TEST GUIDE

for oil-immersed distribution transformer

(50 to 3150 kVA - M 24kV
Contents
The transformer 03

The test 05

Glossary 07

Routine tests

Induced voltage dielectric test 08

Applied voltage dielectric test

Special source power transformer test 10

Measurement of no load losses and

no load current 12

Measurement of the resistance of MV

and LV windings 14

Measurement of the impedance voltage

and load losses 16

Measurement of the transformation ratio

and verification of the vector group 20

Special tests

Measurement of partial discharge level 22

Measurement of sound level 24

The transformer
Standards
Transformers are designed and tested in accordance with the
procedures described in the international standard IEC
60076 and as well as in other national standards.

In the appendix are listed most of the national ,standards

corresponding to these specifications.

Quality system
All Adex-transfo transformers are manufactured in accor-
dance with a procedural quality system certified to be in con-
formity with international standard ISO 9001.

The international standard ISO 9001 defines the supplier’s

obligations to the customer in terms of quality, service,
design and adaptation of its equipment in line with technol-
ogy.

For example, it defines the following requirements for tests;

measurements, calibration procedures, etc.

This international quality assurance standard includes,

amongst other things : internal audits on products and pro-
cesses by the manufacturer, self-checks and analyses,
corrective actions, the quality of suppliers, etc.

At Adex-transfo, quality is managed by the Quality Assurance

department and the operators on the production lines and
by the Adex Engineering Ltd. which performs an annual
audit of the factory to award or withdraw its ISO 9001 certifi-
cation.

03
Definition
A static electrical energy transducer intended to transform an alternat-
ing current system into one or several alternating current systems of
the same frequency, but generally of different current and voltage.
The transformer receives a primary current I1 at a primary voltage U1,
and transforms it to a secondary current 12, different from the primary
current, at a secondary voltage U2.
O operating principle
"A winding subject to a variable flux, generated by a variable voltage
via cross section of a given magnetic core, induces an electromotive
force across its terminals proportional to the number of turns in the
winding".
This electromotive force determines the voltage across the terminals
of the transformer according to the Boucherot equation :

U = 4,44 Bmax x N x S x f
with U = Voltage across the terminals of the primary or secondary winding
Bmax = the maximum value of the magnetic field in the magnetic core
N = the number of turns in the primary or secondary winding
S = magnetic core cross-sectional area
f = supply frequency of the transformer expressed in Hertz

O diagramatical representation of transformer

Any multi-phase circuit a combination of single phase circuits and con-
sequently, we can diagramatically represent the transformer in single
phase as follows:

i1 R1 L1 i2 R2 L2
k
U1 (RF) LF U2
(supply) (output)

N.B.: The impedance of the secondary winding can be referred to the

primary winding by multiplying it by the square of the transformation
ratio "k". We therefore have:

i1 R1+R2 k2 L1+L2 k2 i2
k
U1 (RF) LF U2
(supply) (output)

The magnetic core

This comprises grain-oriented electrical steel on which are laid 2 wind-
ings. One of these has current I1 running through it, the other has
current I2 running through it.
It is characterised by the no-load losses (Po) : these combine losses
due to hysteresis, Eddy currents and Joule effects (insignificant) as
well as dielectric losses (insignificant).
The choice of the quality of the steel sheeting as well as the cutting
and assembly method used determine the performance level of the
magnetic core.
04
The test
The windings
The windings are characterised by :

O the transformation ratio, "k", corresponding to the ratio of the

primary and secondary voltages

U1 N1 I2
k= = =
U2 N2 I1

O the connection arrangement

delta (D,d) star (Y,y) Zigzag (Z,z)

I I
I

II

III
III II III II

I I I
II II II
III III III

The connection of the highest voltage (MV) is in upper case and that
of the lowest voltage in lower case (LV). If there is a neutral terminal,
we have : YN or yn,
ZN or zn
The clock-hour index allows us to express the phase displacement, al
a multiple of 30°, between the MV winding and the LV winding.
E.g. : Dyn 11 = Delta connected MV (D) and star connected LV (y)
with a neutral output. The clock-hour index shows a phase displace-
ment of 30o between the MV and LV voltage vectors in an anti-
clockwise direction.

O the load losses (Pcc) :

Also called copper losses (even for aluminium transformers !). They
comprise Joule or ohmic losses (RI2) and Eddy current losses.

These losses are expressed at the standard reference temperature of

75°C," in accordance with the IEC standard and are proportional to
the square of the load.

O Adex-transfo windings :
The technologies used in the copper or aluminium windings give the
transformer its short-circuit strength in accordance with current
standards. In addition :
- autoclave vacuum drying eliminates all traced of humidity from the
active part of the winding
- vacuum filling impregnates the windings and eliminates any air
from the tank.
These two procedures give the transformer excellent performance
levels (lightning impulse withstand).
05
O dielectric liquids :
The most commonly used dielectric liquids at Adex-transfo are of
mineral oil type (O1). The PCB1), and FCBT2) contents are guaran-
teed to be less than or equal to the minimum limit for measurement
of 2 ppm (parts per million)
1) (Polychloro Biphenyls contained in Askarels)
2) (Polychloro Benzyl Toluenes, contained in Ugilec)Transformers are

tested to ensure that their electrical and thermal characteristics are

in conformity with those specified on the order.

Three different types of test exist:

- routine tests
- type tests
- special tests

This guide is intended to give you an insight into these different

types of, tests and into the test methods used at Adex-transfo for oil
immersed distribution produced at its Adex Engineering Ltd. factory

Safety recommendations in testing areas

Transformer test areas are clearly marked. Once within these zones,
all equipment can be live, with exposed parts. There is therefore a
risk that contact with this equipment will cause fatal electrocution.

Access to these areas is strictly forbidden to any unauthorised

person from outside the “Testing” department.

Visitors may only enter these areas under the supervision of autho-
rised testing department personnel, after having first been informed
of the inherent dangers in the installation, when no test sequence is
taking place.

06
Glossary
Reference Symbols Units
1) Rating plate
Rated power Sn Volt Ampere (VA) or kilo Volt Ampere (kVA) or
Mega Volt Ampere (MVA)
Rated frequency Fn Hertz or kilo Hertz (Hz or kHz)
High voltage MV kilo Volt (kV)
Low voltage LV Volt or kilo Volt (V or kV)
Temperature °C degrees Celsius (°C)
Temperature rise K Kelvin
No-load losses Po Watt or kilo Watt (W or kW)
Load losses Pcc Watt or kilo Watt (W or kW)
No-load current lo Ampere (A)
Rated current IN Ampere (A)
Short circuit current Icc Ampere (A)
Impedance voltage Ucc Volt (V)
Power factor Cosϕ percentage (%)
Magnetic field B Tesla (T)
Number of turns N
2) Routine tests
• Measurement of no-load losses
Corrected no-load losses Po Watt (VV)
First wattmeter reading dW1 Watt (W)
Second wattmeter reading dW2 Watt (VV)
Constant Cte
Power correction k Watt (VV)
Approximation ∆ percentage (%)
• Measurement of load losses
Currents in the 3 windings I1, I2, I3 Ampere (A)
Measured power Pmeas Watt (W)
Special losses = additional losses Ps Watt (W)
• Resistance of windings
Resistance of MV and LV RMV, RLV ohm (Ω)
Joules losses ΣRI2 Watt (W)
3) Type tests
• Temperature rise tests
Total losses Pt Watt (W)
Average current lave Ampere (A)
Ambient temperature T°amb °Celsius (°C)
• Lightning impulse tests
Sweep time microsecond (*s)
4) Special tests
• Partial discharge level measurement
Transformer voltage class Um Kilo Volt (kV)
Apparent charge q pico Coulomb (pC)
• Noise level measurement
Background noise decibel (dB)
Weighted (A) acoustic pressure level Lp (A) decibel (A)
Weighted (A) acoustic power level Lw (A) decibel (A)
07
Induced Voltage dielectric test
Induced over voltage test
The standard
This standard is taken from IEC standard 60076-3 (1980)

Definitions

- uniform insulation of a transformer winding : this is the insulation

of a winding for which all the terminals connected to a
transformer’s have the same power frequency withstand voltage.
- Um voltage: this is the highest voltage of a system to which the
winding can be connected, in view of it’s insulation level. In prac-
tice, it refers to the voltage of the transformer’s class of insulation.

Test description

The type of induced voltage test used, depends on the type of trans-
former winding.

The induced voltage test described in the standard, specifies that an

alternating voltage with a near-sinusoidal waveform must be applied
to the terminals of the transformer.
The test frequency must be greater than the rated frequency in order
to avoid saturation of the magnetic core (excessive magnetising
current).
The test lasts 60 seconds at full voltage for all test frequencies less
than or equal to twice the rated frequency, unless otherwise speci-
fied by the customer.

When the test frequency exceeds twice the rated frequency, the test
duration should be:

[120 x (rated frequency / test frequency)] seconds,

with a minimum of 15 s

Three phase windings are preferably tested with balanced voltages

induced in the three phases of the winding. If the winding has a neu-
tral output, this may be earthed during the test.
The induced voltage test is considered satisfactory if the test voltage
does not collapse in any way.

system highest voltage power frequency

for the transformer Um, in kV applied overvoltage in kV
M 1.1 3
3.6 10
7.2 20
12.0 28
17.5 38
24.0 50
36.0 70
08
Test objective Test rig diagram
This test highlights whether any fault exists
Phase 1 I1
between the turns of the windings (e.g. : fault
TI1 a A
between a and b, c and d or if there is a 0.1200 V
V
fault between phases.
Phase 2 A V I2
TI2 b B
0.1200 V
R1 L1 c d
R2 L2
V

U1 (RF) a a 2U2 Phase 3 A I3

b b
(supply)
TI3 c C
0.1200 V

Test procedure Neutral A

n
With the MV winding open circuited, a voltage
Test rig control desk Transformer on test
of 2 x Urated is applied to the LV winding; to e.g. Dyn 11
avoid saturation of the transformer's magnetic
core, the frequency used for the test is 200 Hz The transformer is considered to have passed when
There is no voltage collapse or variation in current.
or 150 Hz depending on the test rig used.
The maximum test duration is :
• (120 x 50) / 200 = 30 s. for a test frequency of 200 Hz.
• (120 x 50) / 150 = 40 s. for a test frequency of 150 Hz.

09
Applied voltage dielectric test
Special source power transformer test
The standard
This summary of the test standard is taken from the IEC publication
on dielectric testing IEC 60076-3 (1988)

Definition
Applied voltage : this is the single phase voltage that is applied to
one of a transformer's windings, whilst the others are earthed.

Description of the test

The applied voltage test must be performed using a single phase
alternating voltage with a sinusoidal waveform at an appropriate
frequency equal to at least 80% of the rated frequency.

The full test voltage must be applied for 60 seconds between the
winding under test and all the terminals of the other windings, the
magnetic core, the frame and the tank or enclosure of the trans-
former, connected together to earth.

The test is considered as satisfactory if the test voltage remains con-

stant.

system highest voltage for minimum power frequency

the transformer Um, in kV applied overvoltage in kV

o 1.1 3
3.6 10
7.2 20
12.0 28
17.5 38
24.0 50
36.0 70

10
Test objective Test rig diagram
Testing the dielectric strength of the trans-
former (insulating properties of the oil and the
windings) at the power frequency (50 Hz), and
that of the winding relative to both earth and to
the other windings. V

The transformer's schematic diagram is modi- Transformer being

fied as follows: tested

R1 L1 R2 L2
(RF)
Voltage transformer
U1 tank

Characteristics of the measuring

Test Procedure apparatus
Voltage transformer: transformation ratio = 1,000
The applied voltage test is performed using a
voltmeter (for voltage transformer) or kilovolt meter
single phase 50Hz power supply at a voltage (for the dividing bridge)
specified in the standard, according to the
transformer’s class of insulation.

The voltage is applied successively to each

winding for 60 s. whilst all the terminals of the
other windings and the metal parts of the trans-
former are earthed.

The voltage measurement is taken directly

using a voltage divider or a voltage transformer.

11
Measurement of no load losses and
no load current

The standard
This measurement procedure is described in standard IEC 60076-1
(1993)

All the values measured during this test are expressed for the princi-
pal tapping unless otherwise specified by the customer, with the
transformer initially at ambient temperature.

Definitions
O no load losses: this is the active power absorbed by the trans-
former when the rated voltage at the rated frequency is applied to
the terminals of one of the windings with the other windings open-
circuited
O no load current: this is the effective value of current required to
magnetise the magnetic core.

Test description

The no load losses and current must be measured on one of the

windings (with the other winding(s) open-circuited) :

- at the rated frequency and rated voltage, if the test is performed

on the principal tapping,
- at the rated frequency and at a voltage equal to the appropriate
tapping voltage, if the test is performed on another tapping.

Tolerances

Certain values are subject to manufacturing variations and to errors

of measurement and cannot be determined with absolute accuracy.

This is why, in order to guarantee the performance of transformers,

the "International Electrotechnical Committee" has set tolerances to
be complied with in its standard 60076-1 §9, that are valid for all
three phases distribution transformers.

Values Tolerances
1. No load losses +15% of the declared
values on condition that
tolerances on total losses
are complied with
2. No load current +30% of the value declared
by the manufacturer
3.Total losses (Po + Pcc) +10% of the declared
values
12
Test objective Phase 1 I1

0 1200 V TI1 a A
- Characterising the no load losses and no load V
KI1
k V

current of the transformer Phase 2 A V I2 A1 * W2

*
V

- checking that the characteristics are in confor- 0 1200 V TI2

V
k KI2
V
b B

mity with the current standard A I3 A1 *W2

Phase 3 *
c C
In real terms, no load losses are generated by 0 1200 V
TI3

the area marked within the dotted line below: Neutral A A

n
Test rig contol desk Transformer being
tested e.g. Dyn 11
R1 L1 R2 L2
k

for reasons of efficiency, 3-position switches are

U1 (RF) LF U2

used in order to reduce the number of voltme-

ters (V), ammeters (A) and wattmeters (W) that
Test procedure are required.

The low voltage (LV) winding is supplied with Test calculations

the rated voltage at the rated frequency, with
Measured no load losses = [(W1 W W2) x Cte] - k
the medium voltage (MV) winding open-
circuited. k= meters consumption (of the test certificate)
The no load losses are measured using a 2 This correction corresponds with the power con-
Wattmeters method with an reversing switch sumed by the metering devices and can be
(Aaron’s method), whereas the no load current expressed in the form (U2 / R).
is measured using a current transformer and an
ammeter on each phase. The constant “Cte” depends on the ratings of
the measuring apparatus
NB: the values measured on transformers with
several LV windings are obtained on the E.g. : for a test rig assembly comprising a
winding with the highest voltage, in other current transformer with a 5/5 ratio and an
words the one offering the best accuracy. ammeter with a rating of 5 on a scale of 100
graduations , the constant therefore becomes:
Test rig diagram
Cte = (5/5) x (5/100) = 0.05
Voltmeters and ammeters integrated on the test
rig enable the values to which the transformer is Tolerances
subjected to be measured at any point in time.
the application of small tolerances on the no
load losses is negotiable at the time of the
request for tender.

13
Measurement of the resistance of
MV and LV windings
The standard
The following details are taken from IEC standard 60076-1 (1993)

Definition
MV and LV resistances are internal transformer resistances from the
MV and LV sides that generate Joule losses proportionally to the
square of the current.

Test description
The resistance of each winding is measured and the temperature is
recorded ; the test is performed with direct current.
The effects of self-induction must be reduced to a minimum in all
resistance measurements.

For oil immersed transformers, the test starts once the transformer's
dielectric fluid has been left to rest ; the average oil temperature is
then determined by considering it to be equal to that of the winding.

14
Test objective A
R3 R1
To measure the resistance in ohms of each of R4
the windings of the transformer. Trans- G
6V
Theses resistances are shown within the dotted former
terminals
R5
lines in the following diagram: RT R2

Measurement of the LV resistance using a

L1 L2
R1 k R2 Thompson double bridge
U1 (RF) LF U2

with

Test procedure RT = (2/3) x r

for delta connected windings
Ambient temperature is recorded during this
test. Measurement of the resistance of the MV RT = 2 x r
between phases is performed with direct for star connected windings.
current either using the volt ampere method for RT being the equivalent resistance between
large resistances (of around 1 ohm) or with a phases and r the resistance of one of the
micro-ohmmeter. transformer’s windings.
Measurement of the resistance of the LV wind-
ing is performed with direct current either using
2 microvolt meters and a shunt, or using a
Thompson double bridge. The calculations

Test rig diagram R = (U/I)

for the thompson bridge, we have:

A
B
C V V V
R3 R1
=
V V V
RT R2
6V B 12V
C
A
V
A

if R1 = R4 and R2 = R5

Measurement of MV and LV resistance using the

voltampere method.

15
Measurement of the impedance voltage and load
losses
The standard
This measurement procedure is described in IEC standard 60076-1 (1993)

Definitions
O The impedance voltage : is the voltage that must be applied to the line terminals of a winding
in order to give the rated current when the terminals of the other windings are short-circuited.
It is given in percentage of the rated voltage.

O Load losses : these correspond to the absorbed active power (ings, if there are any are open-
circuited. These losses are also called short-circuit losses (= Joule losses + special losses)

Test description
Impedance voltages and load losses must be measured with a supply current of at least 50% of
the tapping's rated current.

The measured value of these losses must be multiplied by the square of the ratio between the
rated current of the tapping and the current used for the test.

The measurement must be made quickly to avoid temperature rises introducing any significant
errors ; the temperature difference of the oil from top to bottom must be sufficiently low to
enable determination of the average temperature with the required accuracy.

For transformers with a tapped winding whose tapping range is greater than +/-5%, the imped-
ance voltage must be measured across the principal tapping and the two end tappings.
Tolerances
Tolerances are taken from the standard, unless otherwise specified by the customer.
Values Tolerances
1. b) Partial losses: ± 15 % of each of the partial
(No-load or load losses) losses, on a condition that the tolerance on
the total losses is complied with (+10 %
of the declared values)
3. Short circuit voltage ± 7.5 % of the value declared by
a) on the principal tapping the manufacturer if the impedance
voltage value (Ucc) is M 10%
± 10 % of the value declared by the
manufacturer if Ucc is <10%
b) on the other tappings ± 10% of the value declared by the
manufacturer if Ucc is M10%
± 15 % of the value declared by
the manufacturer if Ucc is <10%

16
Test objective Calculation of load losses
- Measurement of the transformer’s load losses (Pcc) - at ambient temperature (20oC on average)
- Measurement of the impedance voltage (Ucc)
Pcc = PjoulesMV + PjoulesLV + Pspecial
Equivalent circuit: = [(3/2) x RMVx I2] + [ (3/2) x RLV x I2] + Pspecial

with RMV, RLV = resistances between phases

I1n R1+R2 k2 L1+L2 k 2
I1n R1+R2 k2 L1+L2 k 2

k In the case of delta connected windings:

U1cc (RF) LF and thus U1cc
% of U1n
=3 x r x (I/E3)2
Pjoules = (3/2) x R x I2 with R = (2/3) x r
T T

Test procedure in the case of star connected windings:

The medium voltage winding is supplied at the =3 x r x I2

rated frequency of 50 Hz and at a voltage that Pjoules = (3/2) x R x I2 with R = 2 x r
gives a current as near as possible to the rated T T
current, whilst the low voltage winding is short- The special losses (or stray losses) are mainly
circuited. composed of eddy current losses.
The load losses are measured using 2 wattme- -at the reference temperature
o
(75 C for
ters, the impedance voltage and current are immersed type transformers)
measure by their respective measuring devices.
The joules losses (or resistive losses) vary
The impedance voltage is expressed as a per- according to the temperature whereas the spe-
centage of the rated voltage. cial losses are inversely proportional to the tem-
Ucc (%) = (Ucc measured/Urated) x 100
perature.
Pcc 75oC = (K x Pj Toamb.) + (1/K x Ps Toamb.)
Test rig diagram
Phase 1
K = temperature correction constant
0 1200 V
A a - for copper : K =(235+75) / (235+To amb.)
- for aluminium : K = (225+75) / (225+Toamb.).
V k V
V A W V
Phase 2 A
B b
0 1200 V
V V

A A W
Phase 3
C c
0 1200 V

A A
Neutral
n
Test rig contol desk Transformer being
tested e.g. Dyn 11

The test procedure and the apparatus used are

identical to those used for measurement of no-
load losses.

17
Measurement of the impedance voltage
and load losses (cont.)
The standard
O Standard values for impedance voltage in Europe, according to harmonisa-tion
document H 428.S1.

Rated power (Sn) Impedance voltage expressed as a in

kVA percentage of the applied rated
voltage for the winding

50 m Sn m 630 4
630 m Sn m 2500 6

O Standard impedance voltage values for other countries

In accordance with IEC publication 76-5 (1982), the impedance voltage applied
to a tested transformer is deduced from the following table :

Rated power (Sn) Impedance voltage expressed as a in

kVA percentage of the applied rated
voltage for the winding

Sn m 630 4
630 < Sn m 1250 5
1250 < Sn m 3150 6.25
3150 < Sn m 6300 7.15

18
The impedance voltage Ucc
The impedance voltage comprises a reactive
component, Ux, and Ur, which unlike Ux is
dependent on temperature.

this can be expressed in terms of the rated

values as follows:

Uc
c 75
(Ucc%)2 = (Ux%)2 + (Ur%)2 Ux

Uc

oC
cT
o am
with Ur% = (Pcc x 100) / Sn
Ucc% = (Ucc x 100) / Un

b.
Ur To amb. Ur 75oC
E.g. : at ambient temperature of 20oC , and at a
reference temperature of 75oC, we have, always
given in percentage:

(Ucc75oC)2 = (Ux)2 + (Ur75oC)2

(Ucc75oC)2 - (Ur75oC)2 = (Ux)2

(Ucc75oC)2 - (Ur75oC)2
= (Ucc20oC)2 - (Ur20oC)2

Ucc at 75oC can therefore be expressed in the

following manner:

( ) ( ) ( )
Ucc75oC =100 x E Ucc20oC 2 - Pcc20oC 2 + Pcc75oC 2
Un Sn Sn

19
Measurement of the transformation
ratio and verification of the vector
group
The standard
The following information is taken from IEC standard 60076-1
(1993)

Definitions
O phase displacement in a three phase winding: this is the
phase angle between the vectors representing the MV and LV volt-
ages across the corresponding terminals of a pair of windings.
The vectors are considered to turn counter-clockwise.
The vector of the MV winding, which 1st phase is oriented at 12
o'clock on the clock face, is used as a reference, and the phase
displacement between all the other win-dings is usually expressed
relative to this using a clock-hour figure.

O the vector group: this is the conventional notation indicating the

connection arrangement of the MV and LV windings and their relative
phase displacements, expressed as a combination of letters and
clock-hour figures.

Description of measurements
The transformation ratio is measured on each transformer tapping.
The vector group of three phase transformers, as well as the polarity
of single phase transformers must be checked.

Tolerances
Values Tolerances

2. No-load transformation The lowest of the following

ratio : - for the principal two valued
tapping a) ± 0.5 % of the ratio
specified by the manufacturer

b) ± 10 % of the real
percentage of the impedance
voltage

- on other tappings Must be subject to an

agreement between the
customer and the supplier,
but the ratio must be greater
than whichever is smallest of
a) or b).

20
Test objectives The calculations
- To check the conformity of the transformer Calculation of the rated transformation ratio for
connection arrangement with that stated each tapping :
- To check the conformity of the transformation This ratio is only valid for the same reference
ratio, k, on each tapping compared with the voltage.
guaranteed values.
Example :
The part of the transformer studied during this Simple or complex ratios of MV/LV voltages
test lies within the dotted line on the following
diagram : To obtain the rated transformation ratio for Yd
or Dy connections, the values must be multi-
k
R1 L1 R2 L2 plied or divided by E3 depending on whether
U1 (RF) U2 the voltages measured are simple or complex.
For Yy or Dd connections, the rated transforma-
U1
tion ratio is not modified.
ex : k = = 50
U2

Test procedure
Usual connections
The vector group is checked and the trans-
former ratio is measured on each tapping with a The most common connections in Europe are :
voltage of 110 or 220 V applied on the MV side.

The measurement involves comparing the Dy11

11 A
330o
phase displacement of the MV voltage with the a
a b c
A B C
LV voltage for each phase. b
c
C B
This operation is performed using a Vettiner
bridge, that opposes the voltages in the phases
in order to compare their moduli. The bridge is
balanced by adjustment of the dials to give null Yz11 A
11
deflection on the galvanometer. The ratio is 330o
a b c
then read off the dials. The connection is correct a
b A B C
when the ratio is identical on each phase. C c B

Example : Dyn11 connection

- the MV side of the transformer is delta connected
- the LV side is star connected with a neutral terminal Yd11
11 A
330o
A
a
a a b c
b A B C

b C c B
n

E
D

c
n

measuremerit of the transformation ratio

Yy0 A
The vector group and the transformation ratio 0o
are identical to those defined by the manufac- a a b c
A B C
turer when : c b
C B
[modulus of the MV
llABll llBCllllCAll voltage on the same leg]
The capital letters denote to the highest voltage winding.
= = =
llanll llbnll llcnll [modulus of the LV
voltage on the same leg]
21
Measurement of partial Test objectives
discharge level The objective of this test is to determine the
overall dielectric condition of the transformer
Test circuit and measuring devices
Test procedure
Whatever type of test circuit and measuring
device are used, they must first be calibrated. The transformer is energised with no load at a
Unless otherwise specified by the customer, the frequency of 200 Hertz.
transformer will be tested at ambient tempera- The following voltage levels are applied to the
ture and the insulator surfaces will be clean and MV
dry. The standard gives a number of test circuits - rated voltage Un.
of which Adex-transfo has decided touse the - the transformer's insulation class voltage Urn.
following: - 1.2 Um.
- 1.5 Um.
Z
Ca Ck Partial discharge levels are measured using
U~ Zm capacitances connected between each MV
Measuring circuit
phase and earth.

- the low pass filter lets the 200 Hz pass and

Test circuit for self-actuated devices
blocks partial discharges coming from the
This diagram represents a test circuit in which power supply.
the voltage is induced in the power transformer. - the high pass filter, connected between the
The circuit comprises: capacitance outputs and earth lets all
O a source of alternating voltage frequencies apart from 200 Hz past, in other
O an impedance or filter Z : blocking out the words all those corresponding to partial
discharge impulses produced by the test equip- discharges.
ment and reducing disturbances from the The capacitors are rated for high voltages, 50
source. kV, whilst themselves being free of any partial
O a capacitance, Ca: corresponding to the discharge.
capacitive impedance of the transformer - the discharge detector, connected to a 3-way
O a connecting capacitor, Ck. switch enables measurements on each phase
O a measuring circuit, connected to the to be taken in accordance with the standard.
terminals of the tested transformer through a The measurement range is usually in the pass
suitable capacitor and comprising: band between 10 and 500 kHz.
- the measuring impedance Zm, including a
resistor or a resistor and a capacitor or some
other more complex filtering device
- coaxial connecting cables
- the measuring device and display unit: this
sets the pass band of the measuring circuit
and displays the partial discharges.
The aprtial discharges produced by the trans-
former cause transfer of charge withing the test
circuit and current impulses across the imped-
ance Zm.
This impedance, toogether with the transformer
and the connecting capacitor, determine the
duration and shape of the measured impulses.
These impulses are then smoothed and ampli-
fied to provide the discharge detector with the
transformer’s quadratic flow value.
22
The admissible partial discharge level
Level 0 quadratic flow, in accordance with the stan-
dard, corresponds to 10-20 C2/s at 50 Hz

The Partial Discharge level (PD) in dB and the qua-

dratic flow of a variable X, are defined by the equation:

PD level in dB = 10 log (X/10-20)

At 50 hZ, the standard considers transformers as satis-

factory with discharge levels less than:
- 10-17 C2/s = 20 dB at a voltage of Um
- 10-18 C2/s = 30 dB at a voltage of 1.2 Um

for f = 50 x 4 = 200 Hz
 the PD level in dB at 200 Hz

= 10 log (4x/10-20) = 10 log 4 + 10 log (X/10-20)

= 6 dB + PD level at 50 Hz

Consequently, at 200 Hz, transformers are considered

satisfactory when the partial discharge levels are less
than:

- 26 dB or 4 10-18 C2/s at a voltage of Um;

- 36 dB or 4 10-17 C2/s at a voltage of 1.2 Um.

23
Measurement of sound level
The standard
The test procedure is described in IEC standard 551 (1987)

Definitions
- the sound pressure level, Lp : this is the value expressed in decibels (dB), equal
to 20 times the decimal logarithm of the given acoustic pressure and the refer-
ence acoustic pressure; the reference acoustic pressure being 20 µPascals.
- the sound power level, Lw: this value is expressed in dB, equal to 10 times the
decimal logarithm of the ration of the given acoustic power being 1 picoWatt.
- the ambient noise level: this is the weighted level (A) of the acoustic pressure
when the transformer is de-energised.

Measuring devices
Measurements must be performed using a class 1 sound level meter. In addition,
the background noise level must be measured immediately before and after the
measurement is performed on the transformer.

If the difference between the Lp of the background noise and the sum of the levels
resulting from the background noise and the transformer is M 10 dB, the back-
ground noise levels may only be measured from one measurement position with-
out it being necessary to apply any correction to the noise level measured for the
device.

It the difference is between 3 and 10 dB, the corrections in the table below must
be applied.

Moreover, if the difference is less than 3 dB the test will not be accepted unless the
level resulting from the background noise and the noise of the transformer are less
than the guaranteed values.

Should this be the case, a lower value will be taken for this difference and a total
level reduced by 3 dB could be considered as the upper limit of the acoustic pres-
sure level in this position.

This condition must be included on the official test report.

Correction for the effect of background noise

Depending on the above mentioned acoustic pressure levels that are taken from
each of the measurement positions, a correction may be performed for the effect
of background noise, in accordance with the following table:

Difference between the measured Correction to be subtracted

Lp of the device in service and the from the measured Lp of
Lp of the background noise alone the device in service to obtain
in dB the Lp due to the device in dB

3 3
4 or 5 2
6 or 8 1
9 or 10 0.5
24
Test objective O in terms of the device's (A) weighted sound
power level, Lw, calculated from the sound
Comparing the noise generated by the trans- pressure using the following equation
former with that set in the standard.
Lw (A) = Lp (A) + 10 log S - X
Test procedure
Lw (A) = the weighted acoustic power level in dB (A)
The noise is caused by magnetostriction of the Lp (A) = the sound pressure in dB (A)
X = correction for background noise (see previous page)
core, the reactors and their associated cooling S = the equivalent surface area in m2, defined by the
devices. equation: S= 1.25 x H x P
with H = the transformer height in metres
Once the background noise has been measured, P = the length of the measuring perimeter at a distance
of max. 30 cm, in meters
power is supplied to the transformer under no 1.25 = empirical factor designed to take account of the
load, at the rated voltage and frequency, with acoustic energy radiated by the top of the
the tapping selector on the principal tapping. transformer or the coolers.

The sound pressure level is then measured at

various points around the transformer. The sound power takes account of the geom-
etry of the transformer and enables a noise level
The noise level can be expressed in two ways to be expressed independently of the distance
from the transformer at which it is measured ; it
O in terms of the (A) weighted sound pressure is therefore possible to compare it between
level Lp measured using a sound level meter transformers.
at a defined distance from the transformer.
The value obtained is the quadratic average of
the measured values :
- at 1/3 and 2/3 of the tank height when this is
greater than 2.5 m : otherwise, the measure-
ment is performed at half the tank height.
- at a minimum distance of 30 cm from the
transformer (the recommended perimeter
distance).

Measuring points should be spaced at an inter-

val of at most 1 meter and at least such that the
test has a minimum of 6 measuring points.

0.3 m mini
6 measuring prescribed
points mini contour

1 m maxi
Layout of measuring points

ADEX ENGINEERING LIMITED

Corporate Office : Shakh Centre, Factory : Factory:
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