A Synopsis

On

Smart Helmet Using GSM &GPS

Technology for Accident Prevention &
Detection and Reporting System

Submitted by

BIPRO CHAKRABORTY (1528421003)

RICHA SINGH (1528421007)

SUMIT N MAHANAG (1528421010)

TEJASWI SHARMA (1528421011)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. SWAROOP MALLICK

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

Electrical Engineering Department

UNITED INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ALLAHABAD

Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

April 2018
 ABSTRACT

Our project aims to develop a helmet that would be used in detection of accident
in remote area can be easily detected and medical services provided in short
time and it would also be helpful by simply avoiding drunken drive by using
alcohol detector and furthermore it will reduce the probability of accident and
operates on solar as well as battery supply.
Moreover in case of emergency such as If helmet was stolen then we can start
the bike by the password.

Our project has practical implementations as it can be used in real time safety
system we can implement the whole circuit into small module later as less
power consuming safety system and furthermore this safety system technology
can further be enhanced in car and also by replacing the helmet with seat belt.

In future the circuit can be enhanced by connecting a GSM Module to a circuit

so that in coming era we can implement various bioelectric sensors on the
helmet to measure various activity and we can use small camera for the
recording the drivers activity. However it can be used for passing message from
the one vehicle to another vehicle by using wireless transmitter. It would trace
real time location of the biker.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract………………………………………………………..……………...........i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….ii
List of Abbreviation…………………………………………….............................iii
List of Figure ……………………………………………………............................iv
List of Table………………………………………………………...........................iv

CHAPTER -1 ………………………………………………………. 1-9

1.1 Introduction

1.2 What is smart helmet?

1.3 Introduction to Technical aspects of smart helmet

1.3.1 Force sensing resistor

1.3.2 MQ-3 Alcohol Sensor

1.3.3-Accelerometer ADLX345

1.3.4 RF Communication module

1.3.5 LCD Display

1.3.6 ESP8266 (NodeMCU)

1.3.7 Vibration Sensor

1.3.8 Aurdino mega 2560

References ............................................................................................ 10

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LCD- Liquid Crystal Display

LED- Light Emitting Device

RAM-Random Access Memory

ROM-Read Only Memory

EEPROM-Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

USART-Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

I/O-Input Output

R/W-Read Write

EN-Enable

GND-Ground

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.

Fig 1: Force Sensing Resistor 7

Fig 2: MQ-3 Alcohol Sensor 8

Fig 3: Accelerometer ADLX345 9

Fig 4: RF Communication Module 10

Fig 5: Block diagram of LCD. 11

Fig 6 - Pin diagram of LCD 11

Fig 7: Node MCU 13

Fig 8: Vibration Sensor 13

Fig 9: Front view of an Arduino MEGA 2560 14

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. PAGE NO.

Table No.1- Pin description of LCD 12

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 CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

In recent times helmets have been made compulsory in Maharashtra State.

Traffic accidents in India have increased year by year. As per Section129 of
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 makes it required for every single riding a two-
wheeler to wear protective headgear following to standards of the BIS (Bureau
of Indian Standards).In India drunken driving case is a criminal offence of The
Motor Vehicle act 1939. Which states that the bike rider will get punish. In
existence bike rider easily get escaped from law. These are the three main issues
which motivates us for developing this project. The first step is to identify the
helmet is wear or not. If helmet is wear then ignition will start otherwise it will
remains off till helmet is not wear. For these we use FSR sensor. The second
step is alcohol detection. Alcohol sensor is use as breath analyzer which detect
the presence of alcohol in rider breathe if it is exceeds permissible range
ignition cannot start. It will send the message to register number.
MQ-3 sensor is used for these. When these two conditions are satisfied then
ignition will start. The third main issue is accident and late medical help. If the
rider metaccident with him he cannot receive medical help instantly, its big
reason for deaths. Around every second people die due to late medical help or
the accident place is unmanned. In fall detection, we place accelerometer at the
bike unit. Due to these mechanism we detect the accident occurs or not. The aim
of this project is to make a protection system in a helmet for a good safety of
bike rider. The smart helmet that we made is fixed with sensors which act as to
detect wear helmet or not. There are two different microcontroller is used in this
project. Each unit has used a separate microcontroller, for bike unit we use
Arduino Mega 2560 and for helmet unit we use Atmega 2560. Signal
transmission between the helmet unit and bike unit is using a RF concept.

1.2 What is Smart helmet?

A smart helmet is a special idea which makes motorcycle driving safer than
before. This is implemented using GPS and Wifi technology. The working of
this smart helmet is very simple, vibration sensors are placed in different places
of helmet where the probability of hitting is more which are connected to
microcontroller board. So when the rider crashes and the helmet hit the ground,
these sensors sense and gives to the microcontroller board, then controller

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extract GPS data using the GPS module that is interfaced to it. When the data
exceeds minimum stress limit then Wifi module automatically sends message to
the mobile which calls ambulance or family members.

1.3 Introduction to Technical aspects of smart helmet

1.3.1 Force Sensing Resistor

Force Sensing Resister is placed at inside the helmet where the actual human
touch is sensed. It determines by helmet unit that whether helmet is worn or not.
If this condition will satisfy or not satisfied then it sends the signal to bike unit.
Force Sensing Resistors, or FSRs, are strong polymer thick film (PTF) devices
that resistance is inversely proportional to force applied to the face of the
sensor. This sensor is used as human touch control in various applications. Such
as medical systems, automotive electronics and in robotics and industrial
applications. The force vs. resistance characteristic shown in Fig. 1 (b) provides
a general idea of Force sensing resister typical response behavior. For
convenience, the force vs. resistance data is plotted on a semi-log format. Force
sensing resister is two-wire sensor with a resistance that changes on applied
force. The resistor RM is selected to maximize the required force sensitivity
range and to limit current. Here we use 10 kΩ of measuring resister. The output
voltage is described by mathematical equation:

Fig 1: Force Sensing Resistor

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1.3.2 MQ-3 Alcohol Sensor

MQ-3 gas sensor is right for identifying the alcohol content from breath. It can
be positioned just front of the face. The sensor is responds to various gases. It
determines by helmet unit that weather the rider is drunk or not. MQ-3 sensor
has potentiometer to adjusting different concentration of gasses. We calibrate
the detector for 0.4mg/L of Alcohol concentration in air and use value of
resistance is 200 KΩ. MQ-3 has supports for both analog and digital. MQ-3 has
a 4 pin namely GND, VCC, Aout, Dout. Here we use digital output of this
sensor which is gives output in terms of high or low. It decided by our helmet
unit weather rider is drunk.

Fig 2: MQ-3 Alcohol Sensor

1.3.3 Accelerometer ADLX345

The ADXL345 is tinny, tri axial accelerometer with resolution of 13 bit. The
output of accelerometer is digital and use 16 bit 2’s complement data. It is
access to connect via Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI 3-4 wire) or I2C interface.
ADLX 345 is used for both measurement of static and dynamic acceleration. In
this project we use accelerometer measures the static acceleration of gravity.
Free-fall sensing notices if the bike is falling. And Bike unit take decision that
accident is occurs or not. In this project we interfaced ADXL345 by using I2C
digital interface technique. The CS connected to high to VDD I/O, the

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ADXL345 is requiring 2- wire connection. The minimal operational voltage of
this device cannot greater than VDD I/O that is 0.3 V. For the proper working
condition, we use two external pull up resister. The value of pull up resister is
3.3 kilo ohm.

Fig 3: Accelerometer ADLX345

1.3.4 RF Communication circuit

Helmet unit and Bike unit are connected by wireless link of RF. RF
communication circuit contains encoder and decoder circuit. Encoder is on
helmet side which is using to convert parallel data into serial data. The encoder
is capable of encoding massage which contains of 12N data bits and N address
bits. Each address/data can stay set to with two logical states. The oscillator
frequency is selected by Rosc. We choose oscillator frequency is 3 kHz, with
Rosc of 1M ohms. Minimum transmission of data is 4 words. Decoder is on
bike side, it used to decode serial data. It converts this serial data in to parallel.
The decoders are capable to receive data that are spread by an encoder and
understand it. The first bits period use as addresses and last 12N bits as our
desired data, where N is stands for address number. In this decoder circuit
oscillator frequency is 50 times greater than fOSCE (encoder oscillator
frequency). FOSCD is 150 kHz, which is select by value of Rosc. Rosc is 1k
ohms.

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 Fig 4: RF Communication Module

1.3.5 LCD Display

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a
wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is
very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are
preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs .The reasons
being LCDs are economical easily programmable have no limitation of
displaying special & alphanumeric characters A 16x2 LCD means it can display
16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. Software required is keil’s
software for run the code and to dump the code into controller using flash
magic.Using assembly language to write the code for the system.

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 Block Diagram of LCD:

Fig 5: Block diagram of LCD.

 Pin Diagram:

Fig 6 - Pin diagram of LCD

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  Pin Description:

Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register
Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/
write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Table 1– Pin description of LCD

1.3.6 ESP8266 (NodeMCU)

NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on
the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based
on the ESP-12 module. The term "NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware
rather than the development kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language.
It is based on the e Lua project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for
ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-cjson, and spiffs.

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 Fig 7: Node MCU
1.3.7 Vibration Sensor

This sensor buffers a piezoelectric transducer. As the transducer is displaced

from the mechanical neutral axis, bending creates strain within the piezoelectric
element and generates voltages. The Vibration Sensor Detector is designed for
the security practice When Vibration Sensor Alarm recognizes movement or
vibration, it sends a signal to either control panel Developed a new type of
Omni-directional high sensitivity Security Vibration Detector with Omni-
directional detection.

Fig 8: Vibration Sensor

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1.3.8 Arduino mega 2560

The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the Atmega 2560
(datasheet). It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM
outputs),16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it
to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shields designed for the
Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.

Fig 9: Front view of an Arduino MEGA 2560

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 REFRENCES
[1] Smart helmet using GSM and GPS Technology for Accident Detection and Reporting
system , Manjesj N.
[2] Smart helmet and Intelligent Bike System, Prof. Chitte P.P, Mr. Sulunke Akshay S.
[3] Smart Hekmet with Sensor for Accident Prevention , Mohd Khairul Afiq Mohd Rasli
[4] Alcohol Detection Using Smart helmet system, Sudhanshu Vijayan, Vineed T Govind.

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