Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J.

Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Crosstalk - Approximate Model

Prof. M. Jaleel Akhtar

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
2023-24-II

Kanpur – 208016 (U.P.)

 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Equivalent circuit of 3 conductor transmission line (per-unit-length parameters -

inductance and capacitance)

𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡
𝑙 𝑙 … . 2. 𝑎
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡
𝑙 𝑙 … . . 2. 𝑏
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 … . . 2. c
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 … … 2. d
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
2023-24-II

Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul

 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Calculation of per-unit-length parameters of inductance and capacitance

 Writing 1.a, 1.b, 1.c and 1.d equations in matrix form

𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 where 𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡
𝐿 … . 3. 𝑎 𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 … . . 4. 𝑎
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡
𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡
𝐶 … . 3. 𝑎 𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 … . 4. 𝑏
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡

 The per-unit-length parameter matrices are 𝑑

𝑉 𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐼 𝑧 … . 6. 𝑎
𝑑𝑧

𝑙 𝑙 𝑑
𝐿 … . . 5. 𝑎 𝐼 𝑧 𝑗𝜔𝐶𝑉 𝑧 … . 6. 𝑎
𝑙 𝑙 𝑑𝑧

𝐿𝐶 𝐶𝐿 𝜇𝜖𝐼 … . 8
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝐶 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 … . . 5. 𝑏
1 0
𝐼 .. 9
2023-24-II

0 1
Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul
 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

The inductive–capacitive coupling approximate model

 There are two key assumptions in this model:

 Weak coupling between the generator and receptor circuits, that is, the coupling is a one-way
effect from the generator circuit to the receptor circuit.
 The line is assumed to be electrically short at the frequency of the driving source in the generator

circuit, 𝑉 , that is, 𝓵≪ λ

Weak coupling

 The current and voltage of the generator circuit will induce voltages and currents in the receptor
circuit through the mutual inductance 𝑙 and mutual capacitance 𝑐 .
 The voltages and currents induced in the generator circuit due to the currents and voltages that
were induced in the receptor circuit may be ignored.
 Induction of currents and voltages from one circuit to another is a one-way effect (from the
2023-24-II

generator circuit to the receptor circuit).

Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul
 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

 The condition of weak coupling means that the equations for the generator circuit are
approximated, by neglecting the mutual terms in equation 2.a and 2.b
𝝏𝑽𝑮 𝒛, 𝒕 𝝏𝑰𝑮 𝒛, 𝒕 𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡
𝒍𝑮 𝟎 … . . 𝟏𝟑. 𝒂 𝜕𝑧
𝑙
𝜕𝑡
𝑙
𝜕𝑡
… . 2. 𝑎
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝑰𝑮 𝒛, 𝒕 𝝏𝑽𝑮 𝒛, 𝒕 𝜕𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡
𝑐 𝑐
𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡
𝑐
𝜕𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡
… . . 2. c
𝒄𝑮 𝒄𝒎 𝟎 … . . 𝟏𝟑. 𝒃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕

The equations for the receptor circuit remain unchanged

𝝏𝑽𝑹 𝒛, 𝒕 𝝏𝑰𝑹 𝒛, 𝒕 𝝏𝑰𝑮 𝒛, 𝒕

𝒍𝑹 𝒍𝒎 … . . 𝟏𝟒. 𝒂
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝑰𝑹 𝒛, 𝒕 𝝏𝑽𝑹 𝒛, 𝒕 𝝏𝑽𝑮 𝒛, 𝒕
𝒄𝑹 𝒄𝒎 𝒄𝒎 … . . 𝟏𝟒. 𝒃
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕

 The sources induced in the receptor circuit are 𝝏𝑰𝑮 𝒛, 𝒕

𝒍𝒎 … . . 𝟏𝟓. 𝒂
𝝏𝒕
represented by the terms on the right-hand-sides
2023-24-II

𝝏𝑽𝑮 𝒛, 𝒕
of the equations in 14: 𝒄𝒎 … … 𝟏𝟓. 𝒃
𝝏𝒕 Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul
 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Explanation of the two components of crosstalk

Magnetic field or inductive coupling

 The source induced in the receptor circuit essentially results from the Faraday's law, which
means that a per-unit-length voltage will be induced in the receptor circuit that is due to the
time rate of change of the magnetic flux penetrating the loop formed by the conductors of the
receptor circuit.

 The per-unit-length magnetic flux penetrating

the receptor circuit is given by

𝝍𝑹 𝒍𝑹 𝑰𝑹 𝒍𝒎 𝑰𝑮 … . . 𝟏𝟔
2023-24-II

Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul

 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

 Two per-unit-length sources will be induced in the receptor circuit:

𝝏𝑰𝑹
𝑽𝑺𝟏 𝒍𝑹 … . . 𝟏𝟕. 𝒂
𝝏𝒕

 Source 𝑉 is produced by the self-

inductance of the receptor circuit.

𝝏𝑰𝑮
𝑽𝑺𝟐 𝒍𝒎 … . . 𝟏𝟕. 𝒃
𝝏𝒕

 Source 𝑉 is produced by the mutual inductance

between the two circuits and the current of the generator
circuit.

 As a first-order model, the effect of 𝑉 can be ignored. Hence the major dominant source due to
magnetic field coupling would be that of the receptor circuit 𝑉 , which is referred to as the
2023-24-II

inductive coupling.
 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Explanation of the two components of crosstalk

Electric field or Capacitive coupling
 The per-unit-length charge induced on the receptor
circuit is given as:
𝒒𝑹 𝑪𝑹 𝑪𝒎 𝑽𝑹 𝑪𝒎 𝑽𝑮
𝑪𝑹 𝑽𝑹 𝑪𝒎 𝑽𝑮 𝑽𝑹 … . . 𝟏𝟖

 Current is the time rate-of-change of charge, and hence per-unit-length current sources will be
induced between the two conductors of the receptor circuit

𝝏𝑽𝑹 𝝏𝑽𝑮
𝑰𝑺𝟏 𝑪𝑹 𝑪𝒎 … … 𝟏𝟗. 𝒂 𝑰𝑺𝟐 𝑪𝒎 … . . 𝟏𝟗. 𝒃
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕

 The first current source 𝐼 is primarily the current source induced by the receptor circuit self
capacitance. The source 𝐼 is produced by the mutual capacitance between the two circuits.
Again, as a first-order model we will ignore the effect of 𝐼 . The source 𝐼 is due to the electric
2023-24-II

field coupling, and it is referred to as the capacitive coupling.

Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul
 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

The simplified inductive–capacitive coupling crosstalk model

 The two sources are combined
and lumped together 𝓵≪ λ
 𝐿 𝑙 𝓵; 𝐶 𝑐 𝓵 are the total
mutual inductance and mutual
capacitance of the line, respectively.

Time domain model

Frequency domain
model

The frequency-domain response can be determined by replacing time derivatives with jω, where ω=2𝜋𝑓
2023-24-II

and f is the frequency of the driving source.

Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul
 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Frequency-Domain Inductive-Capacitive Coupling Model

The current and voltage of the generator circuit as being effectively the same as though the driving
source was dc

𝟏
𝑰𝑮𝒅𝒄 ≅ 𝑽𝑺 … . 𝟐𝟎. 𝒂
𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳

𝑹𝑳
𝑽𝑮𝒅𝒄 ≅ 𝑽𝑺 … . . 𝟐𝟎. 𝒃
𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳

 This is because we assume that the line is electrically short at the frequency of the driving source
𝓵≪ λ

 The parameter λ is a wavelength at the frequency f of the driving sinusoidal source, and hence the
2023-24-II

voltage and current do not vary appreciably in magnitude along the generator line.
Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul
 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Frequency-Domain Inductive-Capacitive Coupling Model

 The near-end and far-end phasor crosstalk voltages may be estimated using superposition as
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬
𝑽𝑵𝑬 𝒋𝝎𝑳𝒎 𝑰𝑮𝒅𝒄 𝒋𝝎𝑪𝒎 𝑽𝑮𝒅𝒄 … . . 𝟐𝟏. 𝒂
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬

Inductive coupling capacitive coupling

𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬

𝑽𝑭𝑬 𝒋𝝎𝑳𝒎 𝑰𝑮𝒅𝒄 𝒋𝝎𝑪𝒎 𝑽𝑮𝒅𝒄 … . . 𝟐𝟏. 𝒃
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬

Inductive coupling capacitive coupling

 𝐿 𝑙 𝓵𝐶 𝑐 𝓵 are the total mutual inductance and mutual capacitance of the line, respectively.
2023-24-II

Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul

 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Frequency-Domain Inductive-Capacitive Coupling Model

𝟏
𝑰𝑮𝒅𝒄 ≅ 𝑽𝑺 … . 𝟐𝟎. 𝒂
Substituting equation 20 in equation 21 gives 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳

𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝟏 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑳

𝑽𝑵𝑬 𝒋𝝎𝑳𝒎 𝑽 𝒋𝝎𝑪𝒎 𝑽 … . . 𝟐𝟐. 𝒂 𝑽𝑮𝒅𝒄 ≅ 𝑽𝑺 … . . 𝟐𝟎. 𝒃
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳 𝑺 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳 𝑺 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳

Inductive coupling capacitive coupling

𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝟏 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑳

𝑽𝑭𝑬 𝒋𝝎𝑳𝒎 𝑽 𝒋𝝎𝑪𝒎 𝑽 … . . 𝟐𝟐. 𝒃
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳 𝑺 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳 𝑺

Inductive coupling capacitive coupling

𝑽𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑳𝒎 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑳 𝑪𝒎

𝒋𝝎 … . . 𝟐𝟑. 𝒂
𝑽𝑺 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳  The crosstalk can be viewed as a transfer
function between the input 𝑉 and the
outputs 𝑉 and 𝑉
𝑽𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑳𝒎 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑳 𝑪𝒎
2023-24-II

𝒋𝝎 … . . 𝟐𝟑. 𝒃
𝑽𝑺 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳
Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul
 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Frequency-Domain Inductive-Capacitive
Coupling Model
 The final result can be written as

𝑽𝑵𝑬
𝒋𝝎 𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑫
𝑵𝑬 𝑴𝑪𝑨𝑷
𝑵𝑬 … . . 𝟐𝟒. 𝒂
𝑽𝑺

𝑽𝑭𝑬
𝒋𝝎 𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑫
𝑭𝑬 𝑴𝑪𝑨𝑷
𝑭𝑬 … . . 𝟐𝟒. 𝒃
𝑽𝑺
Where
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑳𝒎
𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑫
𝑵𝑬 … . . 𝟐𝟓. 𝒂
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳

𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑳 𝑪𝒎
𝑴𝑪𝑨𝑷
𝑵𝑬 … . . 𝟐𝟓. 𝒃
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳

𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑳𝒎
𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑫
𝑭𝑬 … . . 𝟐𝟓. 𝒄
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑳 𝑪𝒎
𝑴𝑪𝑨𝑷 … . . 𝟐𝟓. 𝒅
2023-24-II

𝑭𝑬
𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝑳
Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul
 Lecture 23: Crosstalk Approximate Model Prof. M. J. Akhtar
EE 644A – EMI/EMC Techniques

Frequency-Domain Inductive-Capacitive Coupling Model

 The inductive coupling dominates the capacitive coupling in the near-end crosstalk voltage in (24.a)

𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑫
𝑵𝑬 𝑴𝑪𝑨𝑷
𝑵𝑬 𝒊𝒇 𝑳𝒎 /𝑪𝒎 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑳

 The inductive coupling dominates the capacitive coupling in the far-end crosstalk voltage in (24.b)
𝑙 𝑙 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑴𝑰𝑵𝑫
𝑭𝑬 𝑴𝑪𝑨𝑷
𝑭𝑬 𝒊𝒇 𝑳𝒎 /𝑪𝒎 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑳 𝐿
𝑙 𝑙
… . . 5. 𝑎 𝐶 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 … . . 5. 𝑏

1 0 𝐿𝐶 𝐶𝐿 𝜇𝜖𝐼 … . 8
𝐼 .. 9
0 1
𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑭𝑬 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑵𝑬 𝑹𝑳
𝟏 … . . 𝟐𝟔. 𝒂 𝟏 … . . 𝟐𝟔. 𝒃 𝒍𝒎 𝒍𝑮 𝒍𝑹
𝑳𝒎 /𝑪𝒎 𝒁𝑪𝑮 𝒁𝑪𝑹 𝑳𝒎 /𝑪𝒎 𝒁𝑪𝑮 𝒁𝑪𝑹 ≡ ≡
𝒄𝒎 𝒄𝑮 𝒄𝒎 𝒄𝑮 𝒄𝒎
 Inductive coupling dominates capacitive coupling for
 The characteristic impedances of each circuit in the presence of the termination impedances that are low impedances (with
other circuit are defined by respect to the circuit characteristic impedance). Similarly,
capacitive coupling dominates inductive coupling for
𝒍𝑮 𝒍𝑹 termination impedances that are high impedances (with
2023-24-II

𝒁𝑪𝑮 … . . 𝟐𝟕. 𝒂 𝒁𝑪𝑹 … . . 𝟐𝟕. 𝒃

𝒄𝑮 𝒄𝒎 𝒄𝑹 𝒄𝒎 respect to the circuit characteristic impedance).
Ref. Electromagnetic Compatibility by C. R. Paul