Random Variable Example 1 Suppose two coins are tossed.

Let X be the random variable representing the number of heads

• may be viewed as a way to
that occur.
map outcomes of statistical experiment
Find the values of the random variable X.
determine by chance
into a number. Find: Number of head that show up
• It is a set whose elements are the numbers
assigned to the outcomes of an experiment.

• It is denoted by a capital letter, usually X.

• In some experiments such as:

a. tossing a coin three times;
b. rolling a dice twice; and
c. drawing two balls in a box.

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = {𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}

• Remember the to fill the possible outcomes you need to So, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1 and 2
follow the half and half rule.
𝑋 = {0,1,2}
• Remember either you’re trying to find:
o Possible outcomes;
o Sample Space; or
o Random Variable / Possible Values

• Sample Space = {12, 13, 15, 16….}

• Sample Point
Example 2 Suppose three coins are tossed. Example 3 Two balls are drawn in succession without
Let Y be the random variable representing the number of tails replacement from a box containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls.
that occur. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of blue
Find the values of the random variable Y. balls.
Find the values of the random variable Z.
Find: Number of tails that show up
Let B represent the blue ball and R represent the red ball.

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = {𝑅𝑅, 𝑅𝐵, 𝐵𝑅, 𝐵𝐵}

So, the possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1 and 2
𝑍 = {0, 1, 2}

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
= {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}
So, the possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2 and 3
𝑌 = {0,1,2,3}
Example 4 Write all the possible values of each random variable.
a. X: Number of even number outcomes in a roll of a dice.
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
𝑥 = {2,4,6}
𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = {1,3,5}

b. Y: Weight (in mg) of a powder that does not exceed 80 mg.

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = {0, 1, 2, 3 … . , 79, 80}
0 ≤ 𝑌 ≤ 80
Explanation: anything between 0 to 80, it can be equal to 0 or 80

c. Z: Scores of a student in a 10-item test.

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 / 𝑍 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

d. A: Product of two numbers taken from two boxes

containing numbers 0 to 5.
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝐴 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 25}

 An experiment consists of rolling a pair of dice, one red and
one green, and observing the pair of numbers on the uppermost
faces (red first).
We let X denote the product of the numbers on the
uppermost faces.
1. List all the possible outcomes.
2. What are the possible values of X?

Find: Possible Outcomes, & Random Variable

(1, 1), (1,2) instead of 11

Discrete Random Variable
• is one which may take on only a
countable number of distinct values
Example:
a. number of tails obtained when tossing a coin thrice.
(can be counted)
b. number of persons in a vaccine area at a given time.
(can be counted)
c. number of cars attending a caravan. (can be counted)

Continuous Random Variable

• is one which takes an infinite number of possible values.
• are usually measurements.
Example:
a. the height of a person (can be measured)
b. weight of a person (can be measured)
c. room Temperature (can be measured)
d. speed of a bus (can be measured)

A random variable that can be counted is discrete

while a random variable that can only be measured is continuous.
Discrete Probability Distribution Step 1: Write down the Possible Values of X/ Random Variable
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟 Step 2: count the total number of outcomes/ Possible Outcomes
𝑃(𝑥) = Step 3: count the number of outcomes occur
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
Step 4 (optional): use calculator and divide
• consists of the values a random variable
X P(x)
can assume and the corresponding probabilities.
1 /36 1/36 1/36 or 0.03
or 0.2777
2 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
or 0.5555
Properties of P(x)
3 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
1. 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑥) ≤ 1 4 /36 3/36 3/36 or 0.08
• The probability of each value of the discrete random variable or 0.8333
must be between or equal to 0 to 1 5 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
2. ∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 1 6 /36 4/36 4/36 or 0.11
• The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random or 0.1111
variable must be equal to one 8 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
9 /36 1/36 1/36 or 0.03
10 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
o ∑ - Summation/ the sum of all 12 /36 4/36 4/36 or 0.11
15 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
16 /36 1/36 1/36 or 0.03
o Two decimal points only & round off 18 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
20 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
24 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
25 /36 1/36 1/36 or 0.03
30 /36 2/36 2/36 or 0.06
36 /36 1/36 1/36 or 0.03
Expected Value, Variance & Standard Deviation
𝜇 – mu / Expected Value
𝜎 2 – Sigma Squared / Variance
𝜎 – Sigma / Standard Deviation

Expected Value
𝜇 = ∑𝑥 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥)
Variance
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥)
Standard Deviation
𝜎 = √∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥)

• Mean is probably (?) the same as expected value

𝜇 = 𝑥̅

• 𝑥̅ – mean
Expected Value / Mean Standard Deviation
Step 1: Multiply each value Step 1: Follow the formula or square root the Variance /𝜎 2
of X /random variable by its P(x) /probability 𝑥 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥) 𝜎 = √∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥) or √𝜎 2
Step 2: Add the products 𝜇 = ∑𝑥 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥) 𝜎 2 = 0.5
X P(x) 𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥) √𝜎 2 = √0.5
0 1/4 0 𝜎 = 0.7071 𝑜𝑟 0.71
1 2/4 1/2
2 1/4 1/2
𝜇 = ∑𝑥 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥)
1 1
=0+ +
2 2
𝜇=1

Variance
Step 1: Subtract each value of X by the mean 𝑥− 𝜇
Step 2: Square it or multiply it by itself. (𝑥 − 𝜇)2
Step 3: Multiply each probability
with the corresponding (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥)
Step 4: Add the products 𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥)
X P(x) 𝑥− 𝜇 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥)
0 1/4 -1 1 1/4
1 2/4 0 0 0
2 1/4 1 1 1/4
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥)
1 1
= +0+
4 4
2
𝜎 = 0.5
Normal Curve
symmetric
curve

Horizontal axis
asymptotic
area – 100% or 1.00
• Asymptotic – curve does not meet with the horizontal axis
• Symmetrical – can be divided into two equally

Normal Distribution
• Basis for inference
• Bell-shaped
• Normal curve

Characteristics of a normal curve

1. The Graph is symmetric about a vertical line through the
center of the curve
a. where the mean as well as the median and the mode
Are located

2. The total area of the region that lies under the curve and
above the horizontal axis is equal to 1.

3. The tails of the normal curve are asymptotic to the

horizontal axis
Empirical Rule Example:
rd
3 standard A normal distributed random variable x
1st standard deviation above
deviation below the mean
has a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 40
the mean

Determine:
a. The range of values of x that lies within one standard deviation
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 b. The lowest value of x that lies at least two standard deviations
𝜇 − 3𝜎 𝜇 − 2𝜎 𝜇−𝜎 𝜇 𝜇+𝜎 𝜇 + 2𝜎 𝜇 + 3𝜎 above the mean
c. The highest value of x that lies at least three standard
deviations below the mean
68.46%

95.46%

99.73%
380 420 460 500 540 580 620

Above the mean:

𝜇 + 𝜎 = 500 + 40, 𝜇 + 2𝜎 = 500 + 2(40)
Below the mean:
𝜇 − 𝜎 = 500 − 40, 𝜇 − 2𝜎 = 500 − 2(40)

Answer:
a. 460 – 540
b. Lowest value of x is 501 or 500? Answer of teacher: 420
c. Highest value of x is 500 or 499? Answer of teacher: 620
Example: Example:
The playing life of a radio is normally distributed with This is the yearly wheat yield per acre on a particular farm is
Mean of 600 hours and standard deviation of 100 hours. normally distributed with mean of 35 bushels and
What is the probability that a radio selected will last from standard deviation of 8 bushels
600 to 700 hours?
a. Draw a normal curve and shade the area under the curve
𝜇 = 600 𝜎 = 100 that represents the probability that an acre will yield
between 19 & 35 bushels.

600 700
Solution: 27 35
19 43 51
The probability that the playing life will be between 600 & 700
hours is equal to the percentage of the total area under the curve
that is shaded in the graph. 68.46%

𝑃(600 < 𝑥 < 700) = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛

68.46% 95.46%
= 95.46%
2
𝑃(600 < 𝑥 < 700) = 34.23% 𝑃(19 < 𝑥 < 35) =
2
𝑃(19 < 𝑥 < 35) = 47.73%
`
Standard Normal Distribution Example:
The standard deviation is a measure of spread, the more spread Large pizza should be 8 ounces, and the standard deviation is only
out the number are the higher??? 0.5 ounces, find that it is made with 6.9 ounces of cheese.
The Z score If the amount of cheese is below the mean by more than three (3)
𝑥−𝜇 standard deviations, the parlor will be in danger of losing its
𝑧= franchise.
𝜎
𝑧 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (pag lumampas ng below three standard deviations, the parlor
will lose its franchise)
Steps:
• Finding the z first
• Changing the curve to a curve that is this:

7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5

6.5

𝜇 = 8, 𝜎 = 0.5, 𝑥 = 6.9
𝑥−𝜇 6.9 − 8 −1.1
-3 -2 0 1 2 3 𝑧= , = , =
-1 𝜎 0.5 0.5
𝑧 = −2.2
• Putting the z on the horizontal line

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Answer: No, it is not in danger of losing the franchise because 2nd

standard because it is still less than three standard deviation
Getting the area 2. The first number is not Zero (0)
1. Standard Step 1: Underline the two given points in the graph
Step 2: Shade
𝑃 (0 < 𝑍 < 2.23)
Step 3: First find the area of the first number 𝑃 (0 < 𝑍 < 1.25)
Step 1: Underline the two given points in the graph Step 4: Next find the area of the first number 𝑃 (0 < 𝑍 < 2.23)
Step 2: Shade Step 5: Subtract the two numbers
Step 3: find the area of the shaded area in the graph by using the
𝑃 (1.25 < 𝑍 < 2.23)
table “Standard Normal Distribution, Z-table”.
Find first 1.2 then 0.03, get the number.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑃 (0 < 𝑍 < 1.25) = 0.3944
𝑃 (0 < 𝑍 < 2.23) = 0.4871
𝑃 (0 < 𝑍 < 1.23) = 0.3907
𝑃 (1.25 < 𝑍 < 2.23) = 0.4871 − 0.3944
= 0.0927
𝑃 (0 < 𝑍 < 1.25)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

𝑃 (0 < 𝑍 < 1.25) = 0.3944

 3. Only one number & less than symbol 𝑃 (1.25 > 𝑍)
the number is on the right, the shaded area is going to the left
Step 1: change more than (>) to less than (<).
𝑃 (𝑍 > −2.20) = 𝑃 (−2.20 < 𝑍)
Step 2: Underline the given point in the graph
Step 3: determine where the shaded area will land left or right. If
the number is on the left, the shaded area is going to the right
and vice versa
Step 4: Know that the graph is symmetrical, meaning it is
50%/50%. Let us first know (-2.20 < Z < 0).
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Step 5: Use the table
Step 6: Add the 50% or 0.5 percent
𝑃 (1.25 > 𝑍) = 𝑃 (𝑍 < 1.25)
𝑃 (0 < 𝑍 < 1.25) = 0.3944
𝑃 (𝑍 > −2.20)
𝑃 (𝑍 < 1.25) = 0.3944 + 0.5
= 0.8944

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

𝑃 (𝑍 > −2.20) = 𝑃 (−2.20 < 𝑍)

𝑃 (−2.20 < 𝑍 < 0) = 0.4861
𝑃 (−2.20 < 𝑍) = 0.4861 + 0.5
= 0.9861
Random Sampling Types of Random Sampling
• Sampling allows researchers to: save time, save money and 1. Simple Random Sampling
collect richer data. • type of random sampling where in it requires using
• ensures that results obtained from your sample should randomly generated numbers to choose a sample,
approximate what would have been obtained if the entire • the most common approach to random sampling
population had been measured.
• The simplest random sample allows all the units in the 2. Stratified Random Sampling
population to have an equal chance of being selected. • type of random sampling where in the population is
• a statistical technique used in selecting people or items for divided into groups based on a shared characteristic.
research, A sample chosen randomly is meant to be an • Each group is called a stratum; the plural is strata
unbiased representation of the total population
3. Cluster Random Sampling
• type of random sampling where in it is similar to stratified
random sampling in that both begin by dividing the population
into groups based on a particular characteristic.
• But, in this sampling survey chooses clusters at random, then
takes samples from them

4. Systematic Random Sampling

• type of random sampling where in it’s a very common
technique in which you sample every k’th element, a sampling
method in which sample members from a larger population
are selected according to a random starting point but with a
fixed, periodic interval.
Parameter and Statistic
• have important roles in quantitative research because they
allow researchers to understand
how their data behaves in different circumstances and how
they can apply their research in real-world situations.

Group A shows only a portion of a population which we call

Statistic
A Statistic is a characteristic of a sample, a portion of the target
population.
statistic is a known number, and a variable which depends on the
portion of the population.

Group B pertains to the whole population which we call

Parameter.
A Parameter is a fixed measure describing the whole population
(population being a group of people, things, animals, phenomena
that share common characteristics.)
A Parameter is a fixed, unknown numerical value
Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution
• is one of the most important concepts in inferential statistics
• The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is the
mean of the population from which the scores were sampled.
Therefore, if a population has a mean μ, then the mean of the
sampling distribution of the mean is also μ.
• The larger the sample size,
the smaller the variance of the sampling distribution of the
mean.
• Based from the previous example, the mean of the population
is equal to the sample means. This happens because all
samples obtained of n size came from the same population.
• The variance of the population is greater than the variance of
the sample means, since a sample of n is less than the
population N then the data vary by a small amount as
compared to population.
Problem: A population consists of the five (4) measurements 1, 2, Samples Mean
3, and 4. Sample size of 2. 1, 2 1.5
1, 3 2
n – Sample size
1, 4 2.5
N – no. of population 2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3
x – measurements
3, 4 3.5
Formulas used:
∑𝑥 2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑥 𝑓 𝑃[ 𝑥 ] 𝑥 ∙ 𝑃[ 𝑥 ]
𝜇= , 𝜎 = , 𝜎 = √𝜎 2 , 1.5 1 1/6 0.25
𝑁 𝑁
2 1 1/6 0. 3
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 , 𝜇𝑥 = ∑𝑥 ∙ 𝑃[ 𝑥 ],
2.5 2 2/6 or 1/3 0.83
𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ∑𝑃[ 𝑥 ] ∙ (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 3 1 1/6 0.5
3.5 1 1/6 0.583
Total 6 6/6 or 1.00 2.5
∑𝑥 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
𝜇= = = 2.5, 𝜇 = 2.5 𝜇𝑥 = ∑𝑥 ∙ 𝑃[ 𝑥 ]
𝑁 4
𝑥 𝑥−𝜇 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 = 0.25 + 0. 3 + 0.83 + 0.5 + 0.583
1 -1.5 2.25 𝜇𝑥 = 2.5
2 -0.5 0.25 *Note 𝜇𝑥 = 𝜇
3 0.5 0.25
4 1.5 2.25
2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇) = 2.25 + 0.25 + 0.25 + 2.25 𝑥 𝑃[ 𝑥 ] 𝑥−𝜇 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑃[ 𝑥 ] ∙ (𝑥 − 𝜇)2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 = 5 1.5 1/6 -1 1 0.16
2 1/6 -0.5 0.25 0.0416
2
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 2.5 2/6 0 0 0
𝜎 =
𝑁 3 1/6 0.5 0.25 0.16
= 5/4
3.5 1/6 1 1 0.0416
𝜎 2 = 1.25
Total 0.416
𝜎 = √𝜎 2
= √1.25
𝜎 = 1.118032 The Variance of the Sampling Distribution is 0.416
Post-test Where does it belong Discrete or Continuous
A. Determine if the given Random Variable is Discrete. Write Yes if
it is discrete. Write No if it is not.
1. the number of Covid-19 patient in a hospital.
2. number of heads of livestock in a Farm
3. shoe size
4. number of passers in an examination.
5. Number of grade 12 students enrolled in a school.
B. Determine if the given Random Variable is Continuous. Write
Yes if it’s continuous. Write No if it’s not.
1. length of time it takes to run a 5km distance.
2. height of a person
3. weight of a baby
4. amount of water in a 4-gallon container
5. depth of an ocean
Lesson 1 6. This Term can best describe a variable that can be counted
a. continuous b. discrete c. infinite d. ratio
Exercise 1
7. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?
1. number of deaths per month due to Covid-19.
a. Rudy is 6-foot-tall b. Anthony weighs 65 kg.
2. speed of a bus
c. Marites can run 100m in 11 seconds d. Norlan has 5 brothers
3. annual income of a family
4. travel time of a rider to deliver a food 8. Which of the following is a variable whose value is obtained by
5. grade of a student in math measuring? a. discrete b. continuous c. interval
6. weight of truck d. none of the above
7. the number of graduates in ALS in 2021
9. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a
8. the number of voters favoring a candidate
continuous random variable?
9. duration of a match
a. height of students in a certain class
10. number of puppies a dog gave birth
b. the total weight of a livestock
Choose the best answer c. the number of trees in a street
d. the length of time it takes to travel
1. Discrete random variable
a. can be measured b. infinite values c. uncountable infinite d. 10. Height of a building is an example of?
countable a. discrete variable b. continuous variable c. intersection
d. variance
2. Continuous Random variable
a. countable b. finite values c. are usually measurements
d. none of the above
3. Number of houses in a street
a. continuous b. discrete c. infinite d. all of the above
4. Number of apples in the box
a. continuous b. discrete c. infinite d. all of the above
5. Body Temperature
a. continuous b. discrete c. infinite d. all of the above
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Assessment
Write D if discrete and C if continuous. 6. You decided to conduct a survey of the number of students
who dropped in a particular school because of failing in math
1. Collecting data about the average temperature of a
subjects. Is the data you collected can be considered a random
Covid-19 patient experienced.
variable? a. Yes, it is a random variable
2. Number of promoted students at the end of the school b. Maybe c. Cannot be determined
year. d. No, it is not a random variable
3. Recording the distance travelled by a food delivery rider. 7. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?
4. Collecting data about the height of students of grade 7. a. Population of male b. Amount of oxygen in an oxygen tank.
5. Temperature in different parts of the country. c. Rain volume d. Volt of a battery
8. Which is not true of properties of a probability distribution?
a. Summation of p(x) is equal to one b. That P(x) is from 0 to 1
1. A variable where the information or data can take infinitely c. ∑P(x) = 1 d. ∑P(x) > 1
many values is
a. Continuous variable b. Discrete variable c. Quantitative 9. Which of the following is not a step in illustrating a probability
d. Qualitative variable distribution table?
a. List the sample Outcome b. ∑P(x) = 1
2. A variable that can be discrete or continuous is called c. Count the number of desired variables in the outcome.
a. Random sample b. Random variable c. Random notation d. Construct the table of probability distribution
d. Random elimination 10. A survey is conducted to determine how many lost their job
3. Which of the following is a variable whose value is obtained by during the pandemic. 100 respondents are asked. 56 Of the 100
measuring? a. Continuous b. Discrete c. Interval d. Normal answered they lost their job. This data is an example of?
a. Continuous b. Probability c. Discrete d. Quantitative
4. Which of the following is a property of a probability distribution
a. 0>P(x)>1 b. ∑P(x) <1 c. ∑P(x) = 1 d. ∑P(x) = -1
5. Which of the following is NOT an example of discrete random
variable?
a. Number of flights in an airport during holiday season
b. Number of population who got their booster shots vaccine
c. Amount of chlorine solution mixed into water for safe use.
d. The increased in number of people who involve in Biking.
Answer Key
A. TRUE or FALSE: Identify if the given statement is true or false. _________1. What is the mean?
Write TRUE if it is true and FALSE if it is not. A. 3.44 B. 4. 60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92
_____1. One of the simplest and most frequently used sampling
_________2. What is the variance of the population?
procedures produces what is known as a random sample.
A. 3.44 B. 4.60 C. 5.20 D. 4.92
_____2. A parameter is a numerical descriptive measure of a
population. _________3. How many different samples of size n=2 can be
_____3. A sample statistic is a numerical descriptive measure of a drawn from the population?
population. A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10
_____4. The mean of the sampling distribution of 𝑋 will equal 𝜇, _________4. What is the mean x of the sampling distribution of
the population mean. the means?
_____5. The probability distribution of a sample statistic is called A. 3.44 B. 5.20 C. 4.60 D. 4.92
sampling distribution. _________5. What is the variance of the sampling distribution?
A. 3.90 B. 0.89 C. 2.20 D. 1.29
Pick: Population, Parameter, Fixed, Samples, Estimate, Sampling
1) A statistic is a characteristic of a small part of the population,
i.e. sample. The parameter is a fixed measure which describes the
target ______________________.
2) The statistic is a variable and known number which depend on
the sample of the population while the _______________ is a
fixed and unknown numerical value.
3) A parameter is a value that describes some aspect of a
population. A parameter may be very difficult to determine if not
impossible, especially in a large population. This is where
_____________ and statistics come into play.
4) A statistic is a value that is an ___________ of a parameter. A
statistic is based on a sample. It is calculated from a sample taken
from a population.
5) ________________ is a way to collect information or data
about a population without actually counting or measuring every
individual in the population.
Simple, Stratified, Systematic or Cluster
__________1) At a birthday party, teams for a game are chosen
by putting everyone's name into a jar, and then choosing the
names at random for each team.
__________2) You were to conduct a study on the consumption
of soda in a particular city, you could use area sampling to divide
the city into different areas, and select certain areas only.
__________3) A research team is seeking opinions about religion
amongst various age groups.
__________4) Members of a population are listed in order of
birthday, and every 5th person is selected until a sample of 100
people is formed.
__________5) The names of 25 employees being chosen out of a
hat from a company of 250 employees.
__________1) You were to conduct a study on the perception of
individuals in a particular town regarding fake news, you could
use area sampling to divide the town into different areas, and
select certain areas only.
__________2) At a Christmas party, teams for dance
presentations are chosen by putting everyone's name into a box,
and then choosing the names at random for each team.
__________3) A research team is seeking opinions about religion
amongst various age groups.
__________4) Members of a population are listed in alphabet
order, and every 10th person is selected until a sample of 150
people is formed.
__________5) The names of 25 ALS leaners being chosen out of a
hat from a school of 250 ALS learners.