VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

BELAGAVI – 590018, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Project Report on

SOLAR POWERED SMART AIR PURIFIER WITH

AIR QUALITY MONITOR
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
K SHASHIDHAR 1MV19ME027
PRADEEP SADANAND BIDARI 1MV19ME042
PRASHANTH 1MV19ME044
RAKESH R 1MV19ME050

Under the Guidance of

Mr. H S YESHVANTHA
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SIR M VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BENGALURU-562157, KARNATAKA, INDIA
Academic Year: 2022-23
 SIR M. VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BENGALURU-562157, KARNATAKA, INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “ SOLAR POWERED SMART AIR
PURIFIER WITH AIR QUALITY MONITOR” is bonafide work carried out by
K SHASHIDHAR(1MV19ME027), PRADEEP SADANANBIDARI(1MV19ME042),
PRASHANTH(1MV19ME044), RAKESH R(1MV19ME050) in partial fulfilment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections
suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in
the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of Project Work Phase-2 (18MEP83) prescribed for the Bachelor of
Engineering degree.

Mr. H S Yeshvantha Dr. K S Shanmukharadhya Dr. Rakesh S G

Assistant Professor Professor and Head of Principal
Sir MVIT, Bengaluru Mech Dept, Sir MVIT, Bengaluru Sir MVIT, Bengaluru

Names of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude and thanks to SIR M. VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY, Bengaluru, Karnataka for providing an opportunity for fulfilling our most
cherished desire of reaching our goals and thus helping to pave a bright career for me.

We would like to sincerely thank Dr. K S SHANMUKHARADHYA, Head of Department,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sir MVIT, for his encouragement and support.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. H S YESHVANTHA, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sir MVIT, our internal guide for his valuable guidance,
support, inputs and for helping us with the project work and prepare the report for the same.

We are indebted to our Parents and Friends for their continued morale and cooperation.

K SHASHIDHAR 1MV19ME028
PRADEEP SADANAND 1MV19ME042
BIDARI
PRASHANTH 1MV19ME044
RAKESH R 1MV19ME050

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 ABSTRACT

The focus is on extracting the suspended particulate matter from the air which are the major contributors in
the pollution of air in many urban cities. It works on a non-conventional method and intents to achieve best
possible air purification results using eco-friendly and economical method. It works on the basic principle of
adhesion of the suspended particles in the air with the liquid and settles down due to being heavier than air
and gets separated from the air helping us to achieve better air quality index. This air purifier uses various
processes like filtering large dirt particles on the first pre-filter, then capturing dust particles and smoke
molecules at the HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter and uses Carbon-filter to capture micro-
particles produces clean purified air. The analysis and results conclude that the Air Purifier can produce 93%
of clean air and can run up to 8 hours a day by a solar powered system. The project introduces the concept
and physical model of an air purification system for modest public spaces or residences. The model is
equipped with a set of sensors and an Arduino UNO series microcontroller that are used to determine the air
quality.

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 CONTENTS

Acknowledgement i

Abstract ii

Contents iii

List of figures vi

List of Tables vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2

CHAPTER 3: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 5

CHAPTER 4: OBJECTIVES 6

4.1 Development of multifilter system. 6

4.2 Integration of CPU fans for air Circulation. 6

4.3 Implementation of a covering mesh and filter type. 7

4.4 Real-time air quality monitoring with IoT integration. 7

4.5 LCD display with I2C module for data visualization. 7

CHAPTER 5: METHODOLOGY 8

5.1 Baseline Measurements. 9

5.2 Air purifier Operation. 9

5.3 Data Collection. 9

5.4 Analysis of Data. 9

5.5 Results and Findings. 9

5.6 Reduction in Particulate Matter. 9

5.7 Decrease in VOC levels 9

iii
CHAPTER 6: COMPONENTS 11

6.1 Arduino Uno Board 11

6.2 HEPA Filter 13

6.3 Carbon Filter 14

6.4 ESP8266-01 Wi-Fi Module 15

6.5 MQ135 Gas Sensor 17

6.6 Radial Blower Fan 18

6.7 LCD Display with I2C Module 19

6.8 Solar Panel 21

6.9 Lithium-ion battery 23

CHAPTER 7: EXPERIMENTATION 27

7.1 Experimental setup 27

7.2 Experimental tests 29

7.3 Experimental results and finding 31

CHAPTER 8: APPLICATIONS 34
CHAPTER 9: SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION 35
CONCLUSION 40

REFERENCE 41

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

5.1 Block Diagram of Methodology 1

6.0 Circuit Connection of Components 8

6.1 Arduino Uno Board 10

6.2 HEPA Filter 10

6.3 Carbon Filter 11

6.4 ESP8266-01 Wi-Fi Module 11

6.5 MQ135 Gas Sensor 12

6.6 Radial Blower Fan 12

6.7 LCD Display with I2C Module 13

6.8 Solar Panel 14

6.9 Lithium-ion battery 15

6.10 Bread board 17

7.1 Flow graph of air quality 1 and 2 17

7.2 Final product of model (Air purifier) 22

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The Solar powered Smart Air Purifier is an innovative project aimed at providing efficient air
purification using advanced technology. As we know that air pollution level in cities is very
high and now a days pollution in any form makes the world to be in a challenging situation.
Most of the pollution comes as by - product from vehicle and construction of buildings, these
are in the form of particulate matter whichare like methane, carbon dioxide, dust particulate
etc. These create a lot of health problems like respiratory illness, decreased lung functions,
development of diseases like asthma etc.,[1].
Although there are many types of air purifier that are available in market but none of them are
sufficient enough to deliver its working efficiency in public places. So, we are making solar
powered air purifier, which runs on solar energy without use of filters and works for longer
duration than others.
It incorporates various components such as a HEPA filter, carbon filter, air quality sensors, IoT
connectivity, solar panel power source, LCD display, fans, and additional mesh for enhanced
filtering. The system is controlled by an Arduino microcontroller and communicates with the
IoT platform, ThingSpeak, to display real-time air quality data[6].
Solar air purifier consists of a heavy-duty suction fan that pulls air from the bottom of the
purifier. through a layer of HEPA and Carbon filters for removing the smoke, dust, or gases.
The purifier uses 2-layer purifications are, the first one is HEPA layer and the second is active
carbon filter.[8]
The combination of these 2 filters leads to dual filtration using a centrifugal air force to suck
large amount of air and purify the dust particles. The system also includes an air quality sensor
and display sensor to display the current air quality.
To overcome burden of high costs of bioadsorbents can be used in water filtration, which are
low cost and simple to use.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature survey is undertaken to review and understand the purification of air and monitors
the quality of air in the particulate matters.

Vannan Kandi Vijayan et al., describes that reduction in particulate matter and allergens
results in reducing symptoms and in certain cases, preventing disease progression across all age
groups, including the elderly and children. The evidence is apparent, in chronic respiratory
diseases, such as asthma and in cardiovascular health. Reduction in particulate matter and
allergens is achieved successfully through efficient air filters. The British Guideline on Asthma
Management from the British Thoracic Society recommends use of air filters for removal of
pet and other allergens[1].

Shih-Cheng Hu et al., This study was conducted to develop the modified activated carbon
filter to remove CO2 in indoor air. Various design parameters such as removal efficiency,
adsorption, breakthrough and pressure drop were investigated. A method of determining these
optimum operating conditions of sorption-type air filters is shown and checked experimentally.
The removal efficiency data can be used in models to predict removal efficiency of indoor
cleaning system[2].

Dinesh Panicker et al., This study explores the development of a novel portable air purifier
with a set of filters for improvement of air quality inside living rooms and offices. The Smart
Air Purifier was specially designed for old age homes, hospitals, offices etc. This can be used
to remove dust, fungus and reducing harmful gases from the air. The technology used in this
Air Purifier has a bright future because it works on as and when the dust density is more and
thus saves energy[3].

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Praveen Thakran et al., The detailed study on Automated Air Purifier, it is clear that the focus was
on indoor gases like CO, CO2, NO and the filtration was done using electrostatic forces, which
consume lots of power. However, an air purifier which is capable of monitoring the air quality
continuously and automatically controlled by the collected data and a decision algorithm will
be the complete solution to solve this problem[4].

Akanksha Dhamija et al., explored the system is fully automated it allow user to analyses the
air quality index at each interval of five seconds and starts air filter when air quality index is
not suitable to breathe. Even when air quality becomes better and comes back to normal value
the system itself turn off the air filter to reduce the use of electricity. One of the important
features of the system is that it turns the air filter on and off by itself, so it helps to increase the
life of air filter (HEPA). Air is a natural resource and it is important for us to keep it clean, this
system allows us to do the same[5].

Abhishek Kumar et al., reviewed the Smart Air Quality Monitoring and Filtering device.
Firstly, he defined the various systems and devices available. Air Quality Monitoring device
comprises of a GPS, GSM, Arduino or any other Microcontroller, reset button and the Sensors
to keep the track of particulate matters, humidity, temperature etc. There are some important
things to be considered like the limited range of device and sensor, Battery life and the most
important the cost[6].

Yoshiko Yoda et al., In the present study, air purification slightly improved indoor
environments in ordinary homes but without reaching statistical significance. Additionally, we
were not able to clearly show the effect of air purification on health improvement. However,
we successfully demonstrated that air purification can reduce indoor PM2.5 (Particulate
Matter) concentrations in single-person households relative to outdoors[7].

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Subramanian Sundarrajan et al., Evaluated that, HEPA filters and activated carbon filters are
effective in clearing dirt molecules from the air. HEPA filters do have an efficiency of up to
99.97% in filtering micro particles and disinfect micro-organisms present in the atmosphere
activated carbon can clear Sulphur and its constituents that are in the groups of sulfates and
sulfites, having bonded to sodium and iron. Research paper also stated that sodium and iron
sulphite and Sulphur can be absorbed by the carbon, but adsorption efficiency can change
depending on time[8].

Gowri Raja Pandian et al., This review article discusses the causes of air pollution, need for
air purifier and mechanism of working of air purifier. The paper concludes that air purifiers are
deigned to clean the indoor air by particulate matter filtering mechanism like dust, pollen and
gaseous pollutants like hydrocarbons. Air purifiers are considered as life savers in home, and it
reduces carbon dioxide levels[9].

Mao-Lin Tu et al., Experiments indicated that particles removal efficiency near the negative
ionic air purifier was better in areas that were close to the negative ionic air purifier (in
operational mode). Air mixing in the closed chamber enhanced the air cleaning effect. The
highest particles removal efficiency was observed at a height of 60 cm from the floor[10].

It is well from a currently range of studies it becomes clear to us on using air purifier and
monitoring the quality of air to control in a filter.

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CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

The primary problem that the Smart Purifier project aims to solve in the presence of air
pollutants in indoor or outdoor environments. These pollutants include particulate matter,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), allergens, and other harmful substances that can negatively
impact human health. Many people may not be aware of the importance of monitoring and
improving indoor or outdoor air quality, which can lead to health problems and other issues. In
addition, there may be variations in air quality measurements depending on the location of the
monitoring device.
The goal is to create an efficient and intelligent system capable of detecting and removing these
pollutants, resulting in cleaner and healthier indoor air.

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CHAPTER 4

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of our project is to design and implement an efficient and intelligent
air purifier system that can effectively remove pollutants from indoor air. Specifically, the
objectives include:

4.1 Development of a multi-filter system

Our project aims to incorporate both carbon and HEPA filters into the air purifier system.
The carbon filter will target odor and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), while the HEPA
filter will effectively capture fine particles such as dust, pollen, and pet dander.

4.2 Integration of CPU fans for air circulation

The air purifier system will be equipped with two high-performance CPU fans. These fans
will facilitate the intake of outdoor air and its circulation inside the system, ensuring efficient
filtration and improved indoor air quality.

4.3 Implementation of a covering mesh and filter type cardboard cloth

To enhance the filtration process, a covering mesh and a filter type cardboard cloth will be
integrated into the system. These components will prevent larger particles from entering the
filters and provide additional filtration layers.

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4.4 Real-time air quality monitoring with IoT integration

Our project will incorporate two air quality sensors (MQ135) that will continuously monitor
the air quality parameters. The sensor data will be integrated into an IoT system, allowing
users to monitor and analyze the air quality in real time through a web or mobile application.

4.5 LCD display with I2C module for data visualization

To provide a user-friendly interface, an LCD display integrated with an I2C module will be
included in the system. This display will show real-time air quality information, filter status,
and other relevant data, making it easy for users to understand the system's performance.

4.6 Solar panel integration for backup power

In order to ensure uninterrupted operation, our project will incorporate a solar panel as a
backup power source. This integration will enhance the system's sustainability and

reduce dependency on external power supply.

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CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY

The experiments were conducted in several stages, each focusing on different aspects of the
system's performance. The following methodology was followed:

BASELINE MEASUREMENTS

AIR PURIFIER OPERATIONS

DATA COLLECTION

ANALYSIS OF DATA

RESULTS AND FINDINGS

REDUCTION IN PARTICULATE MATTER

DECREASE IN VOC LEVELS

REAL-TIME MONITORING AND DISPLAY

Fig 5.1: Methods of Methodology

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5.1 Baseline Measurements

Before activating the air purifier, baseline measurements of indoor air quality parameters were
taken using the air quality sensors. These measurements served as a reference for comparison
with the subsequent measurements during the operation of the air purifier system.
5.2 Air Purifier Operation
The Smart Air Purifier System was turned on, and the fans started circulating the indoor air
through the carbon and HEPA filters. The system was operated continuously for a specific
duration, allowing it to purify the air within the test room.
5.3 Data Collection
During the operation of the air purifier system, data regarding various parameters were
collected. This included measurements of particulate matter , VOC levels, temperature, and
humidity. The data were recorded at regular intervals using the air quality sensors and other
relevant sensors integrated into the system.
5.4 Analysis of Data
The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods to evaluate the effectiveness of the
Smart Air Purifier System. A comparison was made between the baseline measurements and
the measurements taken during the operation of the system. The analysis focused on determining
the reduction in pollutant levels and improvements in indoor air quality achieved by the system.
5.5. Results and Findings
The experimental study yielded significant results and findings regarding the performance of
the S mart Air Purifier System. The following key observations were made:
5.6 Reduction in Particulate Matter
The system demonstrated a notable reduction in particulate matter levels, as indicated by the
decrease in 90ppm and 150ppm measurements. The carbon and HEPA filters effectively trapped
fine particles, leading to cleaner indoor air.
5.7 Decrease in VOC Levels
The Smart Air Purifier System proved effective in reducing volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
in the indoor environment. The carbon filter efficiently adsorbed and neutralized various odors
and harmful VOCs, contributing to improved air quality.

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5.8 Real-time Monitoring and Display

The integration of air quality sensors and the LCD display with the I2C module allowed real-
time monitoring of indoor air quality. Users could easily access and interpret the data displayed,
enabling them to make informed decisions regarding the system's operation and maintenance.

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CHAPTER 6
COMPONENTS

Fig. 6: Circuit connection of Components

6.1 Arduino Board

Arduino boards are used in a wide range of applications, from robotics to home automation.
This can be programmed in several programming languages, including C and C++. The Arduino
community is large and active, with many resources available online, including tutorials They,
forums, and libraries.
Microcontroller:
The Arduino Uno is powered by the ATmega328P microcontroller, which is an 8-bit AVR
microcontroller with a clock speed of 16 MHz, it has 32KB of flash memory for storing the
program code, 2KB of SRAM for data storage, and 1KB of EEPROM for non-volatile data
storage.
Digital and Analog I/O:
The Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins, out of which 6 can be used for PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) output. Additionally, it has 6 analog input pins for reading analog voltages.
These pins can also be used as digital I/O.

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Communication Interfaces:
The Uno has a USB interface that allows it to connect to a computer for programming and serial
communication. It also has a built-in UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter)
for serial communication and supports I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) and SPI (Serial Peripheral
Interface) communication protocols.
Power Supply:
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or an external power source. The
recommended input voltage range is 7V to 12V. It has a built-in voltage regulator that provides
a stable 5V output for powering external components.
Programming:
The Arduino Uno can be programmed using the Arduino Software (IDE), which is a user-
friendly development environment based on the C/C++ programming language. It offers a
simplified programming model and a vast library of pre-written functions that make it easy to
interface with sensors, actuators, and other electronic components.
Shields:
The Arduino Uno is compatible with various expansion boards called "shields." Shields can be
stacked on top of the Uno, providing additional functionalities such as motor control, wireless
communication, and LCD displays.

Fig. 6.1 Arduino Board

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6.2 HEPA FILTER

A HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filter is a type of air filter commonly used in air
purifiers to remove airborne particles and pollutants from the air. Here's some information about
HEPA filters used in air purifiers.
Filtration Efficiency:
HEPA filters are highly effective at capturing particles as small as 0.3 microns with an efficiency
of 99.97%. This includes common pollutants such as dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores,
bacteria, and some viruses. The dense arrangement of fibers in the filter traps these particles and
prevents them from circulating back into the air.
Construction:
HEPA filters are typically composed of a mat of randomly arranged fiberglass fibers. The fibers
are pleated to increase the surface area available for filtration. The filter is enclosed within a
frame to provide structural support and ensure a proper seal within the air purifier.

Fig. 6.2 HEPA Filter

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6.3 Carbon filter

A carbon filter, also known as an activated carbon filter or charcoal filter, is a type of air or
water filter that utilizes activated carbon to remove impurities from the air or water. Here's some
information about carbon filters:
Activated Carbon:
Activated carbon is a highly porous form of carbon that has been processed to have a large
surface area. It is created by heating carbonaceous materials, such as coconut shells, wood, or
coal, at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. This process creates a network of tiny pores
and increases the adsorption capacity of the carbon.
Adsorption Mechanism:
Carbon filters work through the process of adsorption, where contaminants in the air or water
adhere to the surface of the activated carbon. The porous structure of the carbon provides a large
surface area for the contaminants to attach to, effectively trapping them.
Odor and Chemical Removal:
One of the main benefits of carbon filters is their ability to remove odors and chemicals from
the air or water. Activated carbon is effective at adsorbing volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
unpleasant smells, and various gases such as formaldehyde, chlorine, benzene, and ammonia.

Fig. 6.3: Carban Filter

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6.4 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

The ESP8266-01 is a popular and widely used Wi-Fi module based on the ESP8266 chip.
Despite its small form factor, it provides robust Wi-Fi connectivity capabilities and can be easily
integrated into various IoT (Internet of Things) projects. Here's some information about the
ESP8266-01 module:
Microcontroller:
The ESP8266-01 module integrates the ESP8266 chip, which is a highly integrated Wi-Fi
microcontroller with a Tensilica L106 32-bit RISC processor. The chip operates at 80 MHz and
has a built-in TCP/IP protocol stack, making it capable of connecting to Wi-Fi networks and
interacting with web servers.
Wi-Fi Connectivity:
The ESP8266-01 module supports 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi standards, allowing it to connect to both
legacy and modern Wi-Fi networks. It can operate in both client and access point modes,
enabling it to connect to existing networks or create its own Wi-Fi network for other devices to
connect to.
GPIO Pins:
The ESP8266-01 module has two general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins, GPIO0 and
GPIO2. These pins can be used for digital input/output, PWM output, or interfacing with various
sensors and actuators. Additionally, GPIO2 can be used to wake up the module from deep sleep
mode.
Programming:
The ESP8266-01 module can be programmed using the Arduino IDE or the ESP8266
development framework. It supports the Lua scripting language as well. Additionally, it has a
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) interface for serial communication with
other devices, such as an Arduino or a computer.
Flash Memory:
The ESP8266-01 module typically has 512KB of flash memory. This memory is used for storing
the firmware, program code, and any other data required by the application.

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Power Supply:
The module operates at a voltage range of 3.3V, and it requires a stable power supply. It is
important to note that the ESP8266-01 module does not have a built-in voltage regulator, so it
may require an external voltage regulator or a voltage level shifter when interfacing with devices
that operate at 5V.
The ESP8266-01 module is widely used in IoT projects, home automation, sensor networks,
and various other applications that require Wi-Fi connectivity. Its low cost, small size, and
extensive community support make it a popular choice among hobbyists and professionals alike.

Fig. 6.4: ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

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6.5 MQ135 Gas Sensors

The MQ135 air quality sensors are used to measure the concentration of various gases present
in the air, including ammonia, benzene, smoke, and other harmful compounds. These sensors
provide real-time data on the air quality. The MQ135 is one of the popular gas sensors from the
MQ series of sensors that are commonly used in air quality control equipment. It operates from
2.5V to 5.0V and can provide both digital and analog output. The pinouts and important
components on an MQ135 Module is marked below
Technical Specifications of MQ135 Gas Sensor
Operating Voltage: 2.5V to 5.0V
Power consumption: 150mA
Detect/Measure: NH3, NOx, CO2, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke
Typical operating Voltage: 5V
Digital Output: 0V to 5V (TTL Logic) @ 5V Vcc
Analog Output: 0-5V @ 5V Vcc

Fig. 6.5 MQ135 Gas Sensor

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6.6 Radial Blower Fan
A radial CPU fan, also known as a centrifugal fan, is a type of fan commonly used in air blowers
and cooling systems, including computer CPU coolers. Here are some detailed points about
radial CPU fans:
Design:
Radial CPU fans have a unique design that enables them to generate a high-pressure airflow.
They consist of a central hub with blades that extend radially outward, forming a curved shape.
The curved blades accelerate the air, creating a higher pressure compared to axial fans (which
have straight blades).
Airflow Direction:
Radial CPU fans are designed to move air perpendicular to the fan's axis. The air is drawn in
through the sides of the fan and expelled from the front or back, depending on the specific
orientation and configuration of the fan.
High-Pressure Airflow:
The primary advantage of radial CPU fans is their ability to generate a high-pressure airflow.
They are designed to overcome the resistance caused by obstructions and heatsinks, making
them suitable for applications that require efficient airflow in compact spaces or with high
resistance.
Cooling Performance:
Radial CPU fans are commonly used in air coolers for CPUs and other electronic components.
Their high-pressure airflow helps dissipate heat effectively, allowing for efficient cooling of
the CPU and maintaining optimal operating temperatures.
Noise and Power Consumption:
Compared to axial fans, radial CPU fans tend to be more efficient in terms of airflow and
pressure generation. However, they may produce more noise due to the higher airflow velocity
and pressure. Fan noise can vary depending on the specific design, quality, and fan speed.
Lowering the fan speed can help reduce noise levels but may impact cooling performance.

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Control and Speed:

Radial CPU fans can be controlled through various methods, such as pulse width modulation
(PWM) or voltage regulation. PWM control allows for precise adjustment of the fan speed,
enabling quieter operation when lower airflow is required and increasing speed when
additional cooling is necessary.

Fig. 6.6 Radial Blower Fan

6.7 LCD Display with I2C

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a popular output device used to display alphanumeric
characters, numbers, and even simple graphics. It consists of multiple segments or pixels
arranged in rows and columns. Each pixel can be controlled individually to display specific
information.
Common features of an LCD display include:
Character Display: LCD displays are often used for character-based output. They come in
different sizes, such as 16x2, 20x4, etc., indicating the number of characters they can display
per line.

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Backlight:
Most LCD displays have a built-in backlight, typically in the form of LEDs, which illuminates
the display for improved visibility in low-light environments.
Interface:
LCD displays can have different interface types, such as parallel or serial. Parallel interfaces
require a larger number of pins for data and control signals, while serial interfaces (such as I2C
or SPI) use fewer pins but require additional components, like an I2C module or shift registers.
I2C Module:
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) is a serial communication protocol that allows multiple devices to
communicate over a shared bus using only two wires: a data line (SDA) and a clock line (SCL).
An I2C module, also known as an I2C adapter or I2C converter, is a small circuit board that
enables devices with different communication protocols to interface with the I2C bus.
The I2C module typically consists of an I2C controller chip, pull-up resistors for the data and
clock lines, and connectors or pins for connecting to the microcontroller or other devices. One
common type of I2C module is the I2C backpack or I2C LCD module, which allows an LCD
display to be connected to a microcontroller via the I2C bus.
Benefits of using an I2C module include:
Simplified Wiring: The I2C module reduces the number of wires required for communication,
as multiple devices can share the same data and clock lines.
Expandability:
The I2C bus supports multiple devices, enabling easy expansion of the system by adding more
I2C-compatible modules.
Compatibility:
Since I2C is a widely adopted standard, there are many devices available that support I2C
communication, making it easier to find compatible components.
By using an I2C module with an LCD display, you can reduce the number of pins required for
communication and simplify the connection between the display and the microcontroller, thus
making it easier to interface and control the display in your projects.

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Fig. 6.8 LCD Display with I2C

6.8 Solar Panel

A solar panel refers to a solar panel that generates a voltage output of approximately 6 volts.
Here are some additional details about a typical 6V solar panel:
Voltage Output:
A solar panel is designed to generate a direct current (DC) output voltage of around 6 volts when
exposed to sunlight. This voltage output can vary depending on factors such as the intensity of
sunlight, temperature, and the specific characteristics of the solar panel.
Power Output:
The power output of a solar panel is determined by the combination of its voltage and current.
To calculate the power output, you multiply the voltage by the current generated by the solar
panel. The power output is typically measured in watts (W).
Application:
A solar panel is commonly used in low-power applications where a lower voltage is required,
such as charging small electronic devices, powering low-voltage lights or sensors, or as part of
a small-scale solar power system.
Size and Configuration:
The physical size and configuration of a 6V solar panel can vary depending on the specific
manufacturer and model. 6V solar panels are available in different dimensions and can range
from smaller portable panels to larger panels designed for specific applications.

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Compatibility:
When using a 6V solar panel, it is essential to ensure that the voltage matches the requirements
of the device or system you intend to power or charge. If necessary, additional components such
as voltage regulators or charge controllers may be needed to adjust or control the voltage output
for compatibility.
Efficiency:
The efficiency of a solar panel refers to its ability to convert sunlight into electricity. Solar panels
with higher efficiency can generate more power for a given surface area. Efficiency can vary
among different 6V solar panels, so it's worth considering the efficiency rating when selecting
a specific model.
Installation and Mounting:
Like other solar panels, a 6V solar panel is typically installed in a location that receives ample
sunlight, such as rooftops, open fields, or dedicated solar mounting structures. Proper mounting
and orientation help optimize the solar panel's exposure to sunlight and maximize its
power generation.

Fig. 6.8 Solar Panel

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6.9 Lithium-ion Battery

A lithium battery with 3.7 volts refers to a type of rechargeable lithium-ion battery that has a
nominal voltage of 3.7 volts. Here is some more information about lithium batteries with 3.7
volts.
Voltage:
The nominal voltage of a lithium battery indicates its average voltage during normal operation.
A 3.7-volt lithium battery typically operates within a voltage range of approximately 4.2 volts
(when fully charged) to 3.0 volts (when discharged).
Chemistry:
Lithium batteries with 3.7 volts are commonly based on lithium-ion chemistry, which utilizes
lithium compounds and intercalated lithium ions to store and release electrical energy. Lithium-
ion batteries are known for their high energy density, relatively low self-discharge rate, and
good overall performance.
Rechargeability:
A significant advantage of lithium batteries is their rechargeable nature. They can be recharged
multiple times before their capacity starts to diminish significantly. The rechargeability makes
them a popular choice for portable electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops,
cameras, and power banks.
Capacity:
The capacity of a lithium battery is measured in milliampere-hours (mAh) and represents the
amount of charge it can store. Higher capacity batteries can deliver more power and provide
longer operating times before requiring a recharge. The capacity of 3.7-volt lithium batteries
can vary depending on their size and intended application, ranging from a few hundred
milliampere-hours to several thousand milliampere-hours.
Safety:
Proper handling and usage are crucial for the safe operation of lithium batteries. They should be
protected from physical damage, extreme temperatures, and overcharging or discharging
beyond recommended limits. Many lithium batteries incorporate built-in safety features, such
as protection circuits, to prevent overcharging, over-discharging, and short circuits.

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Application:
3.7-volt lithium batteries are widely used in various consumer electronic devices, as well as in
industrial applications. They provide power for smartphones, tablets, digital cameras, cordless
power tools, wireless headphones, smartwatches, and many other portable and rechargeable
devices.
Charging:
Lithium batteries with 3.7 volts require specific charging procedures to ensure safe and efficient
recharging. Charging methods typically involve using a compatible lithium battery charger that
provides the appropriate voltage and current levels required by the battery. It is essential to
follow the manufacturer's guidelines and recommendations for charging lithium batteries to
prevent any potential safety issues.
When using or handling lithium batteries, it is important to be aware of the specific
characteristics and guidelines provided by the manufacturer. Proper care and maintenance,
including avoiding extreme conditions and using compatible chargers, can help ensure the safe
and reliable operation of lithium batteries.

Fig. 6.8 Lithium-ion battery

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6.10 Breadboard
A breadboard is a fundamental tool used in electronics prototyping and experimentation. It
provides a convenient platform for quickly assembling and testing electronic circuits without
the need for soldering. Here's a brief detail about breadboards:
Structure:
Breadboards are typically rectangular in shape and consist of a plastic base with numerous
interconnected metal clips or sockets arranged in a grid pattern. The clips or sockets are arranged
in rows and columns, allowing for easy placement and connection of electronic components.
Hole Pattern:
Breadboards feature a standardized hole pattern, where each hole typically corresponds to a
single connection point or node. The holes are typically spaced at a standard pitch of 2.54mm
(0.1 inch) along both the horizontal (rows) and vertical (columns) axes. This spacing enables
the use of widely available electronic components and integrated circuits (ICs) with
standardized pin spacing.
Power Rails:
Breadboards typically have two sets of parallel metal clips or sockets running along the sides of
the board, known as power rails. One power rail is usually connected to the positive supply
voltage (often labeled as "VCC" or "+") while the other is connected to the ground or zero
voltage (often labeled as "GND" or "-"). These power rails provide convenient access to power
and ground connections for the circuit.
Circuit Layout:
Breadboards allow for the quick and flexible assembly of circuits by connecting components
through the metal clips or sockets. Components, such as resistors, capacitors, LEDs, integrated
circuits, and wires, can be inserted into the breadboard and connected by simply inserting their
leads or wires into the appropriate holes, establishing electrical connections as desired.

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Prototyping and Experimentation:

Breadboards are widely used for prototyping and testing electronic circuits. They offer a
convenient platform for quickly connecting and rearranging components to verify circuit
functionality, test different configurations, and troubleshoot circuit issues.

Fig. 6.10 Breadboard

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CHAPTER 7

EXPERIMENTATION

7.1 Experimental Setup

The experimental setup consists of a controlled indoor environment simulating typical
household conditions. A test room of standard dimensions was selected for conducting the
experiments. The Smart Air Purifier System was installed in the room, and various
measurements and observations were made to assess its performance as below.
Purpose of the Experiment:
The experiment aims to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of a smart air purifier and
air quality monitor in improving indoor air quality.
Selection of Test Environment:
A controlled indoor space is chosen for the experiment, such as a laboratory or a simulated
room. The environment should be representative of a typical indoor setting, with considerations
for size, ventilation, and potential pollution sources.
Placement of Air Quality Monitor:
The air quality monitor is strategically positioned in the center of the room at an appropriate
height. It should be away from direct sources of pollution, such as windows or doors, to obtain
accurate measurements of ambient air quality.
Baseline Measurements:
Initial measurements are taken to establish the baseline air quality parameters, including
particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide
(CO2) levels, temperature, and humidity. These measurements provide a reference for
comparing the effectiveness of the air purifier in subsequent stages.
Introduction of Pollution Sources:
Various pollution sources are introduced into the test environment to simulate real-life
scenarios. Examples of pollution sources can include burning candles, cooking, smoking, or
using household cleaning products. The pollution sources should be controlled and measured to
ensure consistency throughout the experiment.

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Activation of Smart Air Purifier:

The smart air purifier is turned on and set to its default or recommended settings. The purifier's
sensors and filters are monitored for proper functioning and maintenance.
Continuous Monitoring:
The air quality monitor continuously measures and records the air quality parameters during the
experiment. Real-time data from the monitor is logged at regular intervals for analysis and
comparison.
Evaluation of Air Purifier Performance:
The performance of the air purifier is evaluated based on the changes observed in the air quality
parameters. - Comparisons are made between the baseline measurements and the measurements
taken after the purifier has been running for a specific period. The effectiveness of the purifier
in reducing PM2.5, PM10, VOCs, CO2 levels, and improving temperature and humidity is
analyzed.
Data Analysis:
The collected data is analyzed using statistical methods and visualization techniques. Graphs,
charts, and tables are generated to illustrate the changes in air quality parameters over time
Comparison and Conclusion:
The data obtained from the experiment is compared to draw conclusions about the effectiveness
of the smart air purifier and its impact on improving indoor air quality. The performance of the
air purifier is assessed based on the extent of pollutant reduction and the overall improvement
in air quality parameters. The experiment may also compare the smart air purifier's performance
with traditional air purifiers or other models available in the market.
Additional Considerations:
The experiment should be conducted over an extended period to capture variations in air quality
due to different pollution sources and changing conditions. Multiple trials or replicates of the
experiment may be performed to ensure the consistency and reliability of the results. Any
limitations or constraints of the experimental setup should be acknowledged, such as the size of
the test environment or the specific model of the air purifier used.

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Safety Precautions:
Adequate ventilation is maintained during the experiment to prevent the buildup of potentially
harmful gases or pollutants. Proper handling and disposal of pollution sources, such as
chemicals or smoke, are ensured to minimize health risks. The experiment should comply with
relevant safety guidelines and regulations.

In conclusion, the experimental setup for evaluating a smart air purifier and air quality monitor
involves selecting a controlled environment, baseline measurements, introduction of pollution
sources, continuous monitoring, data analysis, and comparing the performance of the air
purifier. This setup allows for the assessment of the purifier's effectiveness in improving indoor
air quality and provides valuable insights for further development and optimization of smart air
purification systems.

7.2 Experimental Tests

Composition Test:
To determine the composition of the smart purifier's components, various techniques were
employed. The HEPA filter and carbon filter underwent chemical analysis to assess the presence
and proportion of specific elements and compounds. The results indicated the composition of
the filters, which contributed to their filtration efficiency and overall performance. The
composition test also helped ensure that the filters met the required standards for air purification.
Elemental Analysis of Zirconia:
Zirconia, a crucial material used in certain components of the smart purifier, was subjected to
elemental analysis. This analysis aimed to identify the elemental composition of zirconia and
detect any impurities or variations in its composition. By assessing the elemental makeup of
zirconia, the analysis helped verify the material's quality and its suitability for the purifier's
requirements.
Tensile Test:
The tensile test was conducted on selected components of the smart purifier to evaluate their
mechanical properties, such as strength, elasticity, and ductility. Specimens from the purifier's
structural elements, including the framework, were subjected to controlled tension until failure.

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Hardness Test:
The hardness test was performed on various components of the smart purifier to assess their
resistance to indentation and scratching. Hardness is a crucial mechanical property that
determines a material's ability to withstand wear and deformation. By measuring the hardness
of different parts of the purifier, including zirconia components, the analysis provided
information on their durability and resistance to external forces, ensuring their longevity and
performance.
Wear Test:
The wear test involved subjecting the purifier's components to simulated wear conditions to
assess their resistance to friction and abrasion. Selected parts, such as the mesh and filters, were
subjected to controlled rubbing against different materials, replicating real-world usage
scenarios. The test evaluated the wear resistance of these components and helped identify any
potential weaknesses or areas for improvement, ensuring the reliability and efficiency of the
smart purifier over extended periods.
Density Test:
The density test aimed to measure the mass per unit volume of certain components in the smart
purifier. It provided valuable information about the structural integrity and material composition
of the tested parts. Density affects the overall weight and strength of the purifier, as well as its
ability to withstand external forces. By measuring the density, the analysis helped ensure that
the components met the required specifications and contributed to the overall functionality and
efficiency of the purifier.
Microstructure Analysis:
Summary In conclusion, the microstructure analysis of the smart purifier's components,
including composition tests, elemental analysis of zirconia, tensile tests, hardness tests, wear
tests, and density tests, has provided valuable insights into their quality and performance. These
evaluations ensure that the purifier meets the required standards for air purification, mechanical
strength, durability, and efficiency.

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7.3 Experimental Results and Findings

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Fig. 7.1 Flow Graphs of Air Quality 1 and 2

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Reduction in Particulate Matter:

The system demonstrated a notable reduction in particulate matter levels, as indicated by the
decrease in 90ppm and 150ppm measurements. The carbon and HEPA filters effectively trapped
fine particles, leading to cleaner indoor air.
Decrease in VOC Levels:
The Smart Air Purifier System proved effective in reducing volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
in the indoor environment. The carbon filter efficiently adsorbed and neutralized various odors
and harmful VOCs, contributing to improved air quality.
Real-time Monitoring and Display:
The integration of air quality sensors and the LCD display with the I2C module allowed real-
time monitoring of indoor air quality. Users could easily access and interpret the data displayed,
enabling them to make informed decisions regarding the system's operation and maintenance.
Discussion and Conclusion:
The experimental study provided valuable insights into the performance and effectiveness of
the Smart Air Purifier System. The findings confirmed that the system successfully reduced
particulate matter, VOCs, and maintained a comfortable indoor environment. The real-time
monitoring capabilities enhanced user awareness and control over air quality.

Fig. 7.2 Final Product of the Model (Air purifier)

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CHAPTER 8

APPLICATIONS

The Smart Air Purifier system offers numerous applications:

1. Improved Air Quality:
By combining HEPA and carbon filters, the system effectively removes allergens, dust, pollen,
mold spores, odors, and harmful gases from the indoor air, resulting in a healthier environment.
2. Real-Time Monitoring:
The integration of air quality sensors enables users to monitor the air quality in real-time,
allowing for prompt action and better control of the indoor environment.
3. Energy Efficiency:
The utilization of solar power reduces dependency on electrical grids, making the system energy
efficient and environmentally friendly.
4. IoT Connectivity:
Through the ThingSpeak platform, users can remotely access air quality data and receive
notifications or alerts based on preset thresholds.
5. Versatile Application:
The Smart Purifier can be employed in various settings, including homes, offices, schools,
hospitals, and public spaces, to enhance indoor air quality and promote well-being.

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CHAPTER 9

SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Code Snippets

Embedded Code

Fig. 9.1 Libraries

The provided code snippet includes several components for a specific project. It begins by
including two libraries, namely Software Serial.h and Liquid Crystal_I2C.h. The former enables
software-based serial communication, while the latter facilitates communication with I2C-based
LCD displays. The LCD is then initialized with a specific I2C address, number of columns, and
rows.

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Fig. 9.2 Snippet 1

The new code snippet provided contains additional components to enhance the functionality of
the project. It starts by defining the host address and port number for communication with the
Thingspeak API. This suggests that the code may involve sending data to Thingspeak for further
processing or storage. The code also creates a Software Serial object named esp8266 using the
previously defined RX and TX pins, which is likely used for communication with the ESP8266
Wi-Fi module.

Fig. 9.3 Snippet 2

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The provided code snippet demonstrates the main functionality of the project using the ESP8266
module. Within the loop function, the code sets up the ESP8266 module by initializing it with
the appropriate baud rate and establishing serial communication. It then sends a series of
commands to configure the module and establish a connection with the specified access point.
This process is likely repeated continuously in the loop to update the data periodically. Overall,
these lines of code enable the Arduino board to communicate with the ESP8266 module,
establish a network connection, and transmit sensor data to the designated server.

Fig. 9.4 Snippet 3

These functions provide a convenient way to read analog sensor values and convert them to
strings. They can be used in the code to retrieve the sensor values for further processing, display,
or transmission. It's important to note that both functions read from the same analog pin A0. If
you wish to read from a different pin, the code should be modified accordingly to reflect the
desired pin number.

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Fig. 9.5 Snippet 4

The purpose and overall functionality of this code would require more context and the presence
of other code segments. However, based on the provided snippet, it seems to involve reading
analog values from two pins, displaying them on an LCD screen, and possibly monitoring air
quality based on the readings. The LCD display is then utilized to print the label "Air quality 1"
on the first line, and the value of Moister on the second line using lcd.setCursor() and lcd.print()
functions. There is a delay of 1000 milliseconds to allow time for the display to update.

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Fig. 9.6 Snippet 5

Overall, this portion of the code is responsible for sending commands to the ESP8266 module,
checking the response, and updating the counters and flags accordingly. It helps track the
success or failure of commands and provides feedback through the serial monitor.

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CONCLUSION

The Smart Air Purifier project presents an innovative solution to combat indoor air pollution
offering real-time monitoring and effective filtration through IOT integration, solar power
utilization, advanced sensor technology, by integrating advanced components and technologies
such as HEPA and Carbon filters, and an LCD display with I2c module, this system provides a
comprehensive and sustainable air purification solution. By combining these components, the
system provides an energy-efficient, user-friendly, and sustainable approach to improving air
quality. The objective is to monitor and display real-time air quality, remove pollutants, and
offer energy efficiency have been successfully achieved. The Smart Air Purifier holds great
potential for creating healthier and more comfortable living and working environments while
promoting environmental sustainability. The Smart Air Purifier has the potential to enhance the
overall well-being of individuals, particularly in indoor environments, where the risk of air
pollution is often higher.

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