LAB MANUAL

STUDENT VERSION
for

MICROCONTROLLER LAB
(SIXTH SEMESTER, COURSE CODE: 6139)

Department Of Computer Engineering

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, PERUMBAVOOR
Koovappady P.O, Phone: 0484 2649251
email:[email protected]

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 1

 This page is intentionally kept blank to preserve page format

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 2

 INDEX
SL
NAME OF EXPERIMENT DATE PAGE NO:
NO:
VISION AND MISSION
PEO, PO AND PSOS OF THE PROGRAM
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1 SAFETY PROCEDURES
2 INSTALLING AVR STUDIO
3 WORKING WITH AVR STUDIO
4 ADDITION OF DIFFERENT DATAFORMATS
5 ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON NUMBERS
6 SHIFT AND ROTATE INSTRUCTIONS
7 ASCII TO PACKED BCD
8 PACKED BCD TO ASCII
9 I/O PORT PROGRAMMING
10 BIT MANIPULATION-I
11 TIME DELAY IN ASSEMBLY
12 BIT MANIPULATION -II
13 DATA SERIALIZATION IN C
14 SHIFT AND ROTATE INSTRUCTIONS IN AVR C
15 ASCII TO PACKED BCD
16 PACKED BCD TO ASCII
17 I/O PORT PROGRMMING AVR C
18 TIME DELAY IN AVR C
19 TIMER/COUNTER PROGRAMMING
20 4x4 KEYBOARD INTERFACING
21 LCD INTERFACING
GENERAL REMARKS (FOR OFFICE USE ONLY)
TEST 1: TEST 2: ASSIGN 1: ASSIGN 2:

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 3

 VISION AND MISSION

Government Polytechnic College, Perumbavoor

Vision: Excel as a centre of skill education moulding professionals who sincerely
strive for the betterment of society
Mission:
 To impart state of the art knowledge and skill to the graduate and moulding
them to be competent, committed and responsible for the well-being of
society
 To apply technology in the traditional skills, thereby enhancing the living
standard of the community

Department of Computer Engineering

Vision: Excel as a center of skill education in Computer Engineering moulding
professionals who sincerely strive for the betterment of themselves and the society.
Mission:
 To impart state of the art knowledge, skill and attitude to the graduates and
contribute to their sustainable development
 To merge technologies in the field of computer engineering with
occupational skills, thereby improving the quality of living

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 4

 PEO, PO AND PSOs OF THE PROGRAM

PROGRAM OUTCOMES
PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic
mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering
specialization to solve the engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
PO3: Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined
technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes
to meet specified needs.
PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern
engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and
measurements.
PO5: Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment:
Apply appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment
and ethical practices.
PO6: Project Management: Use engineering management principles
individually, as a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively
communicate about well-defined engineering activities.
PO7: Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in
updating in the context of technological changes.

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 5

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS)
PSO1: Apply concepts and knowledge in the field of software systems, hardware
and networking with concern for the society.
PSO2: Generate ideas from the knowledge of engineering specialization leading
to professional growth.
PSO3: Apply knowledge and understanding of engineering principles to initiate
entrepreneurship ventures.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

PEO1: Secure successful careers in hardware and software design, development,
testing, maintenance and marketing.
PEO2: Acquire knowledge and competency in the domain to develop innovative,
cost effective and socially acceptable solutions to engineering problems in a
multi-disciplinary work environment.
PEO3: Develop strong fundamental knowledge that prepares them for
professional careers/ higher studies with attitude for lifelong learning.
PEO4: Instill the attitude to be sensitive to ethical, societal and environmental
issues while pursuing their professional duties.
PEO5: Possess leadership qualities and be effective communicator to work
efficiently with diverse teams, promote and practice appropriate ethical practices.

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 6

 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Rough record and Fair record are needed to record the experiments conducted
in the laboratory. Rough records are needed to be certified immediately on
completion of the experiment. Fair records are due at the beginning of the next lab
period. Fair records must be submitted as neat, legible, and complete.

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE FAIR RECORD

In the fair record, the index page should be filled properly by writing the
corresponding experiment number, experiment name , date on which it was done and
the page number.

On the right side page of the record following has to be written:

1. Title: The title of the experiment should be written in the page in capital letters.
2.Exp No: And Date: In the top margin, experiment number and date should be
written.
3. Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly.
4.Principle/Theory: Simple algorithm should be written
5. Procedure: Steps for doing the experiment.
6. Program: Simple working of the algorithm should be written.
7. Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should
be fulfilling the aim.

On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:

1. Input: Input of the program given
2. Output : Output of the program
3. Design: The design of the output (if necessary).

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 7

Exp No : 01 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

SAFETY PROCEDURES

Problem Statement:

The safety instructions are presented to the attention of the students as a mean of
preventing accidents while performing experiments and activities in Software lab of
the department .The purpose is to draw attention to the risks involved in lab activities
to prevent human suffering and damage to equipment.

Safety in the laboratory:

Working in the lab is not allowed without following electricity precautions

displayed.
No individual work is allowed in the lab.
Laboratory in charge is responsible for the arrangements of your lab activities;
Listen carefully to his/her instructions and follow them.

To do and not to do:

Inform the lab in charge about dangerous conditions and faults in the lab or nearby
environment.
Do not do any action that may harm people or equipment in the lab.
Do not misuse any of the tools or instruments belong to the lab.
Strict discipline should be maintained in the laboratory.
Turn off cell phones before entering the lab.
At the end and beginning of laboratory, follow 5S procedures and leave the work
table clean and tidy.

Electrical Safety:
Consult Electrical Engineering section available in the campus for electrical safety
queries.
The lab equipment is powered from electrical sockets installed on the tables.
Do not use equipment that is powered from a damaged socket.
Do not use equipment that is powered from flexible cable with damaged insulation
or if it‟s plug is not assembled properly.

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 8

Do not repair or disassemble electrical equipment including replacement of fuses
installed in the equipment.
Do not open the main fuse box, unless it is an emergency and you need to switch off
main circuit breaker.
Be sure to turn off the power and remove the power plug from all equipment before
working repairing or assembling.
Do not plug in or remove equipment while the power is on.

Emergency Switches:
The laboratory has circuit breakers, which is located in the main panel. Identify the
place.
In an emergency condition, switch off circuit breakers immediately.

Result:
Familiarization of safety precautions performed

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 9

Exp No : 02 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

INSTALLING AVR STUDIO

AIM:
To Familiarize Installing AVR Studio.

PROCEDURE:
Any microcontroller requires software called Integrated
Development Environment – IDE for writing program. An IDE is the handy software
that acts as text editor, debugger, assembler and compiler all in one package. A text
editor is simply like note pad software for writing the code. The text editor comes as
a package along with the IDE. Here in this book whatever program we write for
microcontroller will be called as source code or simply code. An assembler interprets
a code written in assembly language to machine code. The compiler converts codes
written in C into machine codes. In our case, the compiler is called cross compiler. A
cross compiler converts instructions into machine code or low-level code for a
computer other than that on which it is run. Here the target computer is the
ATMEGA micro controller. A debugger assists detection and correction of errors in
code.
Atmel AVRStudio is the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing
and debugging embedded Atmel AVR applications. The AVR Studio IDE gives you
a seamless and easy-to-use environment to write, build, and debug your C/C++ and
assembler code. AVR studio can be down loaded from www.atmel.com.
Three popular versions of AVR studio are available for use with ATMEGA
processors. AVR studio 7 is latest addition into the series.

 AVR Studio Ver.4

 AVR Studio Ver.5
 AVR Studio Ver.6
All you have to do is to down load the version that is most suitable for your
computer operating system. For example, for windows XP service pack 2 you
need to install AVR Studio 4. IF you encounter with any error while installing the
Studio, try for the other versions.
AVR studio for Linux environment can also be down loaded. If you are installing
AVR Studio 4, you have to install Win AVR - the compiler separately. Win AVR
Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 10
 should be installed only after installation of AVR studio 4. But for all other
versions, the compiler comes along with the package. Go for the latest version if
your operating system supports.
Installations of this software are pretty straightforward. You should not face any
trouble in it. During the installation of AVR Studio 5 or 6, it might need to install
some other stuff before the actual installation begins. These installations will be
initiated by itself.

RESULT:
Familiarized the installation of AVR Studio.

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 11

Exp No : 03 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

WORKING WITH AVR STUDIO

AIM:
To Familiarize the Working of AVR Studio.

Features of AVR Studio:

 It is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for AVR Software.

 It allows chip simulation and in-circuit emulation.
 It supports the whole AVR family of Microcontrollers (MCUs).
 It has easy to use User Interface (UI) and gives complete overview.
 It uses same UI for simulation and emulation.

PROCEDURE:

 Creating First AVR Project:

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 12

  After installation, open AVR Studio 5 from Start → All Programs → Atmel
AVR Tools → AVR Studio 5.0
 After opening, you will see a Start Page like this. Click on “New Project…“
 Then, you will see the following dialog box. Choose AVR GCC from the
„Installed Templates‟ pane, and then choose Empty Executable Project. Now,
you can give any name to it, say MyFirstProject and choose an appropriate
location in your hard drive. Check Create directory for solution. Click on OK.
 Now, you will see the Device Selection dialog box. As you can see, AVR
Studio supports all the AVR MCUs! The list is huge! Choose your device
from this list. We choose ATmega32. Click OK.

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 13

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 14
  Now, you will see the following screen. Note that the basic program structure
is already prepared for you. You simply need to initialize your variables and
place your code inside the while(1) loop.

 Now you have successfully created your first AVR Project! Now to further
proceed with it, we need to write a code, which is discussed in the subsequent
chapters.

RESULT:
Familiarized the Working of AVR Studio.

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 15

Exp No : 04 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

ADDITION OF DIFFERENT DATAFORMATS

AIM:
Write an AVR assembly language program to perform the Addition of
numbers various data formats.

OBJECTIVE

After completing this experiment the student will able to understand various data
formats of AVR microcontroller. THEORY AVR microcontroller supports various
data formats like binary, hexadecimal and decimal.
 Binary - A binary number is a combination of 0‟s and 1‟s. E.g: LDI
R16,0B00101101
 Decimal - A decimal number system consists of numbers between 0-9. E.g:
LDI R17,10
 Hexa Decimal - An hexadecimal number system consist of numbers 0-9 and
Alphabets A-F. E.g: LDI R18,22H
 ASCII - ASCII means American standard code for information interchange Is
a character encoding standard for electronics communication. ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most common
format for text files in computers and on the Internet. In an ASCII file, each
alphabetic, numeric, or special character is represented with a 7- bit binary
number (a string of seven 0s or 1s). 128 possible characters are defined.
E.g:LDI R16,‟32‟

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 16

SOURCE CODE

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

INPUT VALUES:

OUTPUT
AFTER 1ST ADDITION --------------
AFTER 2ND ADDITION--------------

INPUT VALUE

OUTPUT
AFTER FINAL ADDITION---------

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 17

Exp No : 05 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON NUMBERS

AIM
Write an AVR assembly language program to perform various arithmetic
operations.

OBJECTIVE

After completing this experiment the student will able to understand various
arithmetic operations in AVR microcontroller, and a generalized concept of
arithmetic operators in AVR.

THEORY

AVR microcontroller supports various arithmetic operations like addition,

subtraction, multiplication etc.some of the important arithmetic operators are given
below:
 ADD Rd, Rr -It adds the contents of the two registers
Rd,Rr and places The result in the Destination
register Rd.
Eg: ADD R16,R17
 SUB Rd, Rr - It subtracts the values of the two registers
Rd,Rr and Places the result in the
Destinations register Rd.
Eg:SUB R17,R16
 MUL Rd, Rr -It multiplies the values of the two registers
Rd,Rr andPlaces the result in the Destination
register Rd.
Eg: MUL R17,R16
 SUBI Rd, K - It subtracts a register and a constant and
places the resultIn the destination register Rd.
Eg:SUBI R16,3
 ADI Rd, K -It adds a register and a constant and places the
result in the Destination register Rd.
Eg: ADI R16,3

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 18

SOURCE CODE

SAMPLE OUTPUT

INPUT:

OUTPUT:

R16= (ADDITION RESULT)

R19= (SUBTRACTION RESULT)
R18= (MULTIPLICATION RESULT)

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 19

Exp No : 06 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

SHIFT AND ROTATE INSTRUCTIONS

AIM
Write an AVR Assembly language program to count number of 0‟s and 1‟s in
a binary number.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student able to understand the usage
of shift and rotation instructions.

THEORY

Shift and Rotate instructions shifts the bits in the destination operand by one
or more position either right or left.
1. Various Shift instructions :
 Shift Left
 Instruction Format:
LSL Destination, bits_shifted
 The Shift Left instruction performs a left shift on the destinations
operand, filling the lowest bit with 0. The highest bit is moved into
the Carry Flag.
 Eg: MOV CL,5
LSL AX,CL
 Shift Right
 Instruction format:
LSR destination, bits shifted
 The Shift Right instruction performs a right shift on the destinations
operand, filling the lowest bit with 0. The lowest bit is moved into the
Carry Flag.
 Eg: MOV CL,5
LSR AX,CL

 Arithmetic Shift Right

 Shift all bits in Rd one places to the right. The least significant bit
is discarded and the MSB value is filled with the value of the
previous MSB.

2. Various Rotate instructions:

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 20

  Rotate Left
 Instruction format:
ROL destination, bits shifted
 The ROL instruction shifts each bit to the left, with the highest bit
copied in the Carry flag and into the lowest bit.
 Eg:MOV AL,42H
ROL AL,1
 Rotate Right
 Instruction format:
ROR destination, bits shifted
 The ROR instruction shifts each bit to the right, with the lowest bit
copied in the Carry flag and into the highest bit.
 Eg: MOV AL,23H
ROR AL,1

SOURCE CODE

SAMPLE OUTPUT

INPUT :

R16=
R17=
R18=
R19=

OUTPUT:

R17= // NUMBER OF ZEROES

R18= // NUMBER OF ONES

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 21

Exp No : 07 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

ASCII TO PACKED BCD

AIM
Write an AVR assembly language program to convert the given ASCII
number into Packet BCD.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student will be able to understand the
concept simple code conversion

THEORY

To convert ASCII to packed BCD, you first convert it to unpacked BCD, and
then combine it to make packed BCD. For example, for 4 and 7 the keyboard gives
34 and 37, respectively. The goal is to produce 4711 or "0100 0111", which is
packed BCD. This process is illustrated next.
Key ASCII Unpacked BCD Packed BCD
4 34 00000100
7 37 00000111 01000111 which is 47H

SOURCE CODE

SAMPLE OUTPUT
INPUT:
R16=
R17=
OUTPUT:
R16=

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 22

Exp No : 08 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

PACKED BCD TO ASCII

AIM

Write an AVR assembly language program to convert the given Packed BCD
number into ASCII.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student will be able to understand the
concept simple code conversion

THEORY
In many systems we have what is called a real-time clock (RTC). The
RTC provides the time of day (hour, minute, second) and the date (year, month, day)
continuously, regardless of whether the power is on or off (see Chapter 16). This
data, however, is provided in packed BCD. For this data to be displayed on a device
such as an LCD, or to be printed by the printer, it must be in ASCII format. To
convert packed BCD to ASCII, you must first convert it to unpacked BCD. Then the
unpacked BCD is tagged with 011 0000 (30H). The following demonstrates
converting packed BCD to ASCII.

Packed BCD Unpacked BCD ASCII

29H 02H & 09H 32H & 39H

0010 1001 0000 0010 & 0011 0010 &
0000 1001 0011 1001

SOURCE CODE

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 23

SAMPLE OUTPUT

INPUT:
R16=
R17=

OUTPUT:
R16=
R17=

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 24

Exp No : 09 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

I/O PORT PROGRAMMING

AIM

Write a program to clear R20 register, then add 3 to R20 10 times; then send
the sum to PORTB.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student should be able to

understand the operation of ATMEGA PORT as output. The operations of PORT are
visualized by interfacing LEDs to PORT pins. In addition, this experiment will
provide preliminary experience on programming microcontrollers on Embedded C.

THEORY

ATMEGA ports are 8 bit wide. Each port has 3 eight bit registers associated.
Each bit in these registers configures pins of associated port. Bit 0 of these registers
is associated with Pin 0 of the port, Bit1 of these registers is associated with Pin1 and
so on.
These three registers are
 DDRx register
 PORTx register
 PINx register
X may be replaced by A,B,C or D based on the PORT you are using.
 DDRx register

DDRx (Data Direction Register) configures data direction of the port

pins. Which, writing 0 to a bit in DDRx makes corresponding port pin as input,
while writing 1 to a bit in DDRx makes the
corresponding port pin as output.
Example:
 to make all pins of port B as input,
DDRA = 0b00000000;
 to make all pins of port A as output pins :
DDRB= 0b11111111;

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 25

  to make lower nibble of port B as output and higher nibble as input :
DDRB = 0b00001111; In hexadecimal representation, it can be written as DDRB =
0x0F;

SOURCE CODE

SAMPLE OUTPUT

INPUT:
R16=
R18=
R20=

OUTPUT:
R20=

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 26

Exp No : 10 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

BIT MANIPULATION-I
AIM

A switch is connected to pin PB2. Write a program to check the status of the
switch and perform followings:
1. If Switch=0, send the letter „N‟ to PORTD.
2. If Switch=1, send the letter „Y‟ to PORTD.

OBJECTIVE

After completing this experiment the student able to understand the various bit
manipulation operators in AVR microcontroller.

THEORY

AVR microcontroller has functionality for single bit manipulation. The various
single bit manipulators are:
 SBI I/O Reg, Bit - Sets a Specified bit in I/O register. This
Instruction operates on the lower 32 I/O
Registers –addresses 0-31.
Eg: SBI PORTB,5
 CBI I/O Reg, Bit - Clears a specified bit in I/O register. This
Instruction operates on the lower 32 I/O
Register –addresses 0-31.
Eg: CBI PORTB,5
 SBIS I/O Reg, Bit - This instruction tests a single bit in an I/O
Register and skips the next instruction if the
Bit is set. This instruction operates on the
Lower 32 I/O register- addresses 0-31.
Eg: SBIS PORTB,5
 SBIC I/O Reg, Bit - This instruction tests a single bit in an I/O
Register and skips the next instruction if the
Bit is cleared. This instruction operates on the
Lower 32 I/O register-addresses 0-31.
Eg: SBIC PORTB,5

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 27

SOURCE CODE

SAMPLE OUTPUT

INPUT:
PORTD= //INITIAL VALUE OF PORTD

OUTPUT:
PORTD= // WHEN PB2=0(OUTPUT IS „N‟)
PORTD= // WHEN PB2=1(OUTPUT IS „Y‟)

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 28

Exp No : 11 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

TIME DELAY IN ASSEMBLY

AIM
Write an assembly language program to toggle the bits of PORTD one after
another continuously.

OBJECTIVE
After completion of this experiment the student should be able to
understand the operation of ATMEGA PORT as output. The operations of PORT are
visualized by interfacing LEDs to PORT pins. In addition, this experiment will
provide preliminary experience on programming microcontrollers on Embedded C.

THEORY
In creating a time delay using assembly language instructions, one must
be mindful of two factors that can affect the accuracy of delay:

 The Crystal Frequency

 The AVR Design
 Delay calculation in AVR with crystal frequency is 1MHz.

INSTRUCTION
CYCLES
 DELAY: LDI R20,0XFF 1
AGAIN: NOP 1
NOP 1
DEC R20 1
BRNE AGAIN 2/1
RET 4
Therefore, we have a time delay of [1+ (255 *5)-1+4]*1=1279

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 29

 Here the branch instruction BRNE can have two values either 2 or 1. If
the branching condition is true then it will branch therefore it uses two machine
cycle otherwise it uses only one machine cycle.
When a branch instruction is executed, the CPU starts to fetch codes from the
new memory location, and the code in the queue that was fetched previously is
discarded. In this case, the execution unit must wait until the fetch unit fetches the
new instruction. This is called branch penalty.

SOURCE CODE

SAMPLE OUTPUT

INPUT:
PORTD =

OUTPUT:
PORTD = // AFTER FIRST EXECUTION
PORTD = // AFTER SECOND EXECUTION

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 30

Exp No : 12 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

BIT MANIPULATION -II

AIM
Write an assembly language program to set and clear the third pin (PB2) of
PINB continuously.

OBJECTIVE

After completing this experiment the student able to understand the various
bit manipulation operators in AVR microcontroller.

THEORY

AVR microcontroller has functionality for single bit manipulation. The

various single bit manipulators are:
❖ SBI I/O Reg, Bit - Sets a Specified bit in I/O register. This Instruction operates on
the lower 32 I/O Registers –addresses 0-31. Eg: SBI PORTB,5
❖ CBI I/O Reg, Bit - Clears a specified bit in I/O register. This Instruction operates
on the lower 32 I/O Register –addresses 0-31. Eg: CBI PORTB,5
❖ SBIS I/O Reg, Bit - This instruction tests a single bit in an I/O Register and skips
the next instruction if the Bit is set. This instruction operates on the Lower 32 I/O
register- addresses 0-31. Eg: SBIS PORTB,5
❖ SBIC I/O Reg, Bit - This instruction tests a single bit in an I/O Register and skips
the next instruction if the Bit is cleared. This instruction operates on the Lower 32
I/O register-addresses 0-31. Eg: SBIC PORTB,5

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 31

SOURCE CODE

SAMPLE OUTPUT

INPUT:
PORTB=

OUTPUT:
PORTB= //AFTER FIRST EXECUTION
PORTB= //AFTER SECOND EXECUTION
PORTB= //AFTER THIRD EXECUTION

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 32

 AVR C PROGRAMS

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 33

Exp No : 13 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

DATA SERIALIZATION IN C
AIM

Write an AVR C program to send out the value 44H serially one bit at a time
via PORTC, The LSB should go out first.

OBJECTIVE

After completing this experiment the student will able to understand the data
serialization in AVR microcontroller, and a generalized concept of various bitwise
operators in AVR C.

THEORY

Serializing data is a way of sending a byte of data one bit at a time through a
single pin of the microcontroller. There are two ways to transfer a byte of data
serially:
1. Using the Serial Port.
2. The second method of serializing data is to transfer data one bit at a time and
control the sequence of data and spaces between them.
3. The data serialization can be done in either bit wise or byte wise
• We can send the data bit-wise to a particular pin and also we can store a
byte of data in continuous bits of an i/o port.
 The AVR C supports various bitwise operators such as,
❖ Shift Right It shifts the bits to right by a specified number of time.
Format: data >> number of bits to be shifted right.
E.g: 0b00010000 >>3 =0b00000010
❖ Shift left It shifts the bits to left by a specified number of time.
Format: data << number of bits to be shifted left.
E.g: 0b00010000 <<3 = 0b10000000

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 34

SOURCE CODE

OUTPUT

INPUT: Y=

OUTPUT: PORTC (PIN3)= //AFTER 1ST LOOP EXECUTION

PORTC(PIN3)= // AFTER 3RD LOOP EXECUTION

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 35

Exp No : 14 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

SHIFT AND ROTATE INSTRUCTIONS IN AVR C

AIM

Write an AVR C program to count the number of 1‟s and 0‟s in a given binary
number.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student able to understand the usage
of various shift and rotation instructions.

THEORY

Shift and Rotate instructions shifts the bits in the destination operand by one
or more position either right or left.

1. Various Shift instructions

 Shift Left
• Instruction Format: Data << Number of bits to be shifted left.
•This instruction shifts the data to a left by a specified number of times
• Eg: 0B00000010 << 3 = 0B00010000
 Shift Right
• Instruction format: Data >> Number of bits to be shifted right.
• This instruction shifts the data to right by a specified number of times.
• E.g : 0B00010000 >> 3 = 0B00000010

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 36

SOURCE CODE

OUTPUT

INPUT: y =
OUTPUT:
PORT B= //NUMBER OF ZEROES
PORT C= //NUMBER OF ONES

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 37

Exp No : 15 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

ASCII TO PACKED BCD

AIM

Write an AVR C program to convert the given ASCII number into Packet
BCD.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student will be able to understand the
concept simple code conversion

THEORY

To convert ASCII to packed BCD, you first convert it to unpacked BCD, and
then combine it to make packed BCD. For example, for 4 and 7 the keyboard gives
34 and 37, respectively. The goal is to produce 4711 or "0100 0111", which is
packed BCD. This process is illustrated next.

Key ASCII Unpacked BCD Packed BCD

4 34 00000100
7 37 00000111 01000111 which is 47H

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 38

SOURCE CODE

OUTPUT

INPUT:
x= ‟ ‟
y= ‟ ‟
OUTPUT:

PORTB=

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 39

Exp No : 16 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

PACKED BCD TO ASCII

AIM

Write an AVR C program to convert the given Packed BCD number into
ASCII.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student will be able to understand the
concept simple code conversion

THEORY

In many systems we have what is called a real-time clock (RTC). The RTC
provides the time of day (hour, minute, second) and the date (year, month, day)
continuously, regardless of whether the power is on or off (see Chapter 16). This
data, however, is provided in packed BCD. For this data to be displayed on a device
such as an LCD, or to be printed by the printer, it must be in ASCII format. To
convert packed BCD to ASCII, you must first convert it to unpacked BCD. Then the
unpacked BCD is tagged with 011 0000 (30H).

The following demonstrates converting packed BCD to ASCII.

Packed BCD Unpacked BCD ASCII

29H 02H & 09H 32H & 39H
0010 1001 0000 0010 & 0011 0010 &
0000 1001 0011 1001

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 40

SOURCE CODE

OUTPUT

INPUT:
x=

OUTPUT:

PORT B=
PORT C=

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 41

Exp No : 17 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

I/O PORT PROGRMMING AVR C

AIM

Write an AVR C program to get a data from PINB and send to the I/O register of
PORTC continuously.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student should be able to understand

the operation of ATMEGA PORT as output. The operations of PORT are visualized
by interfacing LEDs to PORT pins. In addition, this experiment will provide
preliminary experience on programming microcontrollers on Embedded C.

THEORY

ATMEGA ports are 8 bit wide. Each port has 3 eight bit registers associated.
Each bit in these registers configures pins of associated port. Bit 0 of these registers
is associated with Pin 0 of the port; Bit1 of these registers is associated with Pin1
and so on.
These three registers are
➢ DDRx register
➢ PORTx register
➢ PINx register X may be replaced by A,B,C or D based on the PORT you are
using.
❖ DDRx register DDRx (Data Direction Register) configures data direction of the
port pins. Which, writing 0 to a bit in DDRx makes corresponding port pin as input,
while writing 1 to a bit in DDRx makes the corresponding port pin as output.
Example:
• to make all pins of port B as input, DDRA = 0b00000000;
• to make all pins of port A as output pins : DDRB= 0b11111111;
• to make lower nibble of port B as output and higher nibble as
input : DDRB = 0b00001111;
In hexadecimal representation, it can be written as DDRB = 0x0F;

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 42

SOURCE CODE

SAMPLE OUTPUT

INPUT:
PINB=

OUTPUT:

PORTC=

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 43

Exp No : 18 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

TIME DELAY IN AVR C

AIM

Write an AVR C program to toggle bits 1 and 3 of PORTB in every 200ms.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student should be able to understand

the operation of ATMEGA PORT as output. The operations of PORT are visualized
by interfacing LEDs to PORT pins. In addition, this experiment will provide
preliminary experience on programming microcontrollers on Embedded C.

THEORY

There are three ways to create a time delay in AVR C :

❖ Using a simple for loop

 Factors affecting the accuracy of delay:

 The Crystal Frequency connected to the XTAL1- XTAL2 input pins.
 Compiler used to compile the C program

❖ Using pre defined C functions

 _delay_ms()
 _delay_us()

❖ Using AVR Timers.

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 44

SOURCE CODE

OUTPUT

1ST LOOP EXECUTION RESULT

----------------------------------------PB1=
----------------------------------------PB3=
2ND LOOP EXECUTION RESULT
------------------------------------------PB1=
------------------------------------------PB3=

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 45

Exp No : 19 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

TIMER/COUNTER PROGRAMMING

AIM

Write an AVR C program to toggle all bits of PORTB alternatively, with some
delay. Use TIMER0 normal mode and pre scalar option to generate delay.

OBJECTIVE

After completing this experiment the student will able to understand the Usage
of timers in AVR microcontroller.

THEORY

A Timer is a simple counter. The input clock of microcontroller and operation

of the timer is independent of the program execution. The Timers are mainly
classified into three:

❖ TIMER 0

• It is an 8-bit timer.
• The register where the counting takes place is the TCNTn register, where n is
become 0, 1, 2 etc. It counts automatically and overflows and restarts again.
• CS02, CS00 bits in the TCCR0 are used to choose the clock source.

The various modes of clock source are:

D2 D1 D0
0 0 0 - Timer/counter Stops.
0 0 1 - No Pre scalar
0 1 0 - Clk / 8
0 1 1 - Clk / 64
1 0 0 - Clk /256
1 0 1 - Clk /1024
1 1 0 - External source to falling edge.
1 1 1 - External Source to raising edge.
Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 46
• WGM is used for Timer mode selection.
Various modes are:
D6 D3
0 0 - Normal mode
0 1 - CTC (Clear Timer on Compare Match)
1 0 - PWM, phase correct
1 1 - Fast PWM

• TIFR(Timer/counter flag register) – contains flags of different timers. Important

flags are:
1. TOV0 D0 –
Timer0 overflow flag bit to 0 – Timer0 did not overflow.
Timer0 overflow flag bit to 1 – Timer0 has overflowed.
2. OCF0 D1 –
Timer0 output compare flag to 0 – Compare match did not occur.
Timer0 output compare flag to 1 – Compare match occurred.
❖ TIMER 1
• It is a 16-bit timer.
• The control register split into 2 8-bit registers TCCR1A and TCCR1B.

❖ TIMER 2
• It is an 8-bit timer.
• It cannot be used as a counter, because it does not support external clock.
• It can be used as a real time clock.

SOURCE CODE

OUTPUT
BEFORE EXECUTION--------------------: PORTB=
AFTER DELAY-----------------------------:PORTB=

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 47

Exp No : 20 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

4x4 KEYBOARD INTERFACING

AIM
To interface 4x4 matrix keyboard PORTD of ATMEGA32 and to output
key
press values in ASCII to PORTB.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student will be able to interface 4x4
keyboards. He / She will be able to generalize embedded C programs.

THEORY

Matrix Keypads are commonly used in calculators, telephones etc where a large
number of input switches are required. We know that matrix keypad is made by
arranging push button switches in row and columns. If the 16 switches are straightly
connected to microcontroller we need 16 inputs pins. But arranging switches in matrix
form, we can read the status of each switch using 8 pins of the microcontroller.

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 48

 The status of each key can be determined by a process called Scanning. For the sake
of explanation let‟s assume that all the column pins (Col1 – Col4) are connected to the
inputs pins and all the row pins are connected to the output pins of the microcontroller.
In the normal case all the column pins are pulled up (HIGH state) by internal pull up
resistors. Now we can read the status of each switch through scanning.

1. A logic LOW is given to Row1 and others (Row2 – Row-4) HIGH

2. Now each Column is scanned. If any switch belongs to 1st row is pressed
corresponding column will pulled down (logic LOW) and we can detect the
pressed key.

3. This process is repeated for all rows.

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 49

 PROGRAM
/*------------------------------------------------------------- Program to interface 4x4 matrix
keyboard. rows are connected to PD4 to PD7 columns to PD0 to PD3 and display the contents IN
ASCII to LEDs connected to PORTB ---------------------------------------------------------------*/

#define
#include
#include
/* the following is done as the part of generalizing the code This code can be used any
where, all you need to do is change PORT below*/

#define
#define
#define

//---------------------- MAIN FUNCTION -------------------------//

Program

OUTPUT

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Charge Remarks

Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 50

Exp No : 21 Date : D D / M M / Y Y

LCD INTERFACING
AIM

To interface 16x2 alphanumeric LCD display in 8 bit mode to display “IF

YOU CAN READ THIS, PROGRAM OK”. Use PORTB for D0 to D7, RS – PD4,
RW – PD5 and EN – PD6.

OBJECTIVE

After completion of this experiment the student will be able to interface LCD
displays to micro controller.

He / She will be able to display any required string.

THEORY

LCD display is an inevitable part in almost all embedded projects. We will look
about interfacing 16×2 LCD with ATMEGA. In order to understand the interfacing
first you have to know about the module. It consists of 16 rows and 2 columns of
5×7 or 5×8 LCD dot matrices. They are available in a 16 pin package with back
light, contrast adjustment function and each dot matrix has 5×8 dot resolution. The
pin numbers, their name and corresponding functions are shown in the table below.

Pin No: Name Function

1 VSS This pin must be connected to the ground
2 VCC Positive supply voltage pin (5v DC)
3 VEE Contrast Adjustment
4 RS Register Selection
5 R/W Read or Write
6 E Enable
7 DB0 Data
8 DB1 Data

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 51

 9 DB2 Data
10 DB3 Data
11 DB4 Data
12 DB5 Data
13 DB6 Data
14 DB7 Data
15 LED+ Back Light LED +
16 LED- Back Light LED -

LCD COMMANDS

Command Function
0F LCD ON, Cursor ON, Cursor blinking ON
01 Clear Screen
02 Return Home
04 Decrement Cursor
06 Increment Cursor
0E Display ON, Cursor blinking OFF
80 Force Cursor to beginning of 1st line
C0 Force Cursor to beginning of 2nd line
38 Use 2 lines and 5x7 Matrix
83 Cursor line 1 Position 3
3C Activate 2nd line
08 Display OFF, Cursor OFF
C1 Jump to 2nd line Position 1
0C Display ON, Cursor OFF
C1 Jump to second line, position one
C2 Jump to second line , position two

LCD INITIALIZATION

The steps that have to be done for initializing the LCD display is
given below and these steps are common for almost all applications.

• Send 38H to the 8 bit data line for initialization

• Send 0FH for making LCD ON, cursor ON and cursor blinking ON.

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 52

 • Send 06H for incrementing cursor position.

• Send 01H for clearing the display and return the cursor.

SENDING DATA TO THE LCD

The steps for sending data to the LCD module are given below.
I have already said that the LCD module has pins namely RS, R/W
and E. It is the logic state of these pins that make the module to
determine whether a given data input is a command or data to be
displayed.
• Make R/W low.

• Make RS=0 if data byte is a command and make RS=1 if the data
byte is a
data to be displayed.

• Place data byte on the data register.

• Pulse E from high to low.

• Repeat above steps for sending another data.

PROGRAM
/* --------------------------------------------------------- This program displays string
given. It
uses RS - PD4 RW - PD5 AND EN - PD6 Data bus is PORTB ----------------------------------
-------
-----------------*/

#define F_CPU 8000000L // 8 mHZ #include <avr/io.h>

#include <util/delay.h>

//-----------LCD Functions declaration ---------------

- -----------
- -----------
- - - - - -- - - - - -

//----------------------------------------------------

//change here to match your

target board

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 53

 ---------- -------- ------------

-------- ------------ ----------

//------------------------------------------------------//

/…………………….MAIN FUNCTION ..................................... //

-------- ------------ -----------------

-------- ------------ -----------------
-------- ------------ -----------------

// ------------- Initialize the LCD driver ------------------- //

-------- ------------ -----------------

-------- ------------ -----------------
// ------------------------------------------------------------- //

--------- Write a command instruction to the LCD ------------

// ------------------------------------------------------------- //
-------- ------------ -----------------
-------- ------------ -----------------

// ----------------------------------------------------------- //

------------- Write one byte of data to the LCD -----------

// -----------------------------------------------------------

-------- ------------ -----------------

-------- ------------ -----------------

// ------------------------------------------------------- //

--- Display a string at the specified row and column

// -------------------------------------------------------

-------- ------------ -----------------

-------- ------------ -----------------

// ------------------------------------------------------ //

---- Position the LCD cursor at "row", "column".-------

//-------------------------------------------------------

-------- ------------ -----------------

-------- ------------ -----------------

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 54

 //-------------------------------------------------------

OUTPUT

RESULT

Signature of Lab in Remarks

Charge
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment

Department of Computer Engineering, GPTC Perumbavoor Page 55