EasyChair Preprint

№ 8059

Transmission Line Fault Detection Using IoT

Ganesh Jadhav, Subhash Shinde, Rushikesh Jadhav, Kailas Giri

and Nisha Dagade

EasyChair preprints are intended for rapid

dissemination of research results and are
integrated with the rest of EasyChair.

May 24, 2022

 Transmission Line Fault Detection Using IoT

Ganesh Ashokrao Jadhav1, Subhash Annasaheb Shinde2, Rushikesh Rajendra Jadhav3, Kailas Gulab Giri4,
Prof. N.R.Dagade5
Department of Electrical Engineering, NBN SINHGAD School Of Engineering, Pune,India

ABSTRACT: -Due to transmission line conditions, FAULTS IN TRANSMISSION LINE :

transmission lines are susceptible to a wide range of
OPEN CIRCUIT FAULTS:
defects. The defect is difficult to diagnose, and the
entire cable should be replaced. Using a
Failure of one or more conductors causes these faults.
microcontroller, this project will detect the location
Joint failures of cables and overhead lines, failure of one
of a fault in transmission cable lines from the base
or more phases of a circuit breaker, and melting of a fuse
station in kilometers. When a defect occurs, the
or conductor in one or more phases are among the most
voltage between series resistors changes, which is
common causes of these faults. A series fault is the same
then supplied to an ADC, which produces exact
as an open circuit fault. Except for three-phase open faults,
digital data for a programmed destination. It also
these are unsymmetrical or unbalanced faults.
shows the distance between faults. Location may be
tracked using GPS. On a 16X2 LCD connected to the
microcontroller, the fault distance, phase, and time
SHORT CIRCUIT FAULTS:
are displayed. The Wi-Fi module is utilized in IOT to
display information over the Internet. The
A short circuit is an abnormally low-impedance
information concerning the occurrence of the defect
connection between two points of different potential,
is shown in a webpage produced with HTML code.
whether intentionally or accidentally made. These are the
most common and dangerous types of faults, which cause
Key Words: Internet of things, short circuit fault, Open
abnormally high currents to flow through equipment or
Circuit Fault, Voltage sensor, Current sensor, Arduino,
transmission lines. If these faults are allowed to persist
Microcontroller, GPS.
even for a short time, the equipment will be severely
INTRODUCTION: damaged. Shunt faults are another name for short circuit
faults. Insulation failure between phase conductors,
One of the most important components of the between earth and phase conductors, or both causes these
electricity system is the transmission network. When faults. Three phases to earth, phase to phase, single phase
compared to other sections of the power system, to earth, two phase to earth, and phase to phase are all
transmission and distribution network losses are possible short circuit fault conditions. A fault can occur
considered to be extremely high. The electric power grid between any of the three lines and the ground in a single
is extremely vulnerable to a variety of natural and line to ground fault. A fault occurs between any two of the
malicious physical events. To detect faulty transmission three lines and the ground in a double line to ground fault.
lines, many electric power transmission companies have A fault can occur between any two lines in a line-to-line
relied primarily on circuit indicators. Several of these fault. A sudden change in voltage occurs when a fault
issues are addressed by wireless sensor-based occurs. If not corrected immediately, this voltage change
transmission line monitoring, such as real-time structural could cause serious system damage.
awareness, faster fault localization, accurate fault
diagnosis by identifying and distinguishing electrical
FAULT DETECTION METHODS:
faults from mechanical faults, cost savings due to
condition-based maintenance rather than periodic
ONLINE METHOD:
maintenance, and so on. These applications have strict
requirements, such as delivering a large amount of highly
This method utilizes and processes the sampled voltages
reliable data quickly. The design of a cost-effective and
and current to determine the fault points.
reliable network architecture with a fast response time is
critical to the success of these applications. The network
OFFLINE METHOD:
must be capable of transporting sensitive data to and
from the transmission grid, such as transmission line
In this method special instrument is used to test out
status and control data. This paper presents a framework
service of cable in the field. Existing system used for
for designing a real-time data transmission network that
offline method. This method can be divided into two
is cost-effective. Sensors are installed in various
methods. They are tracer method and terminal method.
components of the power network to monitor the status
of the power system in real time.
EXISTING SYSTEM: BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Tracer method:
The tracer method is an exhaustive way to locate a faulted
segment by walking through the cable circuits. A faulted
segment can be determined from audible or
electromagnetic signals and requires dispatching crew
members to the outage area.
There have been various techniques largely used in the
industries, including the tracing approach through
acoustic, electromagnetic or current.

Terminal method:
The terminal method is a technique used to determine a
fault location of a distribution cable network from one or
both ends without tracing exhaustively. A bridge
technique is one of the most popular terminal methods
that links with a resistor to determine a fault location. It
is a technique used to detect fault location of cable from
one or both ends without tracing.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:
An IoT-enabled overhead cable fault detection system is
proposed. The voltage varies when a fault occurs in the
cable, which is used to calculate the fault distance. Wi-Fi
module and Microcontroller make up the system. A step-
down transformer, rectifier, and regulator are used to
provide power. The microcontroller receives the
magnitude of voltage drop across the resistors from the
cable's current sensing circuit, and the voltage is used to STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:
locate the fault distance.
ADVANTAGES: A transformer designed to reduce the voltage from
primary to secondary is called a step-down transformer.
• Detects accurate fault sub location This transformer takes input of 230 volts AC and reduces
• Reduce human effort the voltage to 12 volts/9 volts AC. In total four step down
• Time saving and faster maintenance transformers are used in which 3 are used as transmission
• Less software requirements line components (230V/9V) and one is used to provide
• Cost effective DC supply (230V/12V)
• Less complexity

DISADVANTAGS:

• In some rural areas, there is no GPS signal.

• High initial cost.

POWER SUPPLY:
Arduino works on 3.3V Power supply, So LM117 a
1A low dropout regulator is designed to provide 3.3V
from a 5V supply. It is ideally suited for system
which contains both 5V and 3.3V logic.
PUSH SWITCHES: is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution
Share-Alike 2.5 license. Some versions of the hardware
These are the switches which are used to simulate the have layout and production files available as well. [4]
faults in system. Two types of switches are used i.e., Arduino is made up of a programmable circuit board and
DPDT push button and tactile switches. When these pre-installed software called Arduino IDE (Integrated
buttons/ switches are pressed, fault is initiated in the Development Environment), which is used to write and
system as the connections are done in such way. DBDT upload computer code to the physical device.
switches produce line-line faults and tactile faults produce
line-ground faults.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):

An Interface IC is used to handle the difficult task that the

MCU can't handle. The IC's job is to take commands and
data from the MCU and process them so that meaningful AC-DC POWER MODULATOR:
information can be displayed on the LCD screen.

Power modulator converts AC supply to fixed DC. It

consists of bridge rectifier circuit, voltage regulator (7809)
circuit. It takes 12 volts AC input from transformer and
converts it into 9 volts fixed ripple free DC supply.

ARDUINO UNO :

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller

based on the Microchip ATmega328P Microcontroller and
developed by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets
of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shield) and other
circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of
PMW output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable
with the Arduino IDE, via a type B USB cable. It can be
powered by a USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery,
though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT):
similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware The Internet of Things (IOT) allows users to send and
reference design is available on the Arduino website and receive data in real time in a simple and secure manner.
This platform allows developers to extend the platform FLOWCHART:
for private customization by allowing interactive, real-
time data visualization. Its purpose is to empower data
from devices.

WI-FI MODULE:

The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC with

integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any
microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. The
ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an application or
offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another
application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-
programmed with an AT command set firmware,
meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino
device and get about as much Wi-Fi-ability as a Wi-Fi
Shield offers (and that's just out of the box)! The ESP8266
module is an extremely cost-effective board with a huge,
and ever growing, community

IMPLEMENTATION OF WORK:
BUZZER:

An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be

electromechanical piezoelectric or mechanical type. The • This prototype is used to detect the fault, which
main function of this is to convert the signal from audio to has occurred in transmission line.
sound. Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and • By using ATMEG328p microcontroller, Push
used in timers, alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, Switches, Indicating LEDs, LCD; this prototype
etc. Based on the various designs, it can generate different is assembled with a set of resistors, cables, by
sounds like alarm, music, bell & siren using set of switches made to creation of fault in
prototype.
• A 230V AC supply is fed through a Step-down
transformer which gives 12 V AC output which
is to AC-DC Power Modulator, where it converts
AC voltage into DC voltage using a Full Wave
Rectifier circuit. 7809 voltage regulator is used to
regulate voltage output voltage to 9V as micro
controller needs 9V power supply.
• Through micro controller, there is only one 5V
power output pin and single ground. The main
challenge is that the prototype needs to power
various components i.e., LCD, Wi-Fi module,
buzzer, and fire sensor. To solve this issue, a
Power Extension PCB has been introduced in
module. It provides multiple power pins which
can be used for many components. In short
Power extension PCB works as Power extension
 board which provides multiple outputs using RESULT:
single supply.

When the circuit is powered ON, the display shows the

project name as shown in figure

When no key is pressed, i.e., no fault is present in system,

display shows “R-Y-B ok” as shown in figure. It means
system is not faulty.

• Indicating LEDs are provided in the circuit

which shows the status of transmission lines
when fault occurs. When any fault in any
particular line occurs, that led representing that
line turns off.
• ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is connected to
microcontroller through its serial communication
ports i.e., RXD and TXD pins.
• Three Step down transformers are given in the
prototype to feed the transmission line. These
transformers convert 230V AC to 9V AC which
is further fed to the Push buttons PCB where
three bridge rectifiers converts this 9V ac to 9V
DC. these Push buttons are connected to analog
input pins of microcontroller
• The push buttons shows/ simulates the faults in
the system. Various buttons are allotted for
when D1 button is pressed, transmission line goes under
various purposes and each button is responsible
R-Y phase to phase fault which is shown in LCD display
for different fault. There are total 6 push buttons
as Now follows:
from which three are DPDT buttons and three of
them are Tactile switches. DPDT buttons are
used to show phase to phase faults and Tactile
switches for phase to ground fault.
Assuming these names for push buttons and their
faults shown: -
1. DPDT switch 1 – D1 for R-Y fault
2. DPDT switch 2 – D2 for Y-B fault
3. DPDT switch 3 – D3 for R-B fault
4. Tactile switch 1 – T1 for R phase fault
5. Tactile switch 2 – T2 for Y phase fault
6. Tactile switch 3 – T3 for B phase fault
(It means when a certain key is pressed,
it creates its respective fault in system)
Now when Tactile switch T1 is pressed,
transmission line goes under R to ground fault
which is shown in LCD display as follows:

CONCLUSION:
The short circuit fault is located at a specific distance in the
transmission line in order to efficiently rectify the fault.
With the help of Arduino, the work automatically displays
the phase, distance, and time of the fault occurrence. Faster
repair of the power system, improved system performance,
lower operating costs, and shorter time to locate faults in
the field are all advantages of accurate fault location.

REFERENCES:
[1] Nikhil Sain, Kajla, Mr. Vikas Kumar
―Underground Cable Fault Distance Conveyed
[2] Over GSM, Volume 11, Issue 2 Ver. III (Mar. – Apr. 2016).
[3] R. K. Raghul Mansingh, R. Rajesh S. Ramasubramani, G.
Ramkumar, ―Underground Cable Fault bDetection using
Raspberry Pi and Arduino‖, Volume 5, Issue 4,April (2017).
[4] Akash Jagtap, Jayesh Patil, Bhushan Patil, Dipak Patil, Aqib
Al Husan Ansari ―Arduino based
[5] Underground Cable Fault Detection‖, International Journal for
Research in Engineering
[6] Application & Management (IJREAM) ISSN: 2454-9150
Vol-03, Issue 04, May 2017.
[7] Swapnil Gaikwad, Hemant Pawar, Ajay Jadhav, Vidhut
Kumar―Underground cable fault detection
[8] 5. Dhivya Dharani. A, Sowmya.T ―Development of a
Prototype Underground Cable Fault Detector‖,
[9] International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer
Systems (IJEECS), ISSN (Online)
[10] Singh, Manohar & Panigrahi, Bijaya & Maheshwari, R.P.
(2011). Transmission line fault detection and classification.2011
International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical and
Computer Technology, ICETECT 2011. 10. 1109/ ICE TECT
.2011.5760084.
[11] International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Volume 118 no.8 2018, 377-381; ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed
Version); (Fault Detection in Overhead Power Transmission)
ISSN: 1314-3395