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Electronics Module 1

The document provides information about electronics and different types of signals. It defines electricity and electronics, and describes different electronic components like rectifiers and amplifiers. It also discusses the differences between analog and digital signals, continuous and discrete signals, and filtering circuits.

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zaidkadiri9
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19 views

Electronics Module 1

The document provides information about electronics and different types of signals. It defines electricity and electronics, and describes different electronic components like rectifiers and amplifiers. It also discusses the differences between analog and digital signals, continuous and discrete signals, and filtering circuits.

Uploaded by

zaidkadiri9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics Lecture 1 Notes

• Electricity
Electrons -Vacuum, Gas, Semiconductor
Definition of Electricity:
Electricity is an invisible force that can produce heat, light,
motion and many other physical effects. The force can be
attraction repulsion between electric charges, therefore can be
explained in terms of electric charges such as current, voltage
and resistance.
•Electronics:

It is a branch of science and engineering dealing with theory and


use of class of devices in which FREE ELECTRONS are
transported through in a solid.
 Vacuum
 Gas filled in tube
 Semiconductor
Equipment in electronic Circuits
1. Rectifier: Convert AC to DC
2. Amplifiers: A Small Voltage Signal to large signals
3. Oscillators: Convert DC into any required Frequency
•Signal:
Signal carry information or construction by mean of gesture
action or sound
E.g. voice of radio announcer, weather information- Radio wave
• There are two types of signal:
1. Analog signal
2. Digital signal
• Analog signal
It is a continuous signal which represent physical measurement
It is a discrete signal
It is a sequence of number that represents magnitude of
successive signal.

• Digital Signals:
It is a form of 0 and 1 value
• Types of Analog Signal
1. Continuous Time signal:
Any continuous function of time is considered as continuous
time signal e.g. sinusoid
2. Discrete Time signal:
Any sequence of real number separated by equal time
increments (or sample) is considered discrete time signal
A common example is the digital signal representing a series
of instantaneous amplitude of equal time increment
• Measuring Analog signals
The amplitude of analog signal source is measured in volts
Frequency is measured in Hertz
• Information obtained from Analog signal
 Magnitude
 Frequency
 Phase
• Digital Signal:
A digital signal is that represents DATA as sequence of discrete
value, digital signal can only take on one value from a finite set
of possible values at a given time.
Examples of digital signals are computer, phone, pens, TV so on

The following are key difference between electrical and


electronics:
Electrical Devices Electronics Devices
1] Change the current into another control the movement of electron
Form of an energy like heat, light for performing operations
Pressure
2] use copper aluminum wire for use semiconductor materials
the flow of electric current
3] Work on alternating Current (AC) Work on Direct current (DC)
4] Work on high voltage Work on low voltage
5] more power consumption Less power consumption
6] High Conductivity Low Conductivity
7] don’t Manipulate Data Manipulate Data
8] directly work on current give work on moving charges
quick response response is less
9] heavy and large in size more very smaller and placed on chip
space is needed so require less space
10] More dangerous, they have less dangerous for life
faults such as short circuits
for life
11] e.g. Fan, transformer, motor e.g. Transistor, Amplifier,
Generator, capacitor thyristors, IC, Microcontroller

• Difference between Analog and digital signal

Analog signal Digital signal


1] use continuous signal Discrete signal
2] uses continuous values for representing use discrete value representing
Information information
3] can be affected by the noise during cannot be affected by the
Transmission noise during transmission
4] accuracy is affected by noise accuracy is least affected
5] are less flexible are very flexible
6] Consumes less band Consumes more band
7] stored in a form of continuous wave stored in the form binary bits
‘0’and ‘1’
8] Have low cost Have high cost
9] Are portable Not portable
10] Give observation error present Observation error
• Continuous and Discrete Signal
1] Continuous time signal:
Continuous time signal is the function of continuous time
variable that has uncountable or infinite set of numbers in its
sequence can be represented and defined at any instant of time
in its sequence. It is also termed as Analog Signal. It is a
continuous function of time defined on the real time (of axis). It
has a continuous amplitude and time that is, it will have certain
value at any instant.
Examples- Wave, triangular waves
In short Electrical signal also have continuous time signal
When there are delivered in proportion with physical parameter
such as pressure, temperature, sound etc.
2] Discrete time signal:
The function of discrete variable that has countable or infinite set of
numbers in its sequence, can be represented and defined at certain
instant of time in its sequence that is discrete time signal is able to
definite only in sampling and encoding the sample value and represented
with the binary bits and stored on digital medium.
• Linear wave shaping circuits:
A signal can also be called as a wave every wave has a certain shape
when it is represented in a graph. The shape can be different types such
as sinusoidal, square which vary with respect to time period or they have
some random shape discard of time period.
• Types of wave shaping
There are two types of wave shaping they are:
Linear Shaping, non-wave shaping
1] Linear wave shaping:
Linear elements such as resistor, capacitor and inductors are employed
to shape in the linear wave shaping
In the linear wave shaping inputs, such wave as filtering circuit
 Components of filtering:
Capacitors has the properties to allow AC to work DC. We have
inductor has property to allow DC block AC
 Classification of filtering:
There are four type of filter as follows:
a) Low pass filter
b) High pass filter
c) Band pass filter
d) Band stop filter
• Low Pass filter:
A filter circuit which allows a set of frequencies that are below a
specified value.
OR
A filter that passes low frequency components of signal but rejects the
high frequency components of signal.
Behavior of Capacitor to frequency can be defined as follows:
For F=0 (low frequency) capacitive reactive (Xe)
V I
Xⅽ= I = 2 πfc ∞

(it acts as open circuit )

• High pass filter:


A filter circuit which allow frequency that are shown with special value
For F= α (High frequency) capacitive reactive (Xc)
V 1
Xc = I = 2 πfc = 0 (acts as short-circuit)

OPERATION
For low frequency since capacitor is open the circuited current downing
in circuit is zero. So the out voltage V out = V in.
For high frequency since capacitor is shorted circuited, the output
voltage across a short is zero, so the output is Voltage in = 0.

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