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Lab Manual 5

The document describes modeling a frequency relay in MATLAB Simulink to protect an electrical power system from over-frequency and under-frequency conditions. Students are tasked with implementing a frequency relay in Simulink using blocks like integrators, gain, comparators and counters. They must then modify the relay to accept adjustable frequency limits, time delay and reset inputs.

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Muhammad Ans
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views

Lab Manual 5

The document describes modeling a frequency relay in MATLAB Simulink to protect an electrical power system from over-frequency and under-frequency conditions. Students are tasked with implementing a frequency relay in Simulink using blocks like integrators, gain, comparators and counters. They must then modify the relay to accept adjustable frequency limits, time delay and reset inputs.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ans
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Roll No.

______________________ Section: __________________ Date: ____________________

Power System Protection


Lab Session 5

Modeling of Over-Frequency & Under-Frequency Relay

Objectives:
At the end of this lab session students will be able to
 Understand the working of frequency relay.
 Model frequency relay in Matlab Simulink.

5.0 Introduction
Frequency variations in the system occur due to the variation in the prime mover
speed. In a large inter-connected stable system frequency variations are rare. Because a
generator unit connected to a large stable system cannot operate at higher or lower frequency
than the system frequency. But a smaller system or a generator working alone is prone to
frequency variations due to the variations in load.

This abnormal condition is not very dangerous for the system. So frequency relay
sense the abnormal condition and activate alarm and if this condition persist for a long time
then relay operates the circuit breaker.

5.1 Over-Frequency
This condition is due to the increase in speed of prime mover. On the generation site
this is protected by the over-speed device. An over-frequency relay can be used as backup to
mechanical devices. Again, if the unit is connected to a stable system, the generator cannot
operate above the system frequency. However, if the system is dynamically unstable over-
frequency relays can alert the operator. In general, the governing devices will protect the unit
from over-speed. But for reliable system all system conditions must be addressed.

5.2 Under-Frequency
While no standards have been established for abnormal frequency operation of
generators, it is recognized that reduced frequency results large flux, saturation of magnetic
material and large magnetization current. Therefore, operation at reduced frequency should
be at reduced kVA or kV. Operating precautions should be taken to stay within the short-time
thermal ratings of the generator rotor and stator. Under-frequency is a system condition that
affects the turbines and the transformers more than the generator.
5.3 Frequency Relay
The frequency relay activates alarm or isolates the generator in the case when
frequency deviates from the allowable limits. As mentioned earlier the over and under
frequencies are produced in a power system due to sudden change in load or generation. Over
frequency can occur due to isolation of a large load by tripping of a transmission line. Under
frequency can occur due to loss of one or more generating sources in a heavily loaded power
system.

5.4 Laboratory Task


Implement a frequency relay that protects the system in over-frequency and under-
frequency conditions.

5.5 Procedure
Step 1:

Draw a power system having a three phase programmable source, three phase circuit
breaker, three-phase VI measurement unit and three phase RLC series load. Connect the
blocks as shown below.

Radial Power System

Set the properties of each block as mentioned below. Keep all other parameters as it is.
System Frequency: 50 Hz
Total Simulation Time: 0.5 s
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Solver: Ode23tb (stiff/TR-BDF2)
Solver reset Method: Robust

Three phase programmable voltage source:


Voltage (Phase to Phase): 11e3 V
Frequency: 50
Time variation of: Frequency
Type of variation: Step
Step magnitude: 0
Variation timings: [0.15 0.4]

Three-Phase Breakers:
Initial status of breakers: closed

Three-Phase Series RLC Load:


Configuration: Y grounded
Nominal voltage: 11e3 V
Active Power (MW): 150e6 W
Inductive reactive power: 100 VAR
Capacitive reactive Power: 0 VAR

Step 2:

In subsystem “Frequency Relay”, connect the blocks as shown in the diagram.

Set the parameters of all the blocks given in above diagram as specified below.

Integrator:
Initial condition: 0
This block is used to find the area under the curve. The area under the sinusoidal
wave depends upon the frequency. Because with the increase in frequency wave shrinks on
time axis and its area decreases and vice versa. It means the frequency of system can be

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judged from the area under the curve. Observe the output of integrator on ‘scope’ along with
the sinusoidal waveform.

Gain:
This block is used to increase the difference between the areas at two different
frequencies. To set the value of gain, follow the instructions given below.

For all the students, from Reg. No. 1 to 5 gain is 50 times of their roll number, from
Reg. No. 6 to 25 gain is 10 times of their roll number, from Reg. No. 26 to 50 gain is 5 times
of their roll number and for the rest of the students gain is equal to their roll number.

Gain =…………..
Sample time: 50e-6

MinMax Running Resettable:


Function: max

Compare To Constant (Upper Limit & Lower Limit):


Run the system at lower and upper limits of frequency by setting the frequency of
‘Programmable source’ to 49 Hz and 51 Hz respectively, and observe the output of gain on
‘Display’. Set the values of these blocks according to the observation and note down the
observations. Output of ‘Gain’ at
50 Hz: ………………………, 49 Hz: ………………………., 51 Hz: ………………………..

Upper Limit (51 Hz): ………………………

Lower Limit (49 Hz): ……………………...

Counter (s):
Counter1:
Count Direction: Up
Count Event: Free running
Count Size: User defined
Max. Count: 1e6
Initial Count: 0
Output: Count
Reset input: Check this option
Sample Time: 50e-6

Counter2:
Count Direction: Up
Count Event: Rising edge
Count Size: User defined
Max. Count: 1e6
Initial Count: 0
Output: Count
Reset input: Check this option

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Pulse Generator:
Pulse type: Time based
Time: Use simulation time
Amplitude: 1
Period: 0.1
Pulse width (%): 1
Time delay (sec) 0.099
Set the proper initial condition of ‘S-R Flip-Flop’

Step 3:

Simulate the system in following conditions by setting the parameters of ‘Three-Phase


Programmable Voltage Source’.
Frequency (in all conditions): 50 Hz
Normal Condition:
Step magnitude: 0
Over Frequency:
Step magnitude: 1.5
Under Frequency:
Step magnitude: -1.5

Assignment: (10 Marks)

 Modify your frequency relay to add four other inputs as mentioned blow.
1. Upper frequency limit
2. Lower frequency limit
3. Time Delay
4. Reset
 Your Relay must accept the frequency limits in Hz and time delay in seconds.
 Energize the system using ‘reset’ on start and after the fault clearance.
 Attach printout of Simulink model, output on scope (voltage only) for time delay (0.02s
& 0.1s) and details of modifications (computer typed).
 Your assignment should be complete in all respects.
 Bring your assignment in next lab session. Late assignments will not be accepted.

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Obtained Marks /Grade: ___________________

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