-Fi network.
2. LTE release eight — calls for seamless movement of all IP traffic between 3G and Wi-Fi
connections.
3. LTE release ten — traffic is supposed to be routed simultaneously over 3G and Wi-Fi
networks.
 Integrated networking, information processing, sensing and actuation capabilities allow
physical devices to operate in changing environments.
 Tightly coupled cyber and physical systems that exhibit high level of integrated
intelligence are referred to as cyber-physical systems.
 These systems are part of the enabling technologies for Internet of Things applications
where computational and physical processes of such systems are tightly interconnected and
coordinated to work together effectively, with or without the humans in the loop
 Robots, intelligent buildings, implantable medical devices, vehicles that drive themselves
or planes that automatically fly in a controlled airspace, are examples of cyber-physical
systems that could be part of Internet of Things ecosystems.
7. IoT Applications
• The IoT applications are addressing the societal needs and the advancements to enabling
technologies such as nano-electronics and cyber-physical systems continue to be
challenged by a variety of technical (i.e., scientific and engineering),institutional, and
economical issues.
List of IOT Applications
• Smart Home
• Wearable
• Connected Cars
• Smart Transportation
• Smart Industry
• Smart Grid and energy
• Smart Cities
• Smart Agriculture
• Smart Healthcare
Smart Home
• Smart Home has become the revolutionary ladder of success in the residential spaces and
it is predicted Smart homes will become as common as smartphones.
The cost of owning a house is the biggest expense in a homeowner’s life. Smart Home products
are promised to save time, energy and money

Wearable
 • Wearable devices are installed with sensors and software which collect data and
information about the users. This data is later pre-processed to extract essential insights
about user.
• These devices broadly cover fitness, health and entertainment requirements. The pre-
requisite from internet of things technology for wearable applications is to be highly energy
efficient or ultra-low power and small sized.

Connected Cars
• A connected car is a vehicle which is able to optimise it’s own operation, maintenance as
well as comfort of passengers using on-board sensors and internet connectivity.
• Most large auto makers as well as some brave startups are working on connected car
solutions. Major brands like Tesla, BMW, Apple, Google are working on bringing the next
revolution in automobiles. !

Smart Transportation and Mobility

 • Internet of Vehicles (IoV) connected with the concept of Internet of Energy (IoE) represent
future trends for smart transportation.
• IoT technology that includes vehicle monitoring and maintenance, real-time tracking of
packages, environmental sensors in shipping containers, information-gathering on
employees and tools, and a number of safety-enhancing features for vehicles and people.

Smart Industry
• Industrial internet of things is empowering industrial engineering with sensors, software
and big data analytics to create brilliant machines.
• IoT holds great potential for quality control and sustainability.
• Applications for tracking goods, real time information exchange about inventory among
suppliers and retailers and automated delivery will increase the supply chain efficiency
Smart Energy and Smart Grid
• The basic idea behind the smart grids is to collect data in an automated fashion and analyse
the behaviour or electricity consumers and suppliers for improving efficiency as well as
economics of electricity use.
• Smart Grids will also be able to detect sources of power outages more quickly and at
individual household levels like near by solar panel, making possible distributed energy
system.
Smart Agriculture
• Farmers are using meaningful insights from the data to yield better return on investment.
• Sensing for soil moisture and nutrients, controlling water usage for plant growth and
determining custom fertiliser are some simple uses of IoT
Smart Healthcare
• It can be used for out-patient care by healthcare providers, letting them get ECG, heart rate,
respiratory rate, skin temperature, body posture, fall detection, and activity readings
remotely.
• This can alert doctors to potential health problems before they arise, or give them additional
insights into which treatments will be most effective for their patients, even when their
patients aren’t in the office.

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8. Future Internet Technologies
 1. Cloud Computing
the publication of the 2011 SRA, cloud computing has been established as one of the major
building blocks of the Future Internet.
New technology 62 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda enablers have
progressively fostered virtualisation at different levels and
have allowed the various paradigms known as :
1. “Applications as a Service”, AaaS
2. “Platforms as a Service” and PaaS
3. “Infrastructure and Networks as a Service”.
Such trends have greatly helped to reduce cost of ownership and management of associated
virtualised resources, lowering the market entry threshold to new players and enabling
provisioning of new services.
the next natural step in this trend, the convergence of cloud computing and Internet of Things will
enable unprecedented opportunities in the IoT services arena
Internet-connected objects and their ability to become orchestrated into on-demand services (such
as Sensing-as-a-Service).
Moreover, generalising the serving scope of an Internet-connected object beyond the “sensing
service”,
it is not hard to imagine virtual objects that will be integrated into the fabric of future IoT services
and shared and reused in different contexts,
projecting an “Object as a Service” paradigm aimed as in other virtualised resource domains)
at minimising costs of ownership and maintenance of objects, and fostering the creation of
innovative IoT services.
Relevant topics for the research agenda will therefore include:
The description of requests for services to a cloud/IoT infrastructure,
• The virtualization of objects,
• Tools and techniques for optimization of cloud infrastructures subject to utility and SLA criteria,
• The investigation of
◦ utility metrics and
◦ (reinforcement) learning techniques that could be used for gauging on-demand IoT services in a
cloud environment,
• Techniques for real-time interaction of Internet-connected objects within a cloud environment
through the implementation of lightweight interactions and the adaptation of real-time operating
systems.
• Access control models to ensure the proper access to the data stored in the cloud.
2. IoT and Semantic Technologies:
The 2010 SRA (Strategic Research Agenda) has identified the importance of semantic
technologies towards discovering devices, as well as towards achieving semantic interoperability.
Future research on IoT is likely to embrace the concept of Linked Open Data. This could build on
the earlier integration of ontologies (e.g., sensor ontologies) into IoT infrastructures and
applications
Semantic technologies will also have a key role in enabling sharing and re-use of virtual objects
as a service through the cloud,
The semantic enrichment of virtual object descriptions will realise for IoT what semantic
annotation of web pages has enabled in the Semantic Web.
Associated semantic-based reasoning will assist IoT users to more independently find the relevant
proven virtual objects to improve the performance or the effectiveness of the IoT applications they
intend to use.
3. Autonomy:
Autonomic computing ,inspired by biological systems, has been proposed as a grand challenge
that will allow the systems to self-manage this complexity, using high-level objectives and policies
defined by humans
The objective is to provide some self-x properties to the system, where x can be adaptation,
organization, optimization, configuration, protection, healing, discovery, description, etc
The Internet of Things will exponentially increase the scale and the complexity of existing
computing and communication systems. Autonomy is thus an imperative property for IoT systems
to have.
However, there is still a lack of research on how to adapt and tailor existing research on autonomic
computing to the specific characteristics of IoT, such as high dynamicity and distribution, real-
time nature, resource constraints, and lossy environments
Properties of Autonomic IoT Systems
1. Self-adaptation
self-adaptation is an essential property that allows the communicating nodes, as well as services
using them, to react in a timely manner to the continuously changing context in accordance with,
for instance, business policies or performance objectives that are defined by humans.
IoT systems should be able to reason autonomously and give self-adapting decisions.
Cognitive radios at physical and link layers, self-organising network protocols, automatic service
discovery and (re-)bindings at the application layer are important enablers for the self-adapting
IoT.
2. Self-organization
Self organizing, energy efficient routing protocols have a considerable importance in the IoT
applications in order to provide seamless data exchange throughout the highly heterogeneous
networks.
Due to the large number of nodes, it is preferable to consider solutions without a central control
point like for instance clustering approaches.
When working on self-organization, it is also very crucial to consider the energy consumption of
nodes and to come up with solutions that maximize the IoT system lifespan and the communication
efficiency within that system.
3. Self-optimisation
Optimal usage of the constrained resources (such as memory, bandwidth, processor, and most
importantly, power) of IoT devices is necessary for sustainable and long-living IoT deployments.
Given some high-level optimisation goals in terms of performance, energy consumption or
quality of service, the system itself should perform necessary actions to attain its objectives.
4. Self-configuration
IoT systems are potentially made of thousands of nodes and devices such as sensors and
actuators. Configuration of the system is therefore very complex and difficult to handle by hand.
The IoT system should provide remote configuration facilities so that self-management
applications automatically configure necessary parameters based on the needs of the applications
and users.
It consists of configuring for instance device and network parameters,
installing/uninstalling/upgrading software, or tuning performance parameters.
5. Self-protection
Due to its wireless and ubiquitous nature, IoT will be vulnerable to numerous malicious attacks.
As IoT is closely related to the physical world, the attacks will for instance aim at controlling the
physical environments or obtaining private data.
The IoT should autonomously tune itself to different levels of security and privacy, while not
affecting the quality of service and quality of experience.
6. Self-healing
The objective of this property is to detect and diagnose problems as they occur and to
immediately attempt to fix them in an autonomous way.
IoT systems should monitor continuously the state of its different nodes and detect whenever they
behave differently than expected.
It can then perform actions to fix the problems encountered.
Encounters could include re-configuration parameters or installing a software update.
7. Self-description
Things and resources (sensors and actuators) should be able to describe their characteristics and
capabilities in an expressive manner in order to allow other communicating objects to interact with
them.
Adequate device and service description formats and languages should be defined, possibly at the
semantic level.
The existing languages should be re-adapted in order to find a trade-off between the
expressiveness, the conformity and the size of the descriptions.
Self-description is a fundamental property for implementing plug and play resources and devices.
8. Self-discovery
Together with the self-description, the self-discovery feature plays an essential role for successful
IoT deployments.
IoT devices/services should be dynamically discovered and used by the others in a seamless and
transparent way.
Only powerful and expressive device and service discovery protocols (together with description
protocols) would allow an IoT system to be fully dynamic (topology-wise).
9. Self-matchmaking
To fully unlock the IoT potential, virtual objects will have to:
• Be reusable outside the context for which they were originally deployed and
• Be reliable in the service they provide.
10. Self-energy-supplying
And finally, self-energy-supplying is a tremendously important (and very IoT specific) feature to
realize and deploy sustainable IoT solutions.
Energy harvesting techniques (solar, thermal, vibration, etc.) should be preferred as a main power
supply, rather than batteries that need to be replaced regularly, and that have a negative effect on
the environment.
9. Infrastructure, Networks and Communication
Infrastructure
The Internet of Things will become part of the fabric of everyday life. It will become part of our
overall infrastructure just like water, electricity, telephone, TV and most recently the Internet.
1) Plug and Play Integration:
Internet of Things becomes as simple as plugging it in and switching it on. Such plug and play
functionality requires an infrastructure that supports it, starting from the networking level and
going beyond it to the application level.
2) Infrastructure Functionality:
The infrastructure needs to support applications in finding the things required. An application may
run anywhere, including on the things themselves.
3) Semantic Modelling of Things
semantic information regarding the things, the information they can provide or the actuation they
can perform need to be available.(e.g: temperature the sensor measures).
Networks and Communications
Networks Technology
Network users will be humans, machines, things and groups of them

1)Complexity of the Networks of the Future:

the complexity of future networks and the expected growth of complexity due to the growth of
Internet of Things.
2) Growth of Wireless Networks:
Wireless networks especially will grow largely by adding vast amounts of small Internet of
Things devices with minimum hardware, software.
3) Mobile Networks:
The mobile phone of the future could provide mobile function.
4) Expanding Current Networks to Future Networks:
expand current end user network nodes into networks of their own or even a hierarchy of
networks.
network of network.
5) Overlay Networks:
In some locations even multiple networks overlaying one another physically and logically.
6) Network Self-organization:
Self-organization principles will be applied to configuration by sensing.
7) IPv6, IoT and Scalability:
The current transition of the global Internet to IPv6 will provide a virtually unlimited number of
public IP addresses able to provide bidirectional and symmetric (true M2M) access to Billions of
smart things.
8) Green Networking Technology: GreenTouch
These network technologies have to be appropriate to realist the Internet of Things and the
Future Internet in their most expanded state to be anticipated by the imagination of the experts.
Communication Technology
1)Unfolding the Potential of Communication Technologies:
communication technology to be undertaken in the coming decade will have to develop and
unfold all potential communication profiles of Internet of Things devices.
Communications technologies for the Future Internet and the Internet of Things will have to
avoid such bottlenecks by construction not only for a given status of development, but for the
whole path to fully developed and still growing nets.
2) Correctness of Construction:
Correctness of construction of the whole system is a systematic process that starts from the small
systems running on the devices up to network and distributed applications.
3) An Unified Theoretical Framework for Communication:
Communication between processes running within an operating system on a single or multi-core
processor

communication between processes running in a distributed computer system,

The communication between devices and structures in the Internet of Things and the Future
Internet using wired and wireless channels shall be merged into a unified minimum theoretical
framework covering and including formalized communication within protocols.

10. Processes, Data Management, Security, Privacy & Trust

Processes
1)Adaptive and Event-driven Processes:
One of the main benefits of IoT integration is that processes become more adaptive to what is
actually happening in the real world. Inherently, this is based on events that are either detected
directly or by real-time analysis of sensor data. Such events can occur at any time in the process.
adaptive and event-driven processes could consider the extension and exploitation of EDA
(Event Driven Architectures) for activity monitoring and complex event processing (CEP) in IoT
systems
2) Processes Dealing with Unreliable Data:
When dealing with events coming from the physical world, a degree of unreliability and
uncertainty is introduced into the processes. If decisions in a business process are to be taken
based on events that have some uncertainty attached, it makes sense to associate each of these
events with some value for the quality of information.
3) Processes Dealing with Unreliable Resources:
Not only is the data from resources inherently unreliable, but also the resources providing the
data themselves.
Processes relying on such resources need to be able to adapt to such situations.

4) Highly Distributed Processes:

When interaction with real-world objects and devices is required, it can make sense to execute a
process in a decentralized fashion. The decomposition and decentralization of existing business
processes increases scalability and performance, allows better decision making and could even
lead to new business models.
Data Management
Data management is a crucial aspect in the Internet of Things.
When considering a world of objects interconnected and constantly exchanging all types of
information, the volume of the generated data and the processes involved in the handling of those
data become critical.
challenges and opportunities of data management

-> Data Collection and Analysis

-> Big Data
-> Semantic Sensor Networking
-> Virtual Sensors
-> Complex Event Processing
1)Data Collection and Analysis (DCA)
The DCA module is part of the core layer of any IoT platform.
Functions of a DCA module
1) User/customer data storing:
Provides storage of the customer’s information collected by sensors.
2) User data & operation modelling:
Allows the customer to create new sensor data models to accommodate collected information
and the modelling of the supported operations.
3) On demand data access:
Provides APIs to access the collected data.
4) Device event publish/subscribe/forwarding/ notification:
Provides APIs to access the collected data in real time conditions
5) Customer rules/filtering:
Allows the customer to establish its own filters and rules to correlate events.
6) Customer task automation:
Provides the customer with the ability to manage his automatic processes.
7) Customer workflows:
Allows the customer to create his own work flow to process the incoming events from a device
8) Multi tenant structure:
Provides the structure to support multiple organizations and re-seller schemes.
9) Features Data Collection and Analysis platform:
Multi-protocol:
DCA platforms should be capable of handling or understanding different input (and output)
protocols and formats.
De-centralization:
Sensors and measurements/ observations captured by them should be stored in systems that can
be de-centralized from a single platform.
10) Data mining features:
DCA systems should also integrate capacities for the processing of the stored info, making it
easier to extract useful data from the huge amount of contents that may be recorded
11) Security:
DCA platforms should increase the level of data protection and security, from the transmission
of messages from devices (sensors, actuators, etc.) to the data stored in the platform.
Big Data
Example of big data
 Web logs;
 RFID;
 Sensor networks;
 Social networks;
 Social data (due to the Social data revolution);
 Internet text and documents;
 Internet search indexing;
 Call detail records;
 Astronomy, atmospheric science, genomics, biochemical, biological, and other complex
and/or interdisciplinary scientific research;
 Military surveillance;
 Medical records;
 Photography archives;
 Video archives;
 Large scale e-commerce.

Privacy
Internet of Things privacy is the special considerations required to protect the information of
individuals from exposure in the IoT environment, in which almost any physical or logical entity
or object can be given a unique identifier and the ability to communicate autonomously over the
Internet or similar network.
-> Cryptographic techniques
-> Design concepts
-> Fine-grain and self-configuring
Security
 IoT security is the area of endeavor concerned with safeguarding connected devices and
networks in the Internet of things.
 Large-scale applications and services based on the IoT.
 DoS/DDOS attacks
 General attack : malicious code hacking attacks.
 Cyber situation awareness tools/techniques
Trust
 The trust framework needs to be able to deal with humans and machines as users

11. Device Level Energy Issues

One of the essential challenges in IoT is how to interconnect “things” in an interoperable
way while taking into account the energy constraints, knowing that the communication is the
most energy consuming task on devices.
A wide field of applications in the Internet of Things have been released over the last decade,
led by a need for integration and low power consumption
1. Low Power Communication
Several low power communication technologies have been proposed from different
standardisation bodies. The most common ones are:
IEEE 802.15.4 (low-data rate wireless personal area network )has developed a low-cost,
low-power consumption, low complexity, low to medium range communication standard at
the link and the physical layers for resource constrained devices.
• Bluetooth low energy (Bluetooth LE) is the ultra-low power version of the Bluetooth
technology that is up to 15 times more efficient than Bluetooth.
• Ultra-Wide Bandwidth (UWB) Technology is an emerging technology in the IoT
domain that transmits signals across a much larger frequency range than conventional
systems. UWB, in addition to its communication capabilities, it can allow for high precision
ranging of devices in IoT applications.
• RFID/NFC proposes a variety of standards to offer contact less solutions.
[Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a method that is used to track or identify an object
by radio transmission uses over the web
 Near-field communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless connectivity technology that uses
magnetic field induction to enable communication between devices when they're touched
together or brought within a few centimeters of each other]
Cable-powered devices are not expected to be a viable option for IoT devices as they are
difficult and costly to deploy.
Battery replacements in devices are either impractical or very costly in many IoT deployment
scenarios.
As a consequence, for large scale and autonomous IoT, alternative energy sourcing using
ambient energy should be considered.
2. Energy Harvesting
Four main ambient energy sources are present in our environment:
1. mechanical energy,
2. Thermal energy,
3. Radiant energy
4. Chemical energy.
 Energy harvesting (EH) must be chosen according to the local environment.
 For outside or luminous indoor environments, solar energy harvesting is the most
appropriate solution.
 In a closed environment thermal or mechanical energy may be a better alternative.
 It is mainly the primary energy source power density in the considered environment
that defines the electrical output power that can be harvested and not the transducer itself.
3.Future Trends and Recommendations
 In the future, the number and types of IoT devices will increase, therefore inter-
operability between devices will be essential.
 More computation and yet less power and lower cost requirements will have to be met.
 Technology integration will be an enabler along with the development of even lower
power technology and improvement of battery efficiency.

12. IoT Related Standardization

The IERC (IoT European Research Cluster) previous SRA(Strategic Research Agenda)s
addresses the topic of standardisation and is focused on the actual needs of producing specific
standards.
1. The Role of Standardisation Activities
Standards are needed for interoperability (the capacity for multiple components within an
IoT deployment to effectively communicate, share data and perform together to achieve
a shared outcome) both within and between domains.
Within a domain, standards can provide cost efficient realizations of solutions, and a domain
here can mean even a specific organization or enterprise realizing an IoT.
There is a need to consider the life-cycle process in which standardization is one activity
A complexity with IoT comes from the fact that IoT intends to support a number of different
applications covering a wide array of disciplines that are not part of the ICT domain.
Requirements in these different disciplines can often come from legislation or regulatory
activities.
As a result, such policy making can have a direct requirement for supporting IoT standards
to be developed.
It would therefore be beneficial to develop a wider approach to standardisation and
include anticipation of emerging or on-going policy making in target application areas, and
thus be prepared for its potential impact on IoT-related standardisation.
The standardisation bodies are addressing the issue of interoperable protocol stacks and
open standards for the IoT.
This includes as well expending the HTTP, TCP, IP stack to the IoT-specific protocol stack.
This is quite challenging considering the different wireless protocols like ZigBee(Zigbee
is a standards-based wireless technology developed to enable low-cost, low-power wireless
machine-to-machine (M2M) and internet of things (IoT) networks)
, RFID, Bluetooth, BACnet 802.15.4e(is a low-data rate wireless personal area network ),
6LoWPAN (is the name of an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard that
defines an approach for routing Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) over low-power
wireless networks),
RPL(Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks), and CoAP (Constrained
Application Protocol functions as a sort of HTTP for restricted devices)
One difference between HTTP and CoAP is the transport layer. HTTP relies on the
Transmission Control Protocol(TCP).
The conclusion is that any IoT related standardisation must pay attention to how regulatory
measures in a particular applied sector will eventually drive the need for standardized efforts
in the IoT domain.
The mobile communications industry has been successful not only because of its global
standards,
but also because interoperability can be assured via the certification of mobile devices and
organizations such as the Global Certification Forum which is a joint partnership between
mobile network operators, mobile handset manufacturers and test equipment manufacturers
2. Current Situation
The current M2M related standards and technologies landscape is highly fragmented.
The IoT stakeholders are represented by a number of different industries and sectors reaching
far beyond telecommunications.
3. Areas for Additional Consideration
To drive further standardisation of device technologies in the direction of standard Internet
protocols and Web technologies, and towards the application level, would mitigate the
impacts of fragmentation and strive towards true interoperability
4. Interoperability in the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things is shaping the evolution of the future Internet.
After connecting people anytime and everywhere, the next step is to interconnect
heterogeneous things(consisting of different kinds of things.) /machines/smart objects both
between themselves and with the Internet;
allowing by thy way, the creation of value-added open and interoperable services/
applications, enabled by their interconnection, in such a way that they can be integrated with
current and new business and development processes.
5. Technical IoT Interoperability
is usually associated with hardware/software components, systems and platforms that
enable machine to-machine communication to take place
6. Cost-Time-Quality challenges
For Interoperability program(s) on IoTproducts to succeed,it would be needed to use
standardized and advanced test methodologies allowing to addressing the full chain of
interoperability as well as to optimize resources while ensuring high level of quality.
7. Validation
Testing and Validation provide the assurance that interoperability methods, protocols,
etc.can cope with the specific nature and requirements of the Internet of Things.
to provide efficient and accurate test suites and associated interoperability testing
methodology (with associated test description/ coding languages) that help in testing
thoroughly both the underlying protocols used by interconnected things/machines/smart
objects and the embedded services/applications
Research in IoT challenges leads to IoT validation and interoperability challenges.
12. Recommendations on Research Topics.
1. Applications
 Efficient and simple mechanisms for interaction with “things”
 Reliable and trustworthy participatory sensing
 Creating knowledge and making it available
 Set up interdisciplinary projects for smart energy, grid and mobility
 Foster Standardisation for smart energy, grid and mobility
 Support Public Awareness
 Seamless integration of social and sensor networks
 Infrastructures for social interactions between Internet-connected objects
 Utility metrics and utility driven techniques for “Clouds of Things”
2. Recommendations for Autonomic and Self-aware IoT
1. Self-awareness from the design to deployment
 Self-awareness property should be injected to any software module, however
separated from the functional code.
 Specific working groups on self-management issues should be created in
standardisation organisations, industrial alliances and fora (four-year European
Training Network, started in 2017, with the aim of developing a Fog Computing
Platform for Industrial IoT ) on IoT.
2. Real-life use cases
 Prototypes should be developed at early stages in order to validate the theoretical
results by measuring the overhead that autonomy can bring to IoT systems.
3. Exploiting existing research
 Existing fundamental research results from domains including artificial
intelligence, biological systems, control theory, embedded systems and
 software engineering are necessary to build scientifically proven solid, robust and
reliable solutions
4. Security and privacy
 Security and privacy issues should be considered very seriously since IoT deals not
only with huge amount of sensitive data (personal data, business data,etc.)
 but also has the power of influencing the physical environment with its control
abilities.
 Cyber-physical environments must thus be protected from any kind of malicious
attacks
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