INTRODUCTION TO

PHYSIOLOGY AND
HOMEOSTASIS
Dr. Ahad Memon
Assistant Professor
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JSMU
 Anatomy and Physiology
•Two branches of science—anatomy and
physiology—provide the foundation for understanding the
body’s pa s and functions.
•Anatomy is the science of body structures and the
relationships among them.
•Physiology is the science of body functions—how the
body pa s work.
•Structure and function are so closely related. For example:
•The walls of the air sacs in the lungs are ve thin, permitting
rapid movement of inhaled oxygen into the blood.
•The lining of the urina bladder is much thicker to prevent
the escape of urine into the pelvic cavity, yet its construction
allows for considerable stretching.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL

ORGANIZATION
 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL

ORGANIZATION
•The chemical level
•Atoms, the smallest units of matter that pa icipate in
chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms
joined together.
•Cells
•The basic structural and functional units of an organism.
•Tissues
•Groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances
surrounding them that usually arise from a common
ancestor and pe orm ce ain special functions.
 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL

•Tissues
ORGANIZATION
•Groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances
surrounding them that usually arise from
ancestor and pe orm ce ain special functions.a common
•There are just four basic types of tissues in your body:
epithelial tissue,
ne ous tissue. connective tissue, muscular tissue, and
•Epithelial tissue covers body su aces, lines hollow organs
and cavities, and forms glands.
•Connective tissue connects, suppo s, and protects body
organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.
•Muscular tissue contracts to make body pa s move and
generates heat.
•Ne ous tissue carries information from one pa of the
body to another through ne e impulses
 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL

•Organs
ORGANIZATION
•At the organ level di erent types of tissues are joined
together.
•organs are structures that are composed of two or more
di erent types of tissues; they have specific functions and
usually have recognizable shapes.
•The stomach’s outer covering is a layer of epithelial tissue
and connective tissue that reduces friction when the stomach
moves and rubs against other organs. Underneath are three
layers of a type of muscular tissue called smooth muscle
tissue, which contracts to churn and mix food and then push
it into the next digestive organ, the small intestine. The
innermost lining is an epithelial tissue layer that produces
fluid and chemicals responsible for digestion in the stomach.
 LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL

•Systems
ORGANIZATION
•related organs that have a common function.
•An example of the system level, also called the organ
system level, is the digestive system, which breaks down
and absorbs food. Its organs include the mouth, saliva
glands, pha nx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas.
•The human organism
•a collection of structurally and functionally integrated
systems; any living individual.
11 Systems

Skeletal
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Ne ous
Endocrine
Integument
Respirato
Digestive
Urina
Lymphatic /
Immune
Reproductive
Skeletal System
Structure Function
Bones, ca ilage, ligaments and •Suppo .
joints •Provides basis for
movement.
•Protection
•Hematopoiesis =
Formation of red
blood cells happens
within long bones.
•Mineral storage.
 Muscular System
Structure Function
Skeletal muscles. Although muscle
is found in other systems •Muscles contract
(sho en) and
provide movement.
•Suppo .
•Heat production
 Cardiovascular System
Structure Function
Hea and blood vessels. •Uses blood as the
. carrier of nutrients,
wastes and gasses
•Carries White Blood
Cells and chemicals
that protect the body
•Hea acts as a pump
Lymphatic / Immune System
Structure
Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Function
spleen tonsils, thymus, bone
marrow, •Recovers uids for
tissue drainage
•Cleans the blood
•Houses cells that
are involved in
immunity
Ner vous System
Structure Function
Brain,senso
spinalreceptors
cord, ne es,
•Responds to
external and
internal signals
•Coordinates
activities of
other organ
systems.
Endocrine System
Structure Function
Pituita , Thyroid, Parathyroid,
Adrenals, Thymus, Pancreas, •Directs long-
Pineal, Ova and Testes. term changes
using hormones.
•Growth,
•Reproduction
•Food Use.
Integumentar ySystem
Structure
Skin (largest organ) and Function
temperature, pressure and pain
receptors. •Protect,
•Cushion
•Waterproof
s
•Excretes
salt and
urea
•Regulates
temperature.
Respirator ySystem
Structure Function
Nasal passage, pha nx, la nx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs •Delive of
air to sites
where gas
exchange
takes place
Digestive System
Structure Function
•oral cavity, Processing food, absorption of
organic nutrients, minerals
•esophagus vitamins and water
•stomach
•small
•large
intestines
•rectum
•liver
•pancreas
Urinar ySystem
Structure Function
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
•Excretes nitrogen-
containing waste
(forms when
protein is broken
down) Urea and
Uric Acid
•Maintains water
and salt balance
•Controls pH of the
blood
Reproductive System
Structure Function
•M=Testes Production of sex cells and
hormones to produce o spring.
(produce sperm
), Scrotum, Penis
accesso
glands and duct
system
•F=Ova
Produce eggs),
Uterine tubes,
Uterus, Vagina
8 Life Functions
•isBoundaries:
separate Inside
from
•chemical
Metabolism: All
reactions in
outside…eve cell the
the body.
DigestiveDepends
and on
has a membrane. Respirato
nutrients andsystems
oxygen for
•move
Movement:
and ourWefood but it is regulated by
moves through us. the hormones
Endocrine system. of the
•Sense
Responsiveness:
changes and
•waste
Excretion: Removing
react. •Production
Reproduction:of o spring
•down
Digestion:
of foodBreaking
to be •size.
Growth: Increase in
absorbed by blood.
 HOMEOSTASIS
•Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium (balance)
in the body’s internal environment due to the constant
interaction of the body’s many regulato processes.
•In response to changing conditions, the body’s
equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range
that is compatible with maintaining life.
•For example, the level of glucose in blood normally
stays between 70 and 110 milligrams of glucose per
100 milliliters of blood.
•Each structure, from the cellular level to the system
level, contributes in some way to keeping the internal
environment of the body within normal limits.
Homeostasis and Body
Fluids
•The uid within cells is intracellular uid, abbreviated ICF.
fl fl
•The uid outside body cells is extracellular fluid,
fl
abbreviated ECF. The ECF that fills the narrow spaces
between cells of tissues is known as interstitial fluid.
•ECF di ers depending on where it occurs in the body:
•ECF within blood vessels is termed blood plasma, within
lymphatic vessels it is called lymph, in and around the
brain and spinal cord it is known as cerebrospinal fluid, in
joints it is referred to as synovial fluid, and the ECF of the
eyes is called aqueous humor and vitreous body.
•The proper functioning of body cells depends on precise
regulation of the composition of the interstitial fluid
surrounding them. Because of this, interstitial fluid is
often called the body’s internal environment.
Feedback Systems
•A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of
events in which the status of a body condition is
monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored,
reevaluated, and so on.
•Each monitored variable, such as body temperature,
blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed a
controlled condition.
•Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is
called a stimulus.
•A feedback system includes three basic components: a
receptor, a control center, and an e ector
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
SYSTEMS
•A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled
condition and It always reduces the original stimulus.
•Eg: BP control, Sugar level control and temperature regulation.
•Consider the regulation of blood pressure. Blood pressure (BP) is
the force
blood exe
vessels. ed by
When blood
the heaas it presses
beats against
faster or the
harder,walls
BP of
increases.
pressure If some
(controlled internal or
condition) external
to rise.stimulus causes
Baroreceptors blood
(Receptor) ,
pressure-sensitive
blood vessels, ne
detect e
the cells
higherlocated in
pressure. the walls
The of ce ain
baroreceptors
send ne
interprets e
theimpulses
impulses(input)
and to the
responds brain
by (control
sending center),
ne e which
impulses
Hea rate (output)
decreasesto the
and hea
blood and blood
vessels vessels
dilate (the
(widen), e ectors).
which
cause
quicklyBP to
returns decrease
the (response).
controlled This sequence
condition—blood of events
pressure—to
normal, and homeostasis is restored
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
SYSTEMS
•It always exaggerate the original stimulus.
•The
time control
the e center
ector still
producesprovides
a commands
physiological to an
response e ector,
that but
adds this
to or
reinforces the initial change in the controlled condition.
•Eg: Heat stroke, child bi h and blood clotting
•Inpush
casepaof ofNormal
the childbi
fetus into h,
thethe
ce first contractions of labor (stimulus)
ix, the lowest pa of the uterus,
which
monitor opens
the into
amount the vagina.
of Stretch-sensitive
stretching of the ce ix ne e cells
(controlled (receptors)
condition).
(input) to As
the stretching
brain (controlincreases,
center), they send
which in more
turn ne e
releases impulses
the
hormone oxytocin
inThethecontractions (output)
wall of the uterus (e into
ector)theto blood. Oxytocin
contract even causes
more muscles
forcefully.
stretches the ce push
ix eventhe fetus
more. fa
The her
cycledown
of the uterus,
stretching, which
hormone
release, and
biis noh oflonger ever-stronger
the baby. Then, contractions
stretching of the is
ceinterrupted
ix ceases only
and by the
oxytocin
released
Thank You