CLOUD COMPUTING

Session 1
BITS ilani
Pilani Campus
P
Arun Vadekkedhil
Session Agenda
Cloud Computing – An Overview
– Introductions – Tutor, Course & Students

– Paradigms & Distributed Computing

– origins & Motivation for Cloud

– What is Cloud Computing

– Is Cloud Computing for me?

Types of Clouds & Service Deployment

– 3-4-5 Rule of Cloud Computing

– Cloud Infrastructure & Deployment

Wrap Up

– Perceived benefits of Cloud ecosystem

– Challenges to Overcome
– Advantages & Disadvantages
– Commercial offering of Cloud services
– Reality Check

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 BITS
Pilani Pilani|Dubai|

Goa|Hyderabad

Introductions
 Introductions
About Myself About the Course
• Name : Arun Vadekkedhil • Units: 5
• Profession : Solutions Architect Objective :
• Interests : Tutoring, writing
• Contact : 9881300394

Graduated from BITS Pilani in 1995, have

over 24 years of IT experience, Tutor for
the past 8 years

Evaluation Components

1 Assignment
2 Quizzes.

2 Written Exams
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Cloud – An Introduction
What is Cloud Computing

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Facts about Cloud

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Why is it Called Cloud
Cloud computing, eponymously is named after the cloud symbol used in architecture
documents.

By now, you must be aware that this has no relation to its namesake from the
meteorology department, but It simply means that we are using the internet to
store data on remote servers, rather than storing them locally on our hard disks.

Many types of Cloud Computing Applications Exist. Depending on the need of your IT
the type of cloud solution may vary.

Cloud Computing is up to 40 times more cost-effective for an SMB compared to

running its own IT system or department.

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Cloud – Origins & Motivation

 Origins
We are at a major inflexion point in computing today.

Traditional computational models are now passé.

Amazon started the concept by renting spare

computing power from their retail business.

Web and mobile technologies have resulted in

information explosion. This means traditional
computing power is not enough to process data.

To solve this challenge, we need to use large scale

distributed networks. These distributed networks
evolved to the Cloud technology.

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 Paradigms
A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas. A paradigm is a way of looking at something.

Types of Distributed Computing

• Parallel Computing : Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out
simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which
are then solved concurrently ("in parallel")
• Cluster : A cluster is a group of loosely coupled computers that work together closely, so that in some
respects they can be regarded as a single computer.
• Grids : Grid computing is the most distributed form of parallel computing. It makes use of computers
communicating over the Internet to work on a given problem.

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 Paradigms
A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas. A paradigm is a way of looking at something.

Cloud is the convergence of several traditional

computing technologies
Web Technologies
Web Services
SOA (Service Oriented Architectures)
Distributed Computing
Grids
Clusters
We are now experiencing computing as a service
provided by professional organizations, which is served
through the medium of high speed internet.

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 How do we define Cloud ?
To summarize, cloud computing is the result of the mash-up of several existing disparate
technologies, which were progressively modified to suit contemporary computing requirements.

•The applications and services that run on a distributed network

using virtualized resources and accessed by common Internet
protocols and networking standards comes under Cloud computing.
Cloud computing converts the technology, services, and
applications that are similar to those on the Internet into a self-
service utility Communicate and coordinate actions by passing
messages.

•Cloud computing is based on the concept of pooling physical

resources and presenting them as a virtual resource. This computing
model supports a new way of provisioning resources, staging
applications and for using applications.

•It’s bringing computing on an internet scale.

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 Terms to Remember
Cloud computing solely exists because of Virtualization technology & Abstraction

Abstraction :
The details of system implementation is hidden from users and
developers.
Applications run on unspecified physical systems with unknown
locations for data, with outsourced system administration of
systems.
Virtualization:
The resourced are pooled and shared among the users giving
them the illusion that they are the sole owner of the resource.
Also resources scales up/down in really short time and without
human intervention, charged on metered basis, with multi-
tenancy support.

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Cloud – NIST & the AAS es

 NIST 3-4-5 Rule for Cloud

• 3 cloud service models or service

types for any cloud platform
• 4 Deployment models
• 5 Essential characteristics of
cloud computing infrastructure

The applications and services that run on a distributed network

using virtualized resources and accessed by common Internet
protocols and networking standards comes under Cloud
computing.

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Cloud Service Models (AAS es)

• There are 3 service models

• Infrastructure as a Service

• Platform as a Service

• Software as a Service

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Infrastructure as a Service

Why IaaS Characteristics

Capability
Resources are distributed as a service
Iaas provides the following ● Allows dynamic scaling
● Servers- compute, machines ( 1...10....100.....)
● Storage ● Has a variable costs-
● Network ● Generally includes multiple-users on a
● Operating system single piece of hardware. (multi-
tenancy)

Enabler : Virtualization Technology

ü Manageability and Interoperability
ü Availability and Reliability
Models ü Scalability and Elasticity Benefit
IaaS can be obtained as The user instead of purchasing-
(1) Public or servers, software, data center space
(2) Private infrastructure or or network equipment, rent those
(3) combination of both resources as a fully
outsourced service on-demand
model.

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 Infrastructure as a Service - Definition

• The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing,

storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources.
• The consumer can deploy and run software, which can include operating
systems and applications.
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed
applications, and possibly limited control of select networking
components (e.g., host firewalls).
• Offering virtualized resources (computation, storage, and
communication) on demand is known as Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS).
• Infrastructure services are considered to be the bottom layer of cloud
computing systems .
• Ex : Amazon EC2 : Elastic Compute Cloud, Eucalyptus, GoGrid, Rackspace
Cloud

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 Infrastructure as a Service - Applicability

Where IaaS helps What to Do with IaaS

1. Where demand is very volatile- Test and development. Teams can quickly set up and
encountering spikes and troughs. dismantle test and development environments, bringing new
2. For new enterprise without capital to applications to market faster.
invest in hardware or entrepreneurs Website hosting. Running websites using IaaS can be less
starting on a shoestring budget. expensive than traditional web hosting.
3. Where the enterprise is growing Storage, backup and recovery. Organizations avoid the
rapidly and scaling hardware would capital outlay. IaaS is useful for handling unpredictable demand
be problematic. and steadily growing storage needs. It can also simplify
4. For specific line of business, trial or planning and management of backup and recovery systems
temporary infrastructural needs Big data analysis. Mining data sets to locate or tease out these
5. When you need computing power on hidden patterns requires a huge amount of processing power,
the go, turn to IaaS. which IaaS economically provides.
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Platform as a Service - Overview

Capability
Why PaaS Characteristics
Collaborative platform for application
Paas provides the following development using workflows.
● Tools to build applications Platform which allows creation of
● Scripting Environment proprietary data or application
● Database Platform

Enabler : Runtime
Environment Design
Models
ü Fault Tolerant Design Benefit
PaaS can be obtained as ü Containerization Development tools served up on a
Platter a-la carte
(1) Public or ü Avoiding DLL Hell
(2) Private infrastructure or
(3) combination of both ü Secure No need to worry about upgrading to
newer platforms or worry about license
costs

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 Platform as a Service - Definition

•The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure,
consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and
tools supported by the provider.
•The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.
•A PaaS platform offers an environment on which developers create and deploy
applications and do not necessarily need to know how many processors or how much
memory that applications will be using.
• In addition, multiple programming models and specialized services (e.g., data access,
authentication, and payments) are offered as building blocks to new applications.
•Google AppEngine, Azure, Force.com an example of Platform as a Service

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 Platform as a Service - Applicability

Where PaaS helps What to Do with PaaS

• Application Services
PaaS allows developers to frequently change or
•Services to develop, test, deploy, host and maintain
upgrade operating system features.
applications in the same integrated development
•It also helps development teams collaborate on projects.
environment.
•Security is provided, including data security and
•Web based user interface creation tools help to create,
backup and recovery.
modify, test and deploy different UI scenarios
•Adaptability; Features can be changed if
• Multi Tenancy
circumstances dictate that they should.
•Construct architecture where multiple concurrent users
•Flexibility; customers can have control over the
utilize the same development application
tools that are installed within their platforms and can create
• Collaboration
a platform that suits their specific requirements.
•Support for development team collaboration
•Tools to handle billing and subscription management

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Software as a Service - Overview

Capability
Why SaaS Characteristics
Not owned, but subscribed to from an
Saas provides the following external service provider.
● Hosted , Finished Product Designed to be Multi Tenant
● Subscription to Services
Customer Configuration instead of
Application configuration
Centralized management

Enabler : Web
Service
Models
ü Accessibility & Benefit
SaaS can be obtained as Portability No need to purchase Software or
(1) Managed Service Licenses upfront
(2) Monthly Subscription Centralized management helps SaaS
Vendors
Lower TCO for users

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 Software as a Service - Definition

•The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on
a cloud infrastructure.
•The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface
such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email).
•The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with
the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.
•This model of delivering applications, known as Software as a Service (SaaS), alleviates the
burden of software maintenance for customers and simplifies development and testing for
providers.
•Salesforce.com, SaaS model, offers business productivity applications (CRM) that reside
completely on their servers, allowing costumers to customize and access applications on
demand.

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Which AAS ?

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Who Manages the AAS es?

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Cloud Deployment Models

 Deployment Models in Cloud

There are four primary cloud deployment models :

• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Community Cloud
• Hybrid Cloud

Each can exhibit the previously discussed

characteristics; their differences lie primarily in the
scope and access of published cloud services, as
they are made available to service consumers.

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 Pubic Cloud

• Public cloud is a cloud infrastructure owned by a cloud service

provider that provides cloud services to the public for
commercial purposes.
• Cloud infrastructure available for public consumption on a pay
per use basis.
• Examples of public clouds include Amazon Elastic Compute
Cloud (EC2), IBM’s Blue Cloud, Sun Cloud, Google AppEngine
and Windows Azure Services Platform.
• Characteristics
ü Homogeneous infrastructure
ü Common policies , Shared resources and multi-tenant
ü Leased or rented infrastructure, Economies of scale

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 Pubic Cloud - Advantage

Cost Effective
• Since public cloud shares same resources with large number of customers it turns out
inexpensive.
Reliability
• The public cloud employs large number of resources from different locations. If any of
the resources fails, public cloud can employ another one.
Flexibility
• The public cloud can smoothly integrate with private cloud, which gives customers a
flexible approach.
Location Independence
• Public cloud services are delivered through Internet, ensuring location independence.
Utility Style Costing
• Public cloud is also based on pay-per-use model and resources are accessible whenever
customer needs them.
High Scalability
• Cloud resources are made available on demand from a pool of resources, i.e., they can
be scaled up or down according the requirement.

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 Pubic Cloud - Disadvantage

Low Security
• In public cloud model, data is hosted off-site and resources are shared
publicly, therefore does not ensure higher level of security.
Less Customizable
• It is comparatively less customizable than private cloud.

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 Private Cloud

• The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization.

• It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist
on premise or off premise.
• Also referred to as internal cloud or on-premise cloud, a private cloud
intentionally limits access to its resources to service consumers that
belong to the same organization that owns the cloud.
• Characteristics :
Ø Heterogeneous infrastructure
Ø Customized and tailored policies
Ø Dedicated resources
Ø In-house infrastructure
Ø End-to-end control
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 Private Cloud - Advantage

High Security and Privacy

• Private cloud operations are not available to general public and resources are shared from distinct pool of
resources. Therefore, it ensures high security and privacy.
More Control
• The private cloud has more control on its resources and hardware than public cloud because it is accessed
only within an organization.
Cost and Energy Efficiency
• The private cloud resources are not as cost effective as resources in public clouds but they offer more
efficiency than public cloud resources.

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 Private Cloud - Disadvantage

Restricted Area of Operation

• The private cloud is only accessible locally and is very difficult to deploy globally.
High Priced
• Purchasing new hardware in order to fulfill the demand is a costly transaction.
Limited Scalability
• The private cloud can be scaled only within capacity of internal hosted resources.
Additional Skills
• In order to maintain cloud deployment, organization requires skilled expertise.

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 Hybrid Cloud

•Hybrid clouds are mixtures of these different deployments.

•For example, an enterprise may rent storage in a public cloud for handling peak demand.
• The combination of the enterprise’s private cloud and the rented storage then is a hybrid cloud.
•Clouds retain their unique identities, but are bound together as a unit.
•A hybrid cloud may offer standardized or proprietary access to data and applications, as well as
application portability.

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 Hybrid Cloud - Advantage

Scalability
• It offers features of both, the public cloud scalability and the private cloud
scalability.
Flexibility
• It offers secure resources and scalable public resources.
Cost Efficiency
• Public clouds are more cost effective than private ones. Therefore, hybrid
clouds can be cost saving.
Security
• The private cloud in hybrid cloud ensures higher degree of security.

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 Hybrid Cloud - Disadvantage

Networking Issues
• Networking becomes complex due to presence of private and public cloud.
Security Compliance
• It is necessary to ensure that cloud services are compliant with security policies of the
organization.
Infrastructure Dependency
• The hybrid cloud model is dependent on internal IT infrastructure, therefore it is
necessary to ensure redundancy across data centers.

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 Community Cloud

•Community Cloud is a cloud infrastructure shared by a

community of multiple organizations that generally have a
common purpose.
•An example of a community cloud is OpenCirrus, which is a cloud
computing research testbed intended to be used by universities
and research institutions.
•It may be for one organization or for several organizations, but
they share common concerns such as their mission, policies,
security, regulatory compliance needs, and so on.
•A community cloud may be managed by the constituent
organization(s) or by a third party.

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 Community Cloud - Advantage

Cost Effective
• Community cloud offers same advantages as that of private cloud at low
cost.
Sharing Among Organizations
• Community cloud provides an infrastructure to share cloud resources and
capabilities among several organizations.
Security
• The community cloud is comparatively more secure than the public cloud
but less secured than the private cloud.

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 Community Cloud - Disadvantage

Logistics Issues
•Since all data is located at one place, one must be careful in storing data in community
cloud because it might be accessible to others.
•It is also challenging to allocate responsibilities of governance, security and cost among
organizations.

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Quick Comparison

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Cloud Essential Characteristics

Essential Characteristics

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 Resource pooling

• Cloud services can support millions of concurrent users; for

example, Skype supports 27 million concurrent users, while
Facebook supported 7 million simultaneous users in 2009.
• Clearly, it is impossible to support this number of users if each user
needs dedicated hardware. Therefore, cloud services need to share
resources between users and clients in order to reduce costs.
ü Resources are drawn from a common pool.
ü Common resources build economies of scale.
ü Common infrastructure runs at high efficiency.
ü Appropriate management of security & privacy.

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 Broad Network Access

• Ubiquitous access to cloud applications from desktops, laptops to

mobile devices is critical to the success of a Cloud platform.
• Thus, connectivity is a critical requirement for effective use of a
Cloud Application.
• For example, cloud services like Amazon, Google, and Yahoo! are
available world-wide via the Internet.
• They are also accessible by a wide variety of devices, such as mobile
phones, iPads, and PCs.
ü Users abstracted from the implementation
ü Near real-time delivery (seconds or minutes)
ü Services accessed through a self-serve web interface.

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 On Demand Self Service

On demand self-service: The compute, storage or platform resources needed

by the user of a cloud platform are self-provisioned or auto-provisioned
with minimal configuration.
For example is possible to log on to Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (a popular
cloud platform) and obtain resources, such as virtual servers or virtual storage,
within minutes.
ü Open standards and APIs
ü Almost always IP, HTTP, and REST
ü Available from anywhere with an internet connection
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 Rapid Elasticity

A cloud platform should be able to rapidly increase or decrease

computing resources as needed.
Further, the time taken to provision a new server is very small, on the order
of minutes.
ü Resources dynamically-allocated between users.
ü Additional resources dynamically-released when needed.
ü Fully automated
This also increases the speed with which a new infrastructure can be
deployed.

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 Metered by Use

One of the compelling business use cases for cloud computing is

the ability to “pay as you go,” where the consumer pays only for
the resources that are actually used by his applications.
Commercial cloud services, like Salesforce.com, measure resource
usage by customers, and charge proportionally to the resource
usage.
ü Services can be cancelled at any time
ü Pay as you go approach

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Summary – Wrap Up
 Cloud Advantages

Reduced costs : Significant cost reductions are achieved due to higher efficiencies and greater
utilization of cloud networks
Ease of utilization: The upfront cost involved in the purchase of hardware and software licenses is
lowered a lot. Due to that one can easily make utilization of cloud services.
Quality of Service: Service level agreements with vendor assure the Quality of service
Reliability: The resource scaling and load balancing with fault tolerance capabilities emphasize the
high availability of systems.
Outsourced IT management: It results into considerable reduction in IT management complexities
and the associated cost.
Simplified maintenance and upgrade: Always latest features are provided to the users removing the
need of constant update and up gradations.
Low Entry Barrier: Upfront infrastructure investments are not needed for moving to the cloud.

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Cloud vs Hosted

Cloud apps are web apps in the sense that they can be used
through web browsers but not all web apps are cloud apps.
For your web app to evolve into a cloud app, it should
exhibit certain properties such as True multi-tenancy to
support unique requirements & needs for individual
consumers.
Support for virtualization technology, which plays a starring
role for cloud era apps.
Web applications should either be built to support this or re-
engineered to do so

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Cloud Challenges

Security and Privacy of Cloud

v The data store in the cloud must secure and provide full
confidentiality. The cloud provider should take
necessary security measures to secure the data of the
customers.
v Securities are also the responsibility of the customer as
they should provide a strong password, should not share
the password with anyone, and regularly change the
password when we did.
v Hacking can lead to data loss; disrupt the encrypted file
system and many other problems.

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 Cloud Challenges

Interoperability and Portability

v The customer must be provided with the services of migration in
and out of the cloud – no holds barred.

Reliable and Flexible

v Reliability and flexibility means that the data provided to the cloud
should not leak and the host should provide trust to the
customers.
v To eliminate this challenge the services provided by the third party
should be monitored and supervision should be done on
performance, robustness and business dependency.

Cost
v Cloud computing is affordable but tailor-made deployment
based on customer’s demand can be expensive. Use
Multitenancy to minimize costs

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 Cloud Challenges

Downtime
v Downtime is the common challenges of cloud computing as no cloud
provider guarantees a platform that is free from downtime. Apply
redundancy and or DR to minimize.
Lack of resources
v Lack of resources and expertise is also one of the major challenges faced
by the cloud industry and many companies are hoping to overcome this
challenge by hiring more workers which are more experienced. Use
Automation
Management of Multi-Cloud Environment
v Companies nowadays do not use a single cloud instead they are using
multiple clouds. On an average company are using 4.8 different public
and private clouds due to which their management is hindered. Invest in
a good Cloud monitoring tool
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Cloud ecosystem

What is cloud computing in your mind

Clear or Cloudy?
Cloud computing is a new paradigm shift in the way we
make use of computing resources.
Cloud computing can provide high quality of service at
perceived cost benefits
We are moving to an era of computing where we can use
code to setup infrastructure on an ad-hoc basis.
Service models and deployment models provide services
that can be used to
Ø Rent fundamental computing resources
Ø Deploy and develop customer-created
applications on clouds
Ø Access provider’s applications over network
(wired or wireless)

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Cloud Failures

Date Descritpion
12 Dec One of the mission-critical AWS cloud units us-east-1 was hit
th

Disney+, Netflix, Slack, Ticketmaster, stock trading app Robinh

internal tools like Flex and AtoZ apps used by Amazon wareho

12th Nov Google Cloud went down in mid-November and with it took
caused the outage? A glitch in a network configuration. Yet an
provider to manage all your apps is pretty risky

20th Oct Facebook and its subsidiaries – Messenger, Instagram, Whats

for 6 to 7 hours and the world went crazy. Many desperate us
Telegram and this resulted in disruptions on these apps’ serve

https://www.crn.com/slide-shows/cloud/the-10-biggest-cloud-outages-of-2021-so-far-
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Points to Ponder
 Points to Ponder

1. Do you think Cloud is a boon or a bane

2. What is your trust level of any cloud you use
3. What do you Understand by
1. Hosted Application
2. Cloud enabled
3. Cloud native
4. Cloud Agnostic
4. What do you think will be your main considerations when choosing a cloud
provider?

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