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Chapter2 - Digital Systems

This document discusses digital signals and systems. It covers topics such as digital sequences, generating digital signals from analog signals, linear time-invariant causal systems, difference equations, impulse responses, stability of systems, and digital convolution. Many examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.

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Sara Dabaja
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12 views

Chapter2 - Digital Systems

This document discusses digital signals and systems. It covers topics such as digital sequences, generating digital signals from analog signals, linear time-invariant causal systems, difference equations, impulse responses, stability of systems, and digital convolution. Many examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.

Uploaded by

Sara Dabaja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

BAU
Digital Signal
2

 To process an analog signal using a digital signal


processor:
 Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) must take place
 Then the digital signal is processed via DSP algorithm(s).
Common Digital Sequences
3

 Unit-impulse sequence (digital unit-impulse function):

 Unit-step sequence (digital unit-step function):


Shifted unit-impulse and unit-step
sequences.
4
Sinusoidal sequences
5

 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.125𝜋𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 10


Exponential sequence
6

 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴(0.75)𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 10
EXAMPLE 3.1
7
Generation of Digital Signals
8

 To generate the digital sequence from its analog signal


function, we substitute time t by nT into the analog
signal x(t):

 EXAMPLE 3.2
Solution Example 3.2
9
Solution Example 3.2
10

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


11
LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT, CAUSAL
SYSTEMS
Linearity
12

 y1(n) is the system output using an input x1(n)


 y2(n) is the system output using an input x2(n)
 the system output due to the weighted sum inputs
⍺x1(n)+βx2(n) is equal to ⍺y1(n)+βy2(n)

 Check the linearity of:


 y(n)=10x(n)
 y(n)=x2(n)
Given that x1 is multiplied by 2 and x2 is multiplied by 4 and
x1[n]=u[n] and x2[n]=δ[n]
Example: Linear Systems
13

 y(n) = 10.x(n)
 x1(n) = u(n); x2(n) = δ(n)
 y1(n) = 10.u(n) and y2(n) = 10.δ(n)

Linear system
Example: Linear Systems
14

 Inputs:

Non-Linear
system
Time invariance
15
Time invariance
16
Example: Time Invariance
17

Given the linear systems


 y(n) = 2.x(n-5)
 y(n) = 2.x(3n)
determine whether each of the following systems is time
invariant.
Example: Time Invariance
18
Example: Time Invariance
19
Causality
20

 A causal system is one in which the output y(n) at time n


depends only on the current input x(n) at time n, its
past input sample values such as x(n-1), x(n-2), . . .

 if a system output depends on the future input values,


such as x(n + 1), x(n + 2), . . . , the system is non-causal

 The non-causal system cannot be realized in real time.


Example: causality
21
Difference Equations and Impulse
Responses
22

 A causal, linear, time-invariant system can be described by a


difference equation having the following general form:

 Where a1, …, aN, and b0, … , bN are the coefficients of the


difference equation:

 y(n) depends on the past output samples y(n-1), . . . , y(n-N),


the current input sample x(n), and the past input samples,
x(n-1), . . . , x(n-M).
Example: Difference Equation
23
System Representation Using Its
Impulse Response
24

 A linear time-invariant system can be completely


described by its unit-impulse response
 It is defined as the system response due to the impulse
input δ(n) with zero initial conditions
Example
25
Example: Solution
26
FIR System
27

 if the difference equation without the past output terms,


y(n-1), . . . , y(n-N), that is, the corresponding coefficients
a1, . . . , aN, are zeros, the impulse response h(n) has a
finite number of terms
 We call this a finite impulse response (FIR) system
 The output sequence of a linear time-invariant system
from its impulse response (digital convolution sum)
Example
28
Solution
29
Solution
30
Solution
31
Solution
32
Bounded-in-and-Bounded-out Stability
33

 A stable system is one for which every bounded input


produces a bounded output (BIBO)
 consider a linear time-invariant representation with all
the inputs reaching the maximum value M for the worst
case

 Using the absolute values of the impulse response leads


to:

 If the absolute sum is a finite number, the product of the


absolute sum and the maximum input value is therefore
a finite number
Bounded-in-and-Bounded-out Stability
34

 a linear system is stable if the sum of its absolute


impulse response coefficients is a finite number
Example
35

 Given the linear system

 Determine whether this system is stable or not.


Solution
36
Digital Convolution
37

 A linear time-invariant system can be represented by


using a digital convolution sum
Digital Convolution
38

 Note that for a causal system, which implies its impulse


response:

 the lower limit of the convolution sum begins at 0


instead of ∞
Digital Convolution
39

The convolution sum requires the sequence h(n)


to be reversed and shifted.
Example
40
Solution
41
Example
42

 Evaluate the digital convolution of the following signals


Solution
43
Solution
44
Solution
45

 Tabular Method
Solution
46
47

 The convolution operation can be viewed in the bloc


diagram as follows:
Properties of the Convolution
48
Duration of LTI Systems Impulse
Response
49

 We can subdivide the class of linear time-invariant


systems into two types:
 Those that have a finite-duration impulse response widely
called FIR

 Those that have an infinite-duration impulse response


widely called IIR

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