Structure Of an Atom (Reviewer for Earl Dela Cruz) NUCLEUS

EVIDENCE OF SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES  Every Atom has a core called a nucleus
 The Nucleus is largest part of an atom
J.J. THOMSON
(about 99.9% of its mass)
1856-1940  Within the nucleus are very small particles
called protons and neutrons
 Discovered electron 1897 - Cathode Ray  Electrons are in an orbit around the nucleus
Experiment
 "Plum Pudding" model 1904 PROTONS
 Electrons in a soup of positive charges
 Protons are the positively charged particles
 Discovered isotopes 1913.
found inside the nucleus of an atom
 Thomson's experiments provided the first
 Every element has a unique atomic #. This #
evidence that atoms are made of even
is the number of protons inside that
smaller particles.
element’s nucleus.
EUGEN GOLDSTEIN
ELECTRONS
 In 1886, He was one of the first to observe
 Negatively charged particles found orbiting
the proton (then unnamed).
around the nucleus
 Discovered the positive charged - Canal Ray
 Electrons are very small; only about
Experiment
1/2000th the mass of a proton or neutron
 "Raising Pudding" model
 Electrons can move between atoms which
 During his work with discharge tubes, he
causes bonds; this is how new compounds
observed rays travelling from cathode to
are formed.
anode (electrons), and also noticed the
presence of waves travelling in the NEUTRONS
opposite direction. These waves, called
 Neutrons are the other particle found inside
anode rays and having the lowest e/m ratio,
the nucleus of an atom
were found to be characteristic of the gas in
 Neutrons have no charge
the tube.
 Atoms of a same element may not carry the
ERNEST RUTHERFORD same number of neutrons.

1871-1937 ISOTOPES - Atoms that have the same number of

protons, but have different numbers of neutrons.
Nucleus Theory 1910
Dmitri Mendeleev:
 "Alpha particle gold-foil" experiment.
 Rutherford's model states "All of an atom's  A Russian, who discovered a pattern to the
positive charge is concentrated in its elements by using a variety of properties of
nucleus." the elements.
 An atom's mass is mostly in the nucleus.  Predicted elements that had not been
 He coined the word "Proton❞ for the discovered yet.
smallest unit of positive charge in the  Periodic: describes something that occurs or
nucleus. repeats at regular intervals (Days of a
week)
 Periodic Law: the law that states that the
JAMES CHADWICK repeating chemical and physical properties
of elements change periodically with the
 In 1932, James Chadwick, an English atomic numbers of the elements
physicist who had worked with Rutherford, (Henry Moseley)
detected neutrons and measured their mass
in an invisible game of billiards. Categories of Elements:
 He bombarded beryllium atoms with alpha 1. Metals: are shiny and they conduct heat
particles. An unknown radiation was energy and electric current. (Ductile,
produced. Chadwick Interpreted this Malleable, Solid at Room Temp.)
radiation as being composed of particles  Example: Copper, Lead, Tin
with a neutral electrical charge and the 2. Nonmetals: do not conduct heat or electric
approximate mass of a proton. This particle current, and are dull in appearance. (Gases
became known as the neutron. With the at Room Temp., Opposite Metal)
discovery of the neutron, an adequate  Example: Neon, lodine, Sulfur
model of the atom became available to 3. Metalloids: have properties of both metals
chemists. and nonmetals (Zig zag Line)
 Example: Boron, Silicon, Antimony
Parts of The Periodic Table Group 16: Oxygen Group (Chalcogens)

 Period: each horizontal row of elements  Group contains: 3 nonmetals, 1 metalloid,

on the periodic table (Reactivity and and 1 metal
Conductivity)  Electrons in outer level: 6
 Group: each vertical column of elements  Reactivity: Reactive
on the periodic table (Similar Physical and  Shared properties: all except Oxygen solid
Chemical Properties) at room temp.
 Isotopes: atoms with same number of
Group 17: Halogens
protons but not neutrons
 How do Atoms of Different Elements Differ?  Group contains: Nonmetals
Neutrons  Electrons in outer level: 7
 Radioactive atoms spontaneously fall apart  Reactivity: Reactive
after a certain amount of time.  Shared properties: Poor Conductors,
 How do you tell isotopes apart? Mass  Violent reactions with alkali metals, never
Number uncombined in nature
 Naming an Isotope: Name of element with
hyphened mass number (Carbon-12) Group 18: Noble Gases

Groups of Elements on the Periodic Table  Group contains: Nonmetals

 Electrons in outer level: 8
Group 1: Alkali Metals  Reactivity: Unreactive
 Shared properties: Colorless,
 Group contains: Metals
 Electrons in outer level: 1
 Reactivity: Very Reactive
 Shared properties: Softness, Color of silver,
shiny, low density

Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals

 Group contains: Metals

 Electrons in outer level: 2
 Reactivity: Very but less than group 1
 Shared properties: Color of silver, higher
density than group 1

Group 3-12: Transition Metals

 Group contains: Metals

 Electrons in outer level: 1 or 2
 Reactivity: Less reactive than group 2
 Shared properties: shiny, good conductors,
higher melting point and density over group
1&2

Group 13: Boron Group

 Group contains: 1 metalloid and 4 metals

 Electrons in outer level: 3
 Reactivity: Reactive
 Shared properties: Solid at room temp.

Group 14: Carbon Group

 Group contains: 1 nonmetal, 2 metalloids,

and 2 metals
 Electrons in outer level: 4
 Reactivity: Varies
 Shared properties: Solid at room temp.

Group 15: Nitrogen Group

 Group contains: 2 nonmetals, 2 metalloids,

and 1 metal
 Electrons in outer level: 5
 Reactivity: Varies
 Shared properties: Solid at room temp.
except Nitrogen