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Mohinur Ahmadovna
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11 views

History

Uploaded by

Mohinur Ahmadovna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HISTORY

1940s-1950s: Learning Language for Special Jobs


In the 1940s and 1950s, during World War II, people discovered something important. They
realized that soldiers and workers needed special words and phrases for their jobs. This was
the beginning of making classes that focused on the exact language needed for specific tasks.

1960s: A New Way to Teach English


In the 1960s, people started thinking differently about teaching English. Regular English
classes didn't always cover what people needed for their work or studies. In 1966, a person
named John Swales talked about a new idea called "English for Specific Purposes." This idea
changed how people thought about learning languages.

1970s: Special Classes for Different Jobs


In the 1970s, many new classes appeared for different jobs and subjects. Teachers realized it's
important to know exactly what words and phrases each person needs to learn. This made
ESP a recognized part of language classes, and teachers started making lessons that fit the
specific needs of each student.

1980s-1990s: English Becomes Important Everywhere


During the 1980s and 1990s, ESP became popular in many countries around the world.
People understood that everyone, no matter where they are, can benefit from learning English
for their specific needs. Being able to talk well in different situations and jobs became very
important.
21st Century: Learning English with New Technology In the 21st century, things got even
more interesting. Technology changed the way we learn languages, making it more fun and
interactive. Now, there are even more jobs and fields where people need to learn English, like
computers, medicine, and business.

Current Trends: Learning English in a Fun Way


Today, ESP is a big part of learning English. Teachers focus on making it interesting for you.
They use real things from your job or studies to help you learn English better. It's not just
about reading books; it's about learning the words and phrases you really need in your daily
life and work.

EAP
Regardless of which language a student might use to conduct their studies, the completion of
a university-level assignment will require a certain style and register of language that some
new academics may be unfamiliar with at first. Whether a speaker is native or is learning the
language for the purposes of academia, students who are completing a bachelor’s or master’s
degree in English should quickly become familiar with the term English for Academic
Purposes – or ‘EAP’. Broadly speaking, EAP describes the type of academic language that
English-speaking students will be required to use if they wish to write in the appropriate
style.

This short reader on academic language has therefore been created to introduce students to
the overall concepts of language appropriacy hoping to explain the many dos and don’ts of
this style so that new academics can improve the quality of their assignments and in turn
increase their overall grades. Our first chapter on this topic explores the concepts and features
of English for Academic Purposes, with Chapter 2 introducing the seven language structures
that are most appropriate when writing academically. Chapter 3 then concludes this readers
by outlining the twelve types of linguistic construction that are generally considered to be too
informal, subjective or imprecise to be included in academic research

Who uses English for Academic Purposes (EAP)?


Although some estimates for the number of people studying the English language are as high
as 1.5 billion, the amount of students, teachers and researchers who are required to use
English for Academic Purposes is undoubtedly much lower. While non-native students of
English may have many reasons for studying the language (whether it’s a desire to improve
their ability to travel, their job prospects, or their understanding of foreign movies and
music), users of academic English generally all have the same motivation – which is to
emulate the correct and appropriate form, style and register of English that’s conventionally
used when submitting, tutoring or publishing successful academic research. This more
limited motivation of course explains the lower number of learners around the globe
While general English may be described as being informal and subjective in nature, academic
English is traditionally more formal and objective – preferring scientific methods of
persuading the reader, such as by offering reasoning, deduction, evidence and analysis.
Academic language is therefore intended to be as precise, unambiguous and concise as
possible, so that important information can be transmitted from the writer or speaker to their
audience with as little opportunity for misinterpretation as possible.
English for Academic Purposes, then, is the particular language that’s required for successful
integration into the academic community, covering areas of grammar, punctuation, syntax,
vocabulary and appropriate discourse. EAP is, in short, the written or spoken forms that are
most useful to students when attempting to complete academic assignments, improve
academic skills, understand academic policies and navigate academic norms

EOP
English for Occupational Purposes is a branch of ESP (English for Specific Purposes) and
covers situations in which learners are studying English for work related reasons. The courses
are based on an analysis of their specific communicative needs in their work.
For example, a waiter dealing with foreign clients might need to :

- describe the content of dishes on the menu and the way they are cooked (It's pasta with
seafood cooked in a white wine and cream sauce)
- understand and respond appropriately to requests and orders (Can we have a bottle of the
house white?)
- ask about requirements (Would you like coffee?)

etc etc.

EOP courses will therefore have often titles like :

English for Nursing


English for Shopfloor Staff
English for Accountants

Where communicative needs become more complex,the courses may become more specific,
not aiming to deal with the full range of needs involved in the job, but just with one area.
This is particularly true in Business English, which may focus on eg :

English for Sales Presentations


English for Business Reports
Negotiation Skills in English

Alternatively, the courses may focus on the more general needs of a specific industry :

English for Banking and Finance


Legal English
English for Military Purposes
English for the Oil Industry

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