STUCTURED PROGRAMMING APPROACH (DEC 19)

Q.P.CODE: 76907

Q.1.a) Attempt the Multiple choice Questions. (6 M)

i. The format identifier ‘%i’ is also used for ______ data type?
a) Char b) int c) double d) float
Ans: b) int
ii. Which keyword can be used for coming out of recursion?
a) Break b) exit c) return d) all of above
Ans: b) exit
iii. What will happen if in a C program you assign a value to an array
element whose subscript exceeds the size of array?
a) The element will be set to 0
b) The compiler would report an error
c) The program may crash if some important data gets overwritten
d) The array size would appropriately grow.
Ans: d) the array size would appropriately grow
iv. A pointer is
a) A keyword used to create variable
b) A variable that stores address of an instruction
c) A variable that stores address of other variable
d) All of the above
Ans: c) A variable that stores address of other variable.
v. In which order do the following gets evaluated
1. Relational
2. Arithmetic
3. Logical
4. Assignment
a) 2134 b) 1234 c) 4321 d) 3214
Ans: a) 2134
vi. Which of the following cannot a be structure member?
MUQuestionPapers.com 1
 a) Another structure b) Function c) Array d) None of the mentioned
Ans: a) Another structure.

b) Find the output of the following: (4 M)

i. #include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
int c;
for(c=1;c<=5;)
printf(“%d”,++c);
}
Ans:
23456
ii. How many ‘x’ are printed by the following code?
#include<stdio.h>
Void main()
{
Int i=5;
While(i-->0)
Printf(“x”);
Printf(“x”);
}
Ans: 6

MUQuestionPapers.com 2
 c) Draw a flowchart for printing the sum of even terms contained within
the numbers 0-20. (4 M)
Ans:

d) Solve the following (6 m)

i. Convert 238 decimal to octal
Ans:
8 238

8 29 6
3 8 5
3
Then, when we put the remainders together in reverse order, we get the answer. The
decimal number 238 converted to octal is therefore: 356.
MUQuestionPapers.com 3
 ii. Convert A3D Hexadecimal to decimal
Ans:
(A3D)₁₆ = (10 × 16²) + (3 × 16¹) + (13 × 16⁰) = (2621)₁₀

Q.2)
a) Distinguish Between (6 M)
a) While and do-while loop
Ans:
While Loop Do-While Loop
Condition is checked first then Statement(s) is executed atleast once,
statement(s) is executed. thereafter condition is checked.
It might occur statement(s) is executed At least once the statement(s) is
zero times, If condition is false. executed.
No semicolon at the end of while. Semicolon at the end of while.
while(condition) while(condition);
If there is a single statement, brackets Brackets are always required.
are not required.
Variable in condition is initialized before variable may be initialized before or
the execution of loop. within the loop.
while loop is entry controlled loop. do-while loop is exit controlled loop.
while(condition) do { statement(s); }
{ statement(s); } while(condition);

ii) break and continue

Ans:
Break Continue
A break can appear in both switch and A continue can appear only in loop
loop (for, while, do) statements. (for, while, do) statements.
A break causes the switch or loop A continue doesn't terminate the loop,
statements to terminate the moment it it causes the loop to go to the next
is executed. Loop or switch ends iteration. All iterations of the loop are
abruptly when break is encountered. executed even if continue is
encountered. The continue statement is
used to skip statements in the loop that
appear after the continue.
The break statement can be used in The continue statement can appear only
both switch and loop statements. in loops. You will get an error if this
appears in switch statement.

MUQuestionPapers.com 4
 When a break statement is When a continue statement is
encountered, it terminates the block encountered, it gets the control to the
and gets the control out of next iteration of the loop.
the switch or loop.
A break causes the innermost enclosing A continue inside a loop nested within
loop or switch to be exited a switch causes the next loop iteration.
immediately.

b) Write a C program that will convert a decimal number into any base.
(6 M)
Ans:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
long long convert(int n);
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a decimal number: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("%d in decimal = %lld in binary", n, convert(n));
return 0;
}
long long convert(int n) {
long long bin = 0;
int rem, i = 1, step = 1;
while (n != 0) {
rem = n % 2;
printf("Step %d: %d/2, Remainder = %d, Quotient = %d\n", step++, n, rem, n /
2);
n /= 2;
bin += rem * i;
i *= 10;
}
return bin; }

MUQuestionPapers.com 5
 Output:
Enter a decimal number: 19
Step 1: 19/2, Remainder = 1, Quotient = 9
Step 2: 9/2, Remainder = 1, Quotient = 4
Step 3: 4/2, Remainder = 0, Quotient = 2
Step 4: 2/2, Remainder = 0, Quotient = 1
Step 5: 1/2, Remainder = 1, Quotient = 0
19 in decimal = 10011 in binary

c) Write a C program to calculate the sum of following series without

pow() library function S=1-x+x*2/2!-x*3/3!+…………N terms. (8 M)
Ans:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
float x,sum,no_row;
int i,n;
printf("Input the value of x :");
scanf("%f",&x);
printf("Input number of terms : ");
scanf("%d",&n);
sum =1; no_row = 1;
for (i=1;i<n;i++)
{
no_row = no_row*x/(float)i;
sum =sum+ no_row;
}
printf("\nThe sum is : %f\n",sum);
}

Output:
Input the value of x :3
Input number of terms : 5
The sum is : 16.375000

MUQuestionPapers.com 6
Q.3)
a) What is an array? What does an array name signify? Can array index be
negative? Write a C program to arrange the number stored in an array
in such a way that array will have the odd numbers followed by even
numbers. (10 M)
Ans:
• An array is a data structure that contains a group of elements. Typically these
elements are all of the same data type, such as an integer or string. Arrays are
commonly used in computer programs to organize data so that a related set of
values can be easily sorted or searched.
• Yes, array index can be negative. It can be used to print the array in a reverse
order.
Program:
#include <conio.h>

int main()
{
int a[10000],b[10000],i,n,j,k,temp,c=0;

printf("Enter size of the array : ");

scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nEnter elements in array : ");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
if(a[i]%2==1)
c++;
}
for(i=0; i<n-1; i++)
{

for(j=0; j<n-i-1; j++)

{
if(a[j]>a[j+1])
{
temp=a[j];
a[j]=a[j+1];
a[j+1]=temp;
}

MUQuestionPapers.com 7
 }

k=0;
j=n-c;

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

{
if(a[i]%2==0)
{
if(k<n-c)
b[k++]=a[i];
}
else
{
if(j<n)
b[j++]=a[i];
}
}

printf("\narray after sorting even and odd elements separately:\n ");

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

{
a[i]=b[i];
printf("%d ",a[i]);
}
}

Output:
Enter size of the array : 9
Enter elements in array : 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8
array after sorting even and odd elements separately:
12345678

MUQuestionPapers.com 8
 b) Write a program that accepts a word from the user and prints in the
following way. For ex. If the word is “STUDY” the program will print it
as
S
ST
STU
STUD
STUDY (10 M)
Ans:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char* a=”STUDY”;
int i,j;
for(i=0; i<strlen(a); i++)
{
for(j=0; j<=i; j++)
{
printf("%c",a[j]);
}
printf(" ");
}
Output:
S
ST
STU
STUD
STUDY

MUQuestionPapers.com 9
Q.4)
a) What is string? Explain the use of gets()? Write a c program that will
read a word and rewrite it in alphabetical order. For ex. If the word is
“matrix” the program should print “aimrtx”. (10 M)
Ans:
• Strings are defined as an array of characters. The difference between a character
array and a string is the string is terminated with a special character ‘\0’.
• gets():
• Gets function is used to scan a line of text from a standard input device.
• This function will be terminated by a newline character. The nwline character won’t
be included as part of the string. The string may include white space characters.
• Syntax :
char *gets(char *s);
• This function is declared in the header file stdio.h. It takes a single argument.
• The argument must be a data item representing a string. On successful completion,
shall return a pointer to string s.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char str[100],temp;
int i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the string :");
gets(str);
printf("%s in ascending order is -> ",str);
for(i=0;str[i];i++)
{
for(j=i+1;str[j];j++)
{
if(str[j]<str[i])
{
temp=str[j];
str[j]=str[i];
str[i]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("%s\n",str);
getch();

MUQuestionPapers.com 10
 return 0;
}

Output:
Enter the String: matrix
matrix in an ascending order is -> aimrtx

b) Explain recursion and its advantages? Write a recursive c program to

find the factorial of a given number. (10 M)
Ans:
• Recursion: A function that calls itself is called as recursive function and this
technique is called as recursion.
• Advantages:
a. Reduce unnecessary calling of functions.
b. Through Recursion one can solve problems in easy way while its iterative
solution is very big and complex.
c. Extremely useful when applying the same solution.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
long int multiplyNumbers(int n);
int main() {
int n;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Factorial of %d = %ld", n, multiplyNumbers(n));
return 0;
}
long int multiplyNumbers(int n) {
if (n>=1)
return n*multiplyNumbers(n-1);
else
return 1;
}

Output:
Enter a positive integer: 6
Factorial of 6 = 720

MUQuestionPapers.com 11
Q.5)
a) Explain the storage classes with example. (10 M)
Ans:
• The different locations in the computer where we can store data and their
accessibility, initial values etc. very based on the way they are declared. These
different ways are termed as different storage classes.
• In C there are for storage classes, namely
1. Automatic
2. Register
3. Static
4. External or global
• Let us see these storage classes one by one
1. Automatic storage class
In this case data is stored in memory
The initial value of such a variable is garbage
The scope of the variable is local i.e. limited to the function in which it is defined.
The life of such variables is till the control remains in the particular function where
it is defined.
For e.g.:
Int i; or auto int i;

2. Register storage class

In this case data is stored in CPU register
The initial value of such a variable is garbage.
The scope of the variable is local i.e. limited to the function in which it is defined
The life of such variables is till the control remains in the particular function where
it is defined.
For e.g.:
Register int I;
In this case the data is stored in a small memory inside the processor called its
registers.
The advantage of such storage class is that since the data is in the processor itself,
its access and operation on such data is faster.
There is limitation on the size of the data that can declared to be register storage
class. The data should be such that it doesn’t require more than 4 bytes. Hence
double and long double data types cannot be declared as a register.
Also there is a limitation on the maximum number of variables in a function that
can be a register class. The limitation is that a maximum of 3 register class variable
can be declared in a function.

3. Static storage class

In this case data is stored in a memory

MUQuestionPapers.com 12
 The initial value of such a variable is zero
The scope of the variable is local i.e. limited to the function in which it is defined
The life of such variable is till the program is alive.
For e.g.:
Static int I;
If a variable is declared static, its value remains unchanged even If the function
execution is completed.
When the execution to that function returns, the previous value is retained.
Thus it says the initialization is only once. If you have an initialization statement of a
static member, it will be executed only once i.e. for the first time when this
function is called.

4. External or global storage class

In this case data is stored in memory
The initial value of such a variable is zero.
The scope of the variable is global i.e. it is accessible from anywhere in the
program.
The life such a variable is till the program is alive.

b) Declare a structure to store the information of 10 cricketers.

i. Cricketer name
ii. Matches Played
iii. Runs Scored
iv. Strike Rate
Use a function to display the cricketer information having the
maximum strike rate. (10 M)
Ans:
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct Cricketer
{
name[50];
int matches;
int runs;
float strike;
void main()
{
struct Cricketer e[100];
int n,i,maximum = 0;

MUQuestionPapers.com 13
 clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of Cricketers");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter name,matches,runs, strike");
scanf("%s%d%d%d",&e[i].name,&e[i].matches,&e[i].runs,&e[i].strike);
}
printf("\nName\t\tMatches\t\tRuns\t\tStrike\n");
printf("----------------------------------------------------------------------------------");
for(i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
{
printf("%s%d%d%d",&e[i].name,&e[i].matches,&e[i].runs,&e[i].strike);
}
Maximum = e[i].strike;
For(i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
{
if(e[maximum].strike < e[i].strike)
highest = i;
}
printf(“/nThe maximum strike rate is %d”,e[maximum].strike);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter number of Cricketers 10
Enter Name, matches, runs, strike
John
100
20000
35.5

Enter Name, matches, runs, strike

sam
101
20200
37.5

Enter Name, matches, runs, strike

Miller
105
20080
38.5

MUQuestionPapers.com 14
 Enter Name, matches, runs, strike
Dale
107
20400
36.5

Enter Name, matches, runs, strike

Smith
105
20700
39.5

Enter Name, matches, runs, strike

david
106
28000
40.5

Enter Name, matches, runs, strike

Dhoni
110
20500
42.5

Enter Name, matches, runs, strike

Johny
107
20600
35.5

Enter Name, matches, runs, strike

kohli
120
20000
36.5

Enter Name, matches, runs, strike

Rohit
103
20700
36.5

MUQuestionPapers.com 15
 Name Matches Runs Strike
John 100 20000 35.5
Sam 101 20200 37.5
Miller 105 20080 38.5
Dale 107 20400 36.5
Smith 105 20700 39.5
David 106 28000 40.5
Dhoni 110 20500 42.5
Johny 107 20600 35.5
kohli 120 20000 36.5
Rohit 103 20700 36.5
The maximum strike rate is 42.5

Q.6)
a) How do pointers differ from variable in C? Write a c program to add
two pointers. (10 M)
Ans:
• Pointers are variables that are used to store the address of another variable.
• Address of a variable is the memory location number which is allotted to the
variable.
The memory addresses are 0, 1, 2, 3… and so on up to the capacity of the memory.
The address is normally displayed in hexadecimal form. Hexadecimal form is a
representation of number somewhat similar to binary number. Here four binary
digits are combined together to form a hexadecimal number.
• Pointers unlike other variables do not store values. As stated they store the
address of other variables.
• It is already mentioned in the first statement that pointers are also variables.
Hence, we can also have a pointer that is pointing to another pointer.
• Syntax of pointer declaration : Data_type *ptr_name;
• Wherein “Data_type” is the data type of the variable to which the pointer is
supposed to point. If we want a pointer to point to an integer than, we need to
have the data type of the pointer as “int”, for a float type data pointer should also
be of the “float” type and so on.
• The “ptr_name” is an identifier i.e. the name of the pointer. The same rules of
identifiers apply to the pointer name as to any other variable declaration. The most
important difference in the declaration of a pointer is the “*” sign given before the
pointer name.
• Hence, according to the syntax seen above, if we want to declare a pointer for
“int” type data then we can declare it as given in the example below: int *p; Here,

MUQuestionPapers.com 16
 the pointer name is “p”. Hence, “p” can be used as a pointer to point to any of the
variable of type “int”.
• Syntax : data_type *var_name;
• Example : int *p; char *p;

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int first, second, *p, *q, sum;

printf("Enter two integers to add\n");

scanf("%d%d", &first, &second);

p = &first;
q = &second;

sum = *p + *q;

printf("Sum of the numbers = %d\n", sum);

return 0;
}

Output:
Enter two integers to add
4
5
Sum of entered number is 9

b) What is file? Write a c program that include the menu that must have
the following capabilities
i. Enter the several lines of text and store them in data file.
ii. Retrieve and display the particular line
iii. Delete n lines (10 M)

Ans:
• For file handling or accessing the contents of file, there are certain predefined
functions available in the C programming language.

MUQuestionPapers.com 17
 • An important thing required to access files is the "FILE pointer". This pointer is used
to point to the values stored in the file. A file pointer is hence to be created for
accessing the files. The syntax for creating a file pointer is as given below: FILE
*<identifier for pointer>; For e.g. FILE *fp;
• Hence in every program we write in this section to access files, we will use this kind
of pointer declaration. This pointer is used to point the data to be accessed in the file
i.e. whenever a data is read or written in the file, it is from the location pointed by
the file pointer "fp".

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
FILE * fptr;
int i,n;
char str[100];
char fname[20]="test.txt";
char str1;
printf(" Input the number of lines to be written : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\n :: The lines are ::\n");
fptr = fopen (fname,"w");
for(i = 0; i < n+1;i++)
{
fgets(str, sizeof str, stdin);
fputs(str, fptr);
}
fclose (fptr);
/*-------------- read the file -------------------------------------*/
fptr = fopen (fname, "r");
printf("\n The content of the file %s is :\n",fname);
str1 = fgetc(fptr);
while (str1 != EOF)
{
printf ("%c", str1);
str1 = fgetc(fptr);
}
printf("\n\n");
fclose (fptr);
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
FILE *fp1, *fp2;
char filename[40];
char c;
int del_line, temp = 1;

MUQuestionPapers.com 18
 printf("Enter file name: ");
scanf("%s", filename);
fp1 = fopen(filename, "r");
c = getc(fp1);
while (c != EOF)
{
printf("%c", c);
c = getc(fp1);
}
//rewind
rewind(fp1);
printf(" \n Enter line number of the line to be deleted:");
scanf("%d", &del_line);
fp2 = fopen("copy.c", "w");
c = getc(fp1);
while (c != EOF) {
c = getc(fp1);
if (c == '\n')
temp++;
if (temp != del_line)
{

putc(c, fp2);
}
}
fclose(fp1);
fclose(fp2);

remove(filename);
rename("copy.c", filename);
printf("\n The contents of file after being modified are as follows:\n");
fp1 = fopen(filename, "r");
c = getc(fp1);
while (c != EOF) {
printf("%c", c);
c = getc(fp1);
}
fclose(fp1);
return 0;
}

MUQuestionPapers.com 19
 Output:
Input the number of lines to be written : 4
:: The lines are ::
test line 1
test line 2
test line 3
test line 4
The content of the file test.txt is :
test line 1
test line 2
test line 3
test line 4
Enter line number of the line to be deleted: 2
The content of the file after being modified are as follows:
test line 3
test line 4

MUQuestionPapers.com 20