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Channel Models and Mitigation PDF

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Channel Models and Mitigation PDF

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kiraethio21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 2

Mobile Radio Channel Modeling


and Mitigations

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2.1 Wireless channel models and signal
propagations

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Signal Losses due to three Effects:

2. Medium Scale
Fading: due to
shadowing and
3. Small Scale
obstacles
Fading: due to
multipath

1. Large Scale
Fading: due to
distance

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Wireless Channel
Frequencies of Interest: in the UHF (.3GHz – 3GHz) and SHF (3GHz – 30 GHz)
bands;
Several Effects:
• Path Loss due to dissipation of energy: it depends on distance only
• Shadowing due to obstacles such as buildings, trees, walls. Is caused by
absorption, reflection, scattering …
• Self-Interference due to Multipath.

Prec
10 log10
Ptransm

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log10 distance
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Empirical Models
• Okumura model
– Empirically based (site/freq specific)
– Awkward (uses graphs)

• Hata model
– Analytical approximation to Okumura model

• Cost 136 Model:


– Extends Hata model to higher frequency (2 GHz)

• Walfish/Bertoni:
Commonly used intocellular
– Cost 136 extension system simulations
include diffraction from rooftops
• Okumura model: Valid for signal prediction in urban area
• Applicable for 150 MHz - 1920 MHz; distance of 1km to
100 km; and BS antenna height from 30m to 1km.
• The 50th percentile (median) value of the propagation loss,
L50 in dB is give by

• Where all terms are in dB and


• LF is the free space propagation loss
• Amu is the median attenuation relative to free space
• G(hte) and G(hre): BS and MS antennas height gain factors
• GAREA is the gain due to the type of environment (open, quasi
open, or suburban)

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• Hate model: Is an empirical formulation of the graphical
path-loss data provided by Okumura
• Valid from 150 MHz – 1500 MHz
• The median path-loss in urban area is given by

• Where all terms are in dB and

• fc is the frequency (in MHz) from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz


• hte is effective transmitter (BS) antenna height, in 30m-200m range
• hre is effective receiver (mobile) antenna height, in 1-10 m range
• d is the T-R separation distance (in Km)
• a(hre) is correction factor for effective mobile antenna height
which is a function of the size of coverage area
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Small-Scale Fading
 Rapid fluctuations of radio signal amplitude, phase, or delays

 Occurs in short time period or short travel distance.

 Large-scale path loss effects can be ignored.

 Caused by arrival of two or more waves from the source


combining at the receiver.

 Resultant detected signal varies widely in amplitudes and


phase.

 Bandwidth of transmitted signal is important factor.


Small-scale Multipath fading: System Design

• Wireless communication typically happens at very high


carrier frequency. (eg. fc = 900 MHz or 1.9 GHz for cellular)

• Multipath fading due to constructive and destructive


interference of the transmitted waves.

• Channel varies when mobile moves a distance of the order of


the carrier wavelength. This is about 0.3 m for 900 MHz
cellular.

• For vehicular speeds, this translates to channel variation of the


order of 100 Hz.
Coherent bandwidth
• Analogous to the delay spread parameters in the time domain,
coherence bandwidth is used to characterize the channel in the
frequency domain.
• Coherence bandwidth is a statistical measure of the range of
frequencies over which the channel can be considered flat.
• Two sinusoids with frequency separation greater than Bc are
affected quite differently by the channel.

f1

Receiver
f2

Multipath Channel Frequency Separation: |f1-f2|


Doppler Shift
Doppler shift
• Say a mobile phone moving at velocity v km/hr in the x direction and
the radio wave impinging on the receiver at an angle βk

• The motion introduces a Doppler frequency shift,


fk = vcos βk/λ

• If the ray is directed opposite to the mobile’s motion (β=0), then


fk=v/λ

• The frequency of the signal has increased by the Doppler spread, f k


Doppler Spread
• Measure of spectral broadening caused by motion, the time
rate of change of the mobile radio channel, and is
defined as the range of frequencies over which the
received Doppler spectrum is essentially non-zero.
• We know how to compute Doppler shift: fd
• Doppler spread, BD, is defined as the maximum
Doppler shift: fm = v/l
• If the baseband signal bandwidth is much less than
BD then effect of Doppler spread is negligible at the
receiver.
Coherence Time
• Delay spread and Coherence bandwidth describe
the time dispersive nature of the channel in a local
area.
• They don’t offer information about the time varying
nature of the channel caused by relative motion of
transmitter and receiver.

• Doppler Spread and Coherence time are parameters which


describe the time varying nature of the channel in a small-
scale region.
Types of Small-scale Fading
Small-scale Fading
(Based on Multipath Tİme Delay Spread)

Flat Fading Frequency Selective Fading

1. BW Signal < BW of Channel 1. BW Signal > Bw of Channel


2. Delay Spread < Symbol Period 2. Delay Spread > Symbol Period

Small-scale Fading
(Based on Doppler Spread)

Fast Fading Slow Fading

1. Low Doppler Spread


1. High Doppler Spread
2. Coherence Time > Symbol Period
2. Coherence Time < Symbol Period
3. Channel variations smaller than baseband
3. Channel variations faster than baseband
signal variations
signal variations
Mitigation Techniques for fading channel

• Radio channel is dynamic because of multipath fading and


Doppler spread
• Fading cause the signal at the receiver to degrade
• How to improve link performance in hostile mobile

environments?
• Mitigation techniques: Channel equalization, diversity, spread
spectrum, interleaving, channel coding, …

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Introduction

• To improve received signal quality in


hostile mobile radio environment, we need
• Equalization
• Diversity
• Channel coding, …
• Each can be used independently or in
tandem 55
Introduction - Equalization

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