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L Technical Systems

An Introduction to
Digital Communications
Student Workbook
CT02 Volume 3
MT211/A

© LJ Technical Systems LJ Technical Systems Ltd. LJ Technical Systems Inc.

This publication is copyright and no part Francis Way 85, Corporate Drive, Holtsville,
of it may be adapted or reproduced in Bowthorpe Industrial Estate 11742-2007, New York, USA.
any material form except with the prior
written permission of LJ Technical Systems.
Norwich. NR5 9JA. England Telephone: (631) 758 1616
Telephone: (01603) 748001 Fax: (631) 758 1788
Issue Number: MT211/A Fax: (01603) 746340
Written by: LJ Technical Publications Dept.
CT02 Volume 3 An Introduction to Digital Communications
Student Workbook About this Student Workbook

About this Student Workbook

Introduction
This Student Workbook has been designed to provide you with a record of your
learning and achievement. It provides you with grids on which to draw sketches
and spaces to record results, as you work through the practical exercises in the
Curriculum Manual.

LJ Technical Systems 1
An Introduction to Digital Communications CT02 Volume 3
About this Student Workbook Student Workbook

2 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 The MODICOM 3 PCM Transmitter
Student Workbook Chapter 2

Chapter 2
The MODICOM 3 PCM Transmitter

2.14 Practical Exercise

The superimposed waveforms measured at tp5 and tp14 are:

Each sample lasts for ................................................................................................

LJ Technical Systems 3
The MODICOM 3 PCM Transmitter CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 2 Student Workbook

2.16 Practical Exercise

Description of the waveforms at tp5 and tp6 is ........................................................

Explanation: ..............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

4 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 The MODICOM 3 PCM Transmitter
Student Workbook Chapter 2

2.19 Investigation of Quantization

The Range of voltage amplitude for the DC signal (DC1) is ...................................

When starting from 0V (1000000), the following digital values are achieved for
the DC levels listed:

DC Input D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
+Max
+5V
+4V
+3V
+2V
+1V
0V 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1V
-2V
-3V
-4V
-5V
- Max
Table 2

LJ Technical Systems 5
The MODICOM 3 PCM Transmitter CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 2 Student Workbook

D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
+Max
+5V
+4V
+3V
+2V
+1V
0V 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
-1V
-2V
-3V
-4V
-5V
- Max
Table 3

6 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 The MODICOM 3 PCM Transmitter
Student Workbook Chapter 2

2.21 Practical Exercise

Sketches of waveforms at tp5, tp6 and tp7.

Comparing the waveforms at tp5 (CH0 Sample) and tp7 (SC, the Start Conversion
control signal for the A/D converter IC) we find that:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

LJ Technical Systems 7
The MODICOM 3 PCM Transmitter CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 2 Student Workbook

Again, comparing the waveform at tp6 (CH1 Sample) with that at tp7 we find:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

2.23 Practical Exercise

Observations of MODICOM 3/1 in SLOW MODE:

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

8 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 The MODICOM 3 PCM Transmitter
Student Workbook Chapter 2

2.25 Practical Exercise

The expected duration of the timing frame in fast mode is ......................................

The waveform at tp4 is:

LJ Technical Systems 9
The MODICOM 3 PCM Transmitter CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 2 Student Workbook

2.26 Practical Exercise

Comparison of waveforms at tp3 (transmit Clock pulses) and tp9 (Shift/Load

signal for Shift Register):

Explanation of waveform comparisons:

10 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 The MODICOM 3 PCM Receiver
Student Workbook Chapter 3

Chapter 3
The MODICOM 3 PCM Receiver

3.1 The Essential Features of a PCM System

The essential PCM Transmitter processes are:..........................................................

LJ Technical Systems 11
The MODICOM 3 PCM Receiver CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 3 Student Workbook

3.19 Practical Exercise

In bit 0 time period, the data displayed on the receiver Shift Register LED’s
represents data from Channel ...................................................................................

Explanation ...............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

For the next clock cycle (bit 1), each particular combination of LED’s can be
explained as follows: .................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

For the bit 8 clock cycle, each particular combination of LED’s can be explained
as follows:..................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

For the bit 9 period, each particular combination of LED’s can be explained as
follows: ......................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Channel 1 sample should be latched into the next receiver process at the following
bit time: .....................................................................................................................

This can be explained as follows: .............................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

12 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 The MODICOM 3 PCM Receiver
Student Workbook Chapter 3

3.22 Practical Exercise

Digital To Analog Conversion

DIGITAL CODE MEASURED VOLTAGE

1111111
1110011
1100110
1011001
1001101
1000000
0110011
0100110
0011001
0001100
0000000

Compare your completed table with Table 2 and Table 3 in which you filled in
during Practical Exercise 2.19. Do you results agree with those obtained in
Practical Exercise 2.19 for A/D conversion? ...........................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Assuming a difference of approximately 10V between the maximum measured

voltage (corresponding to the digital code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) and the minimum
measured voltage (corresponding to the code 0 0 0 0 0 0 0), what is the
quantization step size:.........................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

LJ Technical Systems 13
The MODICOM 3 PCM Receiver CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 3 Student Workbook

3.24 Practical Exercise

Explanation of waveform observed at tp30:..............................................................

Waveforms obtained by monitoring tp50, tp30 and tp32: ........................................

14 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 The MODICOM 3 PCM Receiver
Student Workbook Chapter 3

CH0
Sampling
Pulse
(test point 50)

Output from
D/A Converter 0V
(test point 30)

Waveform on
0V
test point 32

Figure 58

The shape if the waveform at tp32 can be explained as follows:

Amplitude:.................................................................................................................
Frequency ..................................................................................................................
Delay: ........................................................................................................................

The CH.1 sample waveform (tp51) coincides with the PAM pulses for:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

LJ Technical Systems 15
The MODICOM 3 PCM Receiver CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 3 Student Workbook

Waveform at tp36, Receiver CH.1 demodulated waveform.

Amplitude: .................................................................................................................
Frequency...................................................................................................................
Delay:.........................................................................................................................

Notes:
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

16 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 Synchronization In PCM Systems
Student Workbook Chapter 4

Chapter 4
Synchronization In PCM Systems

4.3 Practical Exercise

With the Transmit Clock and the Data signal connected between the Transmitter
and Receiver then the Output signal from the Receiver (on tp36 is):
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

When the 1kHz amplitude control is varied the output signal (on tp36):
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Explanation of what has happened to the signals:

LJ Technical Systems 17
Synchronization In PCM Systems CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 4 Student Workbook

When the Transmitter T0 signal is additionally connected to the Receiver then the
input and output waveforms for the system are:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Under these conditions varying the amplitude of the 1kHz input signal:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

18 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 Synchronization In PCM Systems
Student Workbook Chapter 4

4.4 Practical Exercise

With the Transmitter Sync. Code Generator switched on the following signal
changes occur at tp36:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

With both the Transmitter Sync. Code Generator and the Receiver Sync. Code
Detector switched on, the following signal changes occur at tp36:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

With synchronization correctly implemented between Transmitter and Receiver,

switching the Transmitter Sync. Code Generator off causes:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

This is because:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Again, when both synchronization circuits are correctly switched on then

synchronization is:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

LJ Technical Systems 19
Synchronization In PCM Systems CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 4 Student Workbook

4.5 Practical Exercise

Occurrence of high Logic Level at

level on Tx T0 Output test point 42
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Table 6 Pseudo-Random Code Pattern (for reference only)

The pattern identified is: ...........................................................................................

20 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 Synchronization In PCM Systems
Student Workbook Chapter 4

4.7 Practical Exercise

With the Transmitter Clock signal (TX CLOCK OUTPUT) disconnected from the
Receiver’s RX CLOCK INPUT, then the signal at tp36 is:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Under these conditions the signal at tp49 of MODICOM 3/2 (Data Latch Strobe)
is: ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

4.8 Practical Exercise

With the VCO frequency correctly adjusted and the Receiver accurately
regeneratring the Clock signal, then adjusting the amplitude of the simulated input
signal (DC1) has the following effect on the Clock Frequency:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

The reason for this is:

LJ Technical Systems 21
Synchronization In PCM Systems CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 4 Student Workbook

The least number of transitions present on the data output at tp44 of the
Transmitter will occur when DC1 is adjusted to:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

With the Transmitter SYNC. CODE GENERATOR switched off, the Clock signal
at tp46 loses synchronization when DC1 amplitude control is:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

The reason for this is:

The reason why the regenerated clock signal does not lose synchronization when
DC1 is turned fully clockwise is:
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

22 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 Synchronization In PCM Systems
Student Workbook Chapter 4

4.9 Practical Exercise

The output of the exclusive-or gate will be:..............................................................

The output of the exclusive-or gate this time is: .......................................................

1
A
0

A
O/P
B
1
B
0

O/P

Figure 73

Case 1 (Figure 71) ....................................................................................................

Case 2 (Figure 72) ....................................................................................................

Case 3 (Figure 73) ....................................................................................................

LJ Technical Systems 23
Synchronization In PCM Systems CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 4 Student Workbook

When the input to the CLOCK GENERATION CIRCUIT is disconnected, the

VCO output waveform at tp5: ...................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

The voltage at tp7, which is the input signal to the Voltage Controlled Oscillator,
is approximately: .......................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

When Switched Fault 1 is switched on at the receiver the Clock signal from the
VCO becomes:...........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

24 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 Error Detection and Correction
Student Workbook Chapter 5

Chapter 5
Error Detection and Correction

5.4 Practical Exercise

Case A/D Converter Error Check Data Latch D/A Converter Input
Output Code Generator output (MODICOM 3/2)
Output (MODICOM 3/2)
a 0001000
b 0001001
c 0101101
d 0101100
e 1010000
f 1010001
g 1110000
Table 7

In analyzing the data in Table 7, is there ever an odd number of logic "1"s in any
transmitted 7-bit word? ............................................................................................

If there is an odd number of logic '1's in bits D6 to D1 of the output from the A/D
CONVERTER, what value (0 or 1) does the ERROR CHECK CODE
GENERATOR insert in the LSB bit position? .........................................................

LJ Technical Systems 25
Error Detection and Correction CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 5 Student Workbook

Why do you think that the LSB has been used as the parity bit instead of one of the
more significant bits? ................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

The table below shows codes for the A/D CONVERTER output LEDs. Set up
these codes, and complete Table 8 for each code, this time using odd parity.

Is the data on the input to the D/A CONVERTER on MODICOM 3/2 the same for
both odd and even parity cases? ...............................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Would you say that there are any significant advantages or disadvantages in using
odd parity rather than even parity (or vice-versa) in an error detection system?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

26 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 Error Detection and Correction
Student Workbook Chapter 5

5.5 Practical Exercise

With even parity selected on both boards, significant degradation of the receiver
output signal (at tp33):

is/is not* apparent.

* Delete whichever does not apply.

With the conditions described above, and with Switched Fault 2 on the transmitter
active, significant degradation of the receiver output signal at tp33):

is/is not* apparent.

* Delete whichever does not apply.

Is the PARITY ERROR LED, in the ERROR DETECTION/CORRECTION

LOGIC block of the receiver, on or off? ...................................................................

This indicates that:.....................................................................................................

LJ Technical Systems 27
Error Detection and Correction CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 5 Student Workbook

5.7 Practical Exercise

Results:

With the Hamming Code selected at transmitter and receiver, and therefore only 4
Bits used to represent the information signal, then there is:

serious/no serious* degradatoin of the received output signal.

* Delete whichever does not apply.

Now, with the Hamming code selected, varying the amplitude setting of the
transmitter input signal (the 2kHz sinewave) produces a received output signal
which:

does/does not* vary exactly with the input signal.

* Delete whichever does not apply.

The reason for this is: ................................................................................................

5.9 Practical Exercise

28 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 Error Detection and Correction
Student Workbook Chapter 5

5.10 Practical Exercise

The binary code on the Error Check Code Generator LEDs is:
...................................................................................................................................

Does this agree with your findings in the above example?

...................................................................................................................................

With the DC1 amplitude varied to give quantized values between 1101000 to
1101111, then the changes in the output of the Error Check Code Generator are:
...................................................................................................................................

Complete the table below for the values given.

Work out the expected results first, and then check your answers by varying the
DC1 amplitude in order to obtain the relevant codes in the Error Check Code
Generator block of MODICOM 3/1.

Expected Results Check On

MODICOM 3/1
D6 D5 D4 D3 C2 C1 C0
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 YES
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
Table 9

LJ Technical Systems 29
Error Detection and Correction CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 5 Student Workbook

5.11 Practical Exercise

Case 3 passed, meaning that D6, D4, D3 and C0 must be valid values. In the two
cases that failed (Cases 1 and 2), which is the only bit common to both (other than
D6, which we know is correct from Case 3)?
...................................................................................................................................

Data Received Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Bit In Output from A/D

D6D5D4C2 D6D5D3C1 D6D4D3C0 Error Converter (D6-D3)
0101011 FAIL FAIL PASS D5 0001011
0110001
1101101
1101001
Table 10

30 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 Error Detection and Correction
Student Workbook Chapter 5

5.12 Practical Exercise

With Switched Fault 2 on the Transmitter activated and Hamming Code selected
at transmitter and receiver, the receiver output waveform changes from a distorted
waveform to: .............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

The Receiver ERROR DETECTION/CORRECTION block is indicating an error

on bit: ........................................................................................................................

CASE 1 D6 D5 D4 C2 .........................................................................................

CASE 2 D6 D5 D3 C1 .........................................................................................

CASE 3 D6 D4 D3 C0 .........................................................................................

If there were two bits in each 7-bit word that had been corrupted by the
transmission system after the Hamming coding process had taken place, would the
Hamming error detection/correction logic be able to detect and correct neither, one
or both errors? ..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

LJ Technical Systems 31
Error Detection and Correction CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 5 Student Workbook

32 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 System Troubleshooting
Student Workbook Chapter 6

Chapter 6
System Troubleshooting

Notes:
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

LJ Technical Systems 33
System Troubleshooting CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 6 Student Workbook

6.4 MODICOM 3/1 Switched Faults

Record your results for the faults on the Transmitter board in the table below:

Switched Fault 1 Symptoms of Fault ________________________________

________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Probable Fault ___________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Switched Fault 2 Symptoms of Fault ________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Probable Fault ___________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Switched Fault 3 Symptoms of Fault ________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Probable Fault ___________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Switched Fault 4 Symptoms of Fault ________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Probable Fault ___________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

Table 12

34 LJ Technical Systems
CT02 Volume 3 System Troubleshooting
Student Workbook Chapter 6

6.5 MODICOM 3/2 Switched Faults

Record your results for the faults on the Transmitter board in the table below:

Switched Fault 1 Symptoms of Fault ________________________________

Table 13

LJ Technical Systems 35
System Troubleshooting CT02 Volume 3
Chapter 6 Student Workbook

36 LJ Technical Systems

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