AL- Balqa’ Applied University

Faculty of Engineering Technology

Theory of machine lab

 Faculty of engineering Technology
Mechanical engineering department
Theory of machine lab

Exp # 1: slider crack mechanism

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date:
Objectives:
1- To study motion of simple machine (Slider crank mechanism).
2- To study velocity of simple machine.
3- To study acceleration of simple machine.
4- To know the relationship between linear displacement of piston
velocity and acceleration of crank.

Tools and Instruments:

 Slider crank mechanism.
 Engineering tools.

Theory:

When the crank rotated, rotation motion transfer by connecting rod to the
piston, which is gain linear motion that have velocity and acceleration depend
on the dimension of connecting rod and velocity and acceleration of crank.
Where during one rotate of crank (360) the piston move between two points
(upper died and lower died).

To study this motion we plot fig (1)

 Fig (1): Slider crank mechanism
Procedure:

1- Adjust device by fixed graduation region at zero.

2- Rotate crank during angle (15) and record linear displacement of piston and
angular displacement for crank.
3- Rotate crank completely and record reading of piston displacement.
4- Record all reading in table (1).
5- Assume the angular velocity (w= 4 rad/s), length crankshaft = 8 cm,
connecting rod=19.5 cm .

Angular Angular linear Piston Piston

displacement displacement displacement velocity acceleration(m/s2)
No of crank of crank of (m/sec)
(deg) (rad) piston(mm)

1 0
2 15
3 30
4 45
5 60
6 75
7 90
8 105
9 120
10 135
11 150
12 165
13 180
14 195
15 210
16 225
17 240
18 255
19 270
20 285
21 300
22 315
23 330
24 345
25 360
 Table (1).

Calculation and Graph:

 Convert θ1 (degree) to θ1 (rad).
 Plot S [mm] versus θ1 (rad).

S [mm]

π 2π
θ [rad]
 Calculate the piston velocity at several points of θ1 by determining the slope
𝑑𝑆
from this equation: 𝑉=𝜔×
𝑑θ1

 Draw graph of V [mm/s] versus θ1 [rad].

θ [rad]
π 2π

Find the piston acceleration for the same points of θ1 by calculating the slope from
𝑑𝑉
this equation: 𝐴=𝜔×
𝑑θ1
Plot acceleration versus θ1.
B: velocity and acceleration polygon:

(The Velocity Polygon)

1. Draw the mechanism in a suitable scale.
2. Determine the direction of rotation (CW,CCW).
3. Calculate Va when Va=ω× length crank shaft.

4. Draw vector oa perpendicular to crank shaft, to some suitable scale, to

represent the velocity of A with respect to O

5. From point a, draw vector ab perpendicular to connecting rod to represent

velocity of b with respect to a
6. and from point o, draw vector op parallel to BO to represent velocity of B
with respect to O
7. Show the velocity direction on the mechanism drawing.
8. From the drawing Vab = a.bxScale.
Vb=obxScale.
ωab= Vab / length connecting rod.
 Faculty of engineering Technology
Mechanical engineering department
Theory of machine lab

Exp # 2: scotch yoke mechanism

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date
Objectives:

1-To study motion of scotch yoke mechanism.

2-To study velocity of scotch yoke mechanism.
3-To study acceleration of scotch yoke mechanism.
4-To know the relationship between linear displacement of piston velocity and
acceleration of crank.

Tools and Instruments:

 Scotch yoke mechanism.
 Engineering tools.

Fig (1): Scotch yoke mechanism

Procedure:
1. Adjust device by fixed graduation region at zero.
2. Rotate crank during angle (15) and record linear displacement of piston
and angular displacement for crank.
3. Rotate crank completely and record reading of piston displacement.
4. Record all reading in table (2).
Assume the angular velocity (w= 4 rad/s), length crankshaft = 8 cm,

Angular Angular linear Piston Piston

displacement displacement displacement velocity acceleration(m/s2)
No of crank of crank of (m/sec)
(deg) (rad) piston(mm)

1 0
2 15
3 30
4 45
5 60
6 75
7 90
8 105
9 120
10 135
11 150
12 165
13 180
14 195
15 210
16 225
17 240
18 255
19 270
20 285
21 300
22 315
23 330
24 345
25 360
Graph:
Convert θ1 (degree) to θ1 (rad).
Plot S [mm] versus θ1 (rad).

S [mm]

θ [rad]
π 2π

Calculate the piston velocity at several points of θ1 by determining the slope from this
𝑑𝑆
equation: 𝑉 = 𝜔 × 𝑑θ1

Draw graph of V [mm/s] versus θ1 [rad].

V [mm/s]

θ [rad]
π 2π

Find the piston acceleration for the same points of θ1 by calculating the slope from
𝑑𝑉
this equation: 𝐴=𝜔×
𝑑θ1
Plot acceleration versus θ1.

B: velocity and acceleration polygon:

(The Velocity Polygon)
9. Draw the mechanism in a suitable scale.
10. Determine the direction of rotation (CW,CCW).
11. Show the velocity direction on the mechanism drawing.
12. Calculate Va when Va=ω× length crank shaft.
13. From the drawing Vab = a.bxScale.
Vb=obxScale
(The acceleration Polygon)

14. Draw the mechanism in a suitable scale.

15. Determine the direction of rotation (CW,CCW).
16. Show the acceleration direction on the mechanism drawing.
17. Calculate Aa when Aa=ω 2× length crank shaft.
18. From the drawing we find ab
 Faculty of engineering Technology
Mechanical engineering department
Theory of machine lab

Exp # 3: Quick Return mechanism

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date:
Objectives:
1- Study the quick return mechanism, motion.
2- How to determine mechanism velocity and acceleration.
3- To observe the relation between Crank motion with piston velocity and
acceleration.

Tools and Instruments:

 Quick return mechanism.
 Engineering tools.

Quick Return mechanism motion theorem:

When the Crank rotates about the point O, it will transfer this rotating motion
through the slider to another rotating rod to the contact rod.
Then the rotating motion will convert to linear motion as shown in figure (1).

Procedure:
 1. Set or calibrate the mechanism at (0) degree.
2. Rotate the Crank (15) degree.
3. Record the values of θ2 and S in table (1).
4. Assume that ω=5 (rad/sec).
5. Determine the piston velocity and acceleration by two methods:
A:Graph.
B: Velocity and Acceleration.

Angular Angular linear Piston Piston

displacement displacement displacement velocity acceleration(m/s2)
No of crank of crank of (m/sec)
(deg) (rad) piston(mm)

1 0
2 15
3 30
4 45
5 60
6 75
7 90
8 105
9 120
10 135
11 150
12 165
13 180
14 195
15 210
16 225
17 240
18 255
19 270
20 285
21 300
22 315
23 330
24 345
25 360
 A- Graph:
1- Convert θ1 (degree) to θ1 (rad).
2- Plot S [mm] versus θ1 (rad).
S [mm]

π
θ [rad]

Calculate the piston velocity at several points of θ1 by determining the slope from
𝑑𝑆
this equation: 𝑉=𝜔×
𝑑θ1

Draw graph of V [mm/s] versus θ1 [rad].

V [mm/s]

θ [rad]
π 2π

B: velocity and acceleration polygon:

(The Velocity Polygon)
19. Draw the mechanism in a suitable scale.
20. Determine the direction of rotation (CW,CCW).
21. Show the velocity direction on the mechanism drawing.
22. Calculate Va when Va=ω×OA .
23. From the drawing, find Vb,Vaa,Vbc,ωBC.

(The Acceleration Polygon)

The acceleration polygon is analogous to the velocity polygon. The vector polygon
provides us with a convenient method of finding the magnitude of unknown vector
through their relation to know (easily calculated) vector. In the case the vectors
being considered are acceleration. The acceleration polygon is simply the
graphical + expression of the acceleration vector equation.

1. Draw the mechanism in suitable scale.

2. Show the acceleration direction on the mechanism drawing.
3. Calculate the acceleration for these points: Ab, Ac by these equations:

Ac = 2×Vaa` × ω o2A`
Aa = ω o2A` × OA`
Note ω =5 (rad/sec)
Finally, compare the graph values and (V & A) polygon.
 Faculty of engineering Technology
Mechanical engineering department
Theory of machine lab

Exp # 4 : disc cam with flat faced follower

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date:
 Objectives:

1. Studying of cam motion and followers.

2. Studying of velocity and acceleration curve for cams
3. Knowledge of cams and followers types.
4. Determination the dwells angle, rise angle, return angle.

Equipments:
1. Disc Cam mechanism with flat faced follower .
2. Engineering tools.

Theory:

A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to

another element knows as follower.

Reciprocating Roller follower

Disk
Cam

Cam Shaft
The cams are widely used:

1. Internal combustion engine.

2. Automatic attachment machineries.
3. Paper cutting machine.
4. Spinning and weaving textile machineries.

Classification of cams:

1- Cylindrical Cam.
2- Radial or Disk Cam.

Types of followers:
1- Knife edge follower.
2- Roller follower.
3- Flat faced follower.
4- Spherical faced follower.
 1 2 3 4

Cam with straight flank – roller follower:

Roller in contact with flank AB Roller in contact with nose BC

If (β) is the angle turned through while the roller moves from A to B then
When roller is in contact with flank AB

Then the displacement

Velocity

Acceleration

When roller is in contact with nose BC

Then the displacement

Velocity

Acceleration
Disk cam – flat follower:

Displacement

Velocity

Acceleration
Procedures:
1. Choice of cam and follower.
2. Nulling the angular displacement for cam also linear displacement for follower.
3. A rounding angular displacement about 15° (clock wise) and then measured
amount of follower displacement even cam revolving 360° .
4. Listing the results in table

Cam profile:

Use the following in drawing cam profile:

Base circle = 50 mm

Follower rise = 30 mm

Raise angle, return angle dell angle from the experiment results.
.
Now the profile of the cam driving a flat reciprocating follower, as show in fig (2) drawn
as discussed in the following steps:

1. Draw a base circle with center "O" and a radius "OA" equal to the minimum
radius of the cam (i.e.25mm).
2. Draw angle "AOS" =120° to represent the outward stroke, angle "SOT"=30° to
represent dwell and angle "TOP"= 120° to represent inward stroke.
3. Divide the angular displacement during outward stroke and inward stroke (i.e.
angular AOS and TOP) into the same number of equal even parts as in the
displacement diagram.

1. .

Theoretical steps:
1. Drawing graphical relation between angular displacement and linear displacement.
2. Drawing velocity curve from displacement curve (for each follower).

3. Drawing acceleration curve from velocity curve.

4. Compare calculation results with graphical experimental results.

 Faculty of engineering Technology
Mechanical engineering department
Theory of machine lab

Exp # 5: disc cam with roller follower

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date:
Objectives:

1- Studying of cam motion and followers.

2- Studying of velocity and acceleration curve for cams
3- Knowledge of cams and followers types.
4- Determination the dwells angle, rise angle, return angle.

Equipments:
1- Disc Cam mechanism with roller follower.
2- Engineering tools.

Theory:

A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to

another element knows as follower.

a) Disk cam with radial roller follower.

b) Disk cam with offset roller follower
Procedures:
1- Choice of cam and follower.
2- Nulling the angular displacement for cam also linear displacement for
follower.
3- 3-A rounding angular displacement about 15° (clock wise) and then
measured amount of follower displacement even cam revolving 360° .
4- Listing the results in table.

Theoretical steps:

1- Drawing graphical relation between angular displacement and linear

displacement.
2- Drawing velocity curve from displacement curve (for each follower).

3- Drawing acceleration curve from velocity curve.

4-
3. Compare calculation results with graphical experimental results.
 Faculty of engineering Technology
Mechanical engineering department
Theory of machine lab

Exp # 6 : friction of belt

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date:
Objectives:
1- Finding the friction coefficient for leather flat belt which moved by a driving
pulley.

2- Draw the graphical relation between and the angle θ.

3- Finding the friction coefficient form the graph.

Tools and Instruments:

 Belt friction machine.
 Different weights.
 Spring gauge

Theory:
The figure 1 shows the driving pulley (or driver) "A" and the driven pulley (or
followers) "B" connected by belt. As the driving pulley pulls the belt from one side
and delivers it to other side. As a result, the tension on the tight side will be
greater than the slack side.
 Figure 1: Driver and Driven pulley connected by Bel

Table 1: Results table of the friction in belts

contact contact hanged spring friction coefficient
No. angle angle weight T2 gage T1
θ (degree) θ (rad) (N) (N)

1 30

2 60

3 90

4 120

5 150

6 180

7 210
Introduction

The Coriolis force is a deflection of moving objects when they are

observed from a rotating reference system.

It is a fictitious force that affects the movement of currents and winds

in the ocean, the movement of the icebergs in each hemisphere and
the clouds formation, for instance. It also allows us to explain the
deviation of aircrafts and projectiles that travel a great distance over
the earth's surface.

The Coriolis Force Demonstration Unit, MDFC, allows the visual

demonstration of the Coriolis Effect (force) in a rotating reference
system, using a jet of water as moving mass.
Description of the unit

1. TA-1: transparent water tank with scale to measure the deflection of

the water jet.

2. VM-1: measuring rod for accurate measurement of the deflection.

3. AB-1: submersible pump. Flow rate: 0 - 10 l/min (optimum operation

range, 0 - 5 l/min).

4. AM-1: rotation motor. Speed: 0-60 rpm.

5. P-1: weights to balance the system.

6. BG-1: rotating arm coupled to the motor.

7. VP-1: bleed valve to drain the tank.

8. Protection cover.

9. Electronic console to:

 Regulate the rotation speed

 Regulate the flow of water
 Display the rotation speed of the motor
 Display the speed of the water jet
 Reverse the direction of rotation
 The Coriolis Force Demonstration Unit, MDFC, is used
to observe the deflection of a jet of water generated by a pump (AB-1)
attached to a rotating arm that rotates to different speeds in a
horizontal plane. An electronically controlled motor (AM-1) rotates the
arm at different speeds.

The pump is immersed in a transparent water tank and projects a jet of

water in the tank. This jet is directed towards the center of rotation of
the rotating arm in a closed circuit.

Depending on the speed and direction of rotation, as well as the water

flowrate of the pump, the jet of water is deflected under the Coriolis
force. The amount of deflection can be seen in the water tank and
determined by means of a scale on the tank and a measuring rod that
can be adjusted so that the jet beats the rod.

The pump is counterbalanced to ensure a smooth and steady rotation

at high speeds.

The unit includes an electronic console with a speed controller for the
motor and a digital display to view the different speeds of the motor; a
flow rate controller for the pump and a digital display for the speed of
the jet of water.

The unit is protected by a safety cover that disconnects it automatically

when the lid is opened.
 Faculty of engineering Technology
Mechanical engineering department
Theory of machine lab

Exp # 7 : Influence of the rotation speed on the deflection

of a water jet

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date:
Objective

The objective of this practical exercise is to study the influence of the

rotation speed on a jet of water in a rotating system.

Required elements

- Beaker of 600 ml.

Experimental procedure

1. Fill the tank with 1.2 liters of water. Use the beaker to that
end. Pour the water through the gap where the measuring
rod is located.
2. Displace the measuring rod 1 cm from its central position.
3. Close the safety lid and connect the pump, AB-1, and the
motor, AM-1.
4. Locate the switch to select the clockwise direction of
rotation.
5. Set a fixed flow of water in the pump, AB-1.
6. Adjust the rotation speed of the motor, AM-1, till water
moves enough to beat the center of the measuring rod.
7. When the motion is steady, record the rotation speed
selected in the motor, AM-1.
8. Repeat the measurement for different displacements of the
measuring rod (2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, etc.). To that end,
disconnect the pump, AB-1, and the motor, AM-1, and
displace the measuring rod to a new position. Then, repeat
the previous steps.
1. Calculate, for each case studied, the Coriolis acceleration
experienced by the jet of water. Apply the Equation 5 included in the
theory section to calculate the acceleration and the expression below
to calculate the velocity:

NOTE: the outlet of the pump, AB-1, has a diameter of 4 cm.

Distance to the rotation axis: R = 13 cm.

2. Plot rotation speed versus the deflection of the water jet. Rewriting
the equation for the displacement, a linear regression can be
calculated, with a slope of V/R2. With this slope, calculate the
theoretical flow and compare it with the one fixed in the pump, AB-1.
 Faculty of engineering Technology
Mechanical engineering department
Theory of machine lab

Exp # 8 : Influence of the water jet velocity on its deflection

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date:
Objective

The objective of this practical exercise is to study the influence of the

water jet velocity on the deflection of the jet when found in a rotating
system.

Required elements

- Beaker of 600 ml.

Experimental procedure

1. Fill the tank with 1.2 liters of water. Use the beaker to that end.
Pour the water through the gap where the measuring rod is
located.
2. Displace the measuring rod 1 cm from its central position.
3. Close the safety lid and connect the pump, AB-1, and the motor,
AM-1.
4. Locate the switch to select the clockwise direction of rotation.
5. Set a fixed rotation speed in the motor, AM-1.
6. Adjust the flow of the pump, AB-1, till water moves enough to
beat the center of the measuring rod.
7. When the motion is steady, record the water flow rate selected in
the pump, AB-1.
8. Repeat the measurement for different displacements of the
measuring rod (2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, etc.). To that end,
disconnect the pump, AB-1, and the motor, AM-1, and displace
the measuring rod to a new position. Then, repeat the previous
steps.
 9. Calculate, for each case studied, the Coriolis acceleration
experienced by the jet of water. Apply the Equation 5 included in
the theory section to calculate the acceleration and the
expression below to calculate the velocity:

NOTE: the outlet of the pump, AB-1, has a diameter of 4 cm. Distance
to the rotation axis: R = 13 cm.

10. Plot the water jet velocity versus the inverse deflection of the water
jet. Rewriting the equation for the displacement, a linear regression can
be calculated, with a slope of 𝜔·R2. With this slope, calculate the
theoretical rotation speed and compare it with the one fixed in the
motor, AM-1.
 Faculty of engineering Technology

Mechanical engineering department

Theory of machine lab

Exp # 9 : Comparison of the experimental and theoretical deflection

of the water jet according to the rotation speed

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date:
Objective

The objective of this practical exercise is to compare the experimental

deflection of the water jet and the expected deflection, according to
the theoretical calculations, when the rotation speed changes.

7.5.3.2 Required elements

- Beaker of 600 ml.

7.5.3.3 Experimental procedure

- Fill the tank with 1.2 liters of water. Use the beaker to that end. Pour
the water through the gap where the measuring rod is located.

- Displace the measuring rod 1 cm from its central position.

- Close the safety lid and connect the pump, AB-1, and the motor, AM-
1.

- Locate the switch to select the clockwise direction of rotation.

- Set a fixed water flow in the pump, AB-1.

- Adjust the rotation speed of the motor, AM-1, till water moves
enough to beat the center of the measuring rod.

- When the motion is steady, record the rotation speed selected in the
motor, AM-1.

- Repeat the measurement for different displacements of the

measuring rod (2cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, etc.). To that end, disconnect
the pump, AB-1, and the motor, AM-1, and displace the measuring rod
to a new position. Then, repeat the previous steps.
1. Calculate, for each case studied, the theoretical deflection of the jet
of water. Apply the equation included in the manual to calculate the
deflection of the water jet in the direction j and the expression below
to calculate the velocity:

NOTE: the outlet of the pump, AB-1, has a diameter of 4 cm. Distance
to the rotation axis: R = 13 cm.
 Faculty of engineering Technology

Mechanical engineering department

Theory of machine lab

Exp # 10: Comparison of the experimental and theoretical deflection

of the water jet according to the water jet velocity

Student name:

Student number:

Submission date:
Comparison of the experimental and theoretical deflection of the water
jet according to the water jet velocity

7.5.4.1 Objective

The objective of this practical exercise is to compare the experimental

deflection of the water jet and the expected deflection, according to
the theoretical calculations, when the velocity of the water jet changes.

7.5.4.2 Required elements

- Beaker of 600 ml.

7.5.4.3 Experimental procedure

- Fill the tank with 1.2 liters of water. Use the beaker to that end. Pour
the water through the gap where the measuring rod is located.

- Displace the measuring rod 1 cm from its central position.

- Close the safety lid and connect the pump, AB-1, and the motor, AM-
1.

- Locate the switch to select the clockwise direction of rotation.

- Set a fixed rotation speed in the motor, AM-1.

- Adjust the flow rate of the pump, AB-1, till water moves enough to
beat the center of the measuring rod.

- When the motion is steady, record the water flow rate selected in the
pump, AB-1.

- Repeat the measurement for different displacements of the

measuring rod