The naming of copyrighted trademarks in this manual, even when not specially indicated, should not

Notes:
be taken to mean that these names may be considered as free in the sense of the trademark and
tradename protection law and hence that they may be freely used by anyone.

© 2015 Hirschmann Automation and Control GmbH

Manuals and software are protected by copyright. All rights reserved. The copying, reproduction,
translation, conversion into any electronic medium or machine scannable form is not permitted, either
in whole or in part. An exception is the preparation of a backup copy of the software for your own
use. For devices with embedded software, the end-user license agreement on the enclosed CD/DVD
applies.

The performance features described here are binding only if they have been expressly agreed when
the contract was made. This document was produced by Hirschmann Automation and Control GmbH
according to the best of the company's knowledge. Hirschmann reserves the right to change the
contents of this document without prior notice. Hirschmann can give no guarantee in respect of the
correctness or accuracy of the information in this document.

Hirschmann can accept no responsibility for damages, resulting from the use of the network
components or the associated operating software. In addition, we refer to the conditions of use
specified in the license contract.

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Tel.: +49 1805 141538

1
 Notes:
 The IP address has a fixed length of 4 bytes. These 4 bytes are subdivided into
the network ID and the host ID. The network and host IDs have variable sizes,
defined by the network mask. The set bits ("1") of the network mask indicate
the network ID; non-set bits ("0") indicate the host ID.

 Always the netmask belongs to the IP address!

 All existing terminal devices are in a network if they are physically

interconnected (linked by hubs/switches) and the network IDs and network
masks of all devices are identical.

 To reach all the hosts in a network, one IP address is reserved for broadcast.
At this address all bits of the host ID are set ("1").

 The IANA (www.iana.org) is responsible for the administration of the IP

addresses and delivered the allocation to three regional organizations.

 To check a connection on layer 3 the “ping” operation of the ICMP (Internet

Control Message Protocol) can be used:

ping <ip address> [-t]

The extension “-t” creates an endless ping, to be stopped by ctrl+c.

2
 Notes:
 The original class allocation of the IP addresses only planned for three address
classes to be used by the users. Since 1992, five classes of IP address have
been defined in the RFC 1340.

 Class C with a maximum of 254 addresses was too small, and class B with a
maximum of 65534 addresses was too large for most users, as they would
never require so many addresses. This resulted in ineffective usage of the
class B addresses available.

 The Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) provides a solution to these

problems. The CIDR overcomes these class boundaries and supports
classless address ranges. With CIDR, you enter the number of bits that
designate the IP address range. You represent the IP address range in binary
form and count the mask bits that designate the network mask. The network
mask indicates the number of bits that are identical for all IP addresses, the
network part, in a given address range.

 The combination of a number of class C address ranges is known as

“supernetting”.

 You can also subdivide for example class B address ranges to a very fine
degree. This is called “subnetting”

3
 Notes:
 While IP devices in the same LAN are able to communication directly, a
Router is necessary if two IP devices from to two different IP networks want to
communicate.

 A router is used to connect two or more LANs (physical or Virtual LANs). Via
the used transport technology like Ethernet an IP packet is transmitted to the
router. Based in the destination IP address in the IP packet the router forwards
the IP packet in direction to the destination. By default a router will not forward
a Broadcast. So the router is the border of a Broadcast Domain (= LAN).

·
Router interconecta subredes
·
se realiza a través de una tabla de enrutamiento
·
Enrutamiento lógico
· Router equipo frontera de dominios broadcast

4
 Notes:
 A Layer-3 Switch combine the functions of switch with the routing functions of
Layer 3.

 To divide the physical ports of the switch from other, typically VLANs are used.
Internally the a VLAN is mapped to a router interface. Today's chips supports
the switching function as well as routing functions.

5
 Notes:
 The Routing Table contains all necessary information for an IP device to
forward IP packets in the direction to the destination IP device. These IP
devices can be router as well as end devices.

 The routing table contains the information via which local interface an IP
network is located. If one or more IP networks are connected locally the IP
device automatically creates the necessary routing entries. If an IP network is
reachable via an additional router the information of the Gateway / Next Hop
for this entry is needed. Therefore the IP address of the next router is added to
the routing entry, mainly used for the address resolution via ARP.

 Not directly connected IP networks needs to be added manually to the routing

table or by using routing protocols a router can learn these networks from the
neighbor routers.

 If a Default Gateway is configured automatically a routing entry will be created.

For the IP network the network IP address 0.0.0.0 with the netmask 0.0.0.0 is
used. This entry combines all existing IP addresses to one IP network
(Supernetting).

6
 Notes:
 Most routing protocols use algorithms and metrics which are not compatible
with each other. While these protocols can run in parallel, a router needs to
decide which route it should use for forwarding IP packets.

 The Administrative Preference according to the RFC 1812 is a simple

prioritization mechanism for routers to select the best route out of two or more
routes to the destination from different routing protocols. The Administrative
Preference defines the reliability of a routing information.

 This preference value is an integer in the range 0 to 255, with zero being the
most preferred and 254 being the least preferred. 255 is a special value that
means that the route should never be used.

7
 Notes:
 The decision to forward IP packets bases on the destination IP address in the
IP packet. Therefore the destination IP address is compared with IP networks
of the local routing table.

 If more than one entry for forwarding an IP packet can be used, the most exact
entry will be used.

 In the above example Router 1 should forward an IP packet to the destination

IP address 172.16.0.15. For this address the Router can use the following
routing entries:
 172.16.0.0/24
 0.0.0.0/0
Both network addresses covers an IP address range that cover the IP address
172.16.0.15 . Because the entry 172.16.0.0/24 is more specific, the router will
use this one to forward the IP packet.

 If a router has no entry in its routing table to forward an IP packet, the router
will discard this packet and informs the source with the ICMP message
“Destination Network not reachable”.

8
 Notes:
 Static routes are user-defined routes which the router uses to transmit data
from one subnet to another.

 The user specifies to which router (next hop) the data for a particular subnet
needs to be forwarded.

 Static routes are kept in a table which is permanently stored in the Switch.
Compared to dynamic routing protocols, the disadvantage is the increased
workload in configuring the static routes. Static routing is therefore suited to
very small networks or to selected areas of larger networks. Static routing
makes the routes transparent for the administrator and can be easily
configured in small networks.

 Via the Preference of static routes can be prioritized. If the static routes to the
same network has different Preferences the router will use the static route with
the lower Preference. If static routes to the same network have the same
Preference, then the router will use both routes and offers the possibility to
share the load if provided by the router.