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variate Analysia ;
238 mult YEE EAN Cun,
le
. 7
nen our data are divided to bath cnr
Two OVA techmaue ts used wNEN OF Atutng
wo-wey ANC vate dy the effects. Let Us assume that our dependent ,,
rows and we want to study the eects: Ae et ag gain sharing and nn
independent variables) To study the et, of
vanabie, under the above assumptions, ,
ndent
srt ge repeated measurements of all categories where vie
: canation ot there may not be any Such repeated measure,
ollection and presentation, our computational mc,
Nene
iter
study even the
Based on such differences in data C
urement, we follow the following ste
1 not have repeated meast
of ANOVA
total, values of individual tt
ems in all samples and indicate. » ,
%
Step 1. Cakulate
stands for tota! value of all samples.
TP. Sot
Calculate correction factor using follor
Step 2.
wing formula
enotes number of samples. |
and subtract the correction factor to obtain sum of squarc.
2
fe
of deviaton for total venance. Total ss 1s denoted by ty - Thus our formulate
where
A
Step 3. Calculate total ss
step 3 takes the following shape.
7
a
Step 4. Compute total ss between columns and subtract the result from the correction
factor. Total ss 1s computed by obtaining the square of each column total and subsequentiy
dividing such squared values by number of items and totalling the result. Thus «
denote step 4 by following formula—
tT) 72
-~—, (where j = 1, 2, 3, ... Le. individual column value n, denotes total
A. n’
number of items in the column) = sum of squares of deviations of variance between
|
|
|
columns.
Step 5. Compute total ss between rows and subtract the result from correction
factor to obtain sum of squares of deviation for variance between rows. Total ss between
rows 1s calculated by squaring each row total by dividing squared values by respecte
number of items in the row and finally by taking the total of the results. Thus we can
denote step-5 by the following formula:
SAT ore ,
= ~ y+ (where I = 1, 2, 3 (individual row values) n, denotes total number
A
items in the row. —~
pitivariate Analysis : An Overview
step 6. Compute sum of squares of dewations for paeae
| spracting the sum of ss between columns and ss rows variance fro
=
0!) o
“' 68 for residual variance = Total ss — (ss. Between columns
ot)
step 7. Next task for us is to ascertain the degre
quare. Mean square (MS) as we know is obtained by dv!
spective degrees of freedom. in two way ANOVA, we need to com
der +
ss between columns
(i) MS between column variance = ei
cl)
where (c-1) is the df
C = total number of columns.
. Ss between rows
(ii) MS between column variance = —————_——_
(r-1)
where (c-1) is the df
1 = total number of rows.
ss residual
M i =.
(lil) MS of residual or error variance (-(r-1)
where (c~1) (r-1) is the df.
Step 8. This step involves computation of F ratio. Here also for two-way ANOVA
we will have to compute two F-ratios as under for having two independent vanabies tO
measure the significance of differences for each independent variable on dependent
variable. F
MS between columns
MS residual
MS between rows
MS residual
To compare table value of F with our observed F ratios for drawing necessary
conclusion at defined level of significance, we consider respective df of SS between
columns and df of MS residual to find out table value of F for column independent
variation and df of SS between rows and df of MS residual for row independent
variation.
Illustration 2. Let us now-frame a problem to study the effects of incentive and
d level of technology (independent variables} on productivity rate
F ratio for column independent variation =
F-ratio for row independent variation =
gain sharing ant
(dependent variable).