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React Interview Questions & Answers

Core React

1. What is React?
React is an open-source front-end JavaScript library that is used for building user
interfaces, especially for single-page applications. It is used for handling view layer for web
and mobile apps. React was created by Jordan Walke, a software engineer working for
Facebook. React was first deployed on Facebook's News Feed in 2011 and on Instagram in
2012.

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2. What are the major features of React?

The major features of React are:

It uses VirtualDOM instead of RealDOM considering that RealDOM manipulations are

expensive.
Supports server-side rendering.
Follows Unidirectional data flow or data binding.
Uses reusable/composable UI components to develop the view.

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3. What is JSX?

JSX is a XML-like syntax extension to ECMAScript (the acronym stands for JavaScript XML).
Basically it just provides syntactic sugar for the React.createElement() function, giving us
expressiveness of JavaScript along with HTML like template syntax.

In the example below text inside <h1> tag is returned as JavaScript function to the render
function.

class App extends React.Component {

render() {
return(
<div>
<h1>{'Welcome to React world!'}</h1>

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</div>
)
}
}

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4. What is the difference between Element and Component?

An Element is a plain object describing what you want to appear on the screen in terms of
the DOM nodes or other components. Elements can contain other Elements in their props.
Creating a React element is cheap. Once an element is created, it is never mutated.

The object representation of React Element would be as follows:

const element = React.createElement(

'div',
{id: 'login-btn'},
'Login'
)

The above React.createElement() function returns an object:

{
type: 'div',
props: {
children: 'Login',
id: 'login-btn'
}
}

And finally it renders to the DOM using ReactDOM.render() :

<div id='login-btn'>Login</div>

Whereas a component can be declared in several different ways. It can be a class with a
render() method or it can be defined as a function. In either case, it takes props as an
input, and returns a JSX tree as the output:

const Button = ({ onLogin }) =>

<div id={'login-btn'} onClick={onLogin}>Login</div>

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Then JSX gets transpiled to a React.createElement() function tree:

const Button = ({ onLogin }) => React.createElement(

'div',
{ id: 'login-btn', onClick: onLogin },
'Login'
)

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5. How to create components in React?

There are two possible ways to create a component.

i. Function Components: This is the simplest way to create a component. Those are
pure JavaScript functions that accept props object as the first parameter and return
React elements:

function Greeting({ message }) {

return <h1>{`Hello, ${message}`}</h1>

ii. Class Components: You can also use ES6 class to define a component. The above
function component can be written as:

class Greeting extends React.Component {

render() {
return <h1>{`Hello, ${this.props.message}`}</h1>
}
}

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6. When to use a Class Component over a Function Component?

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If the component needs state or lifecycle methods then use class component otherwise use
function component. However, from React 16.8 with the addition of Hooks, you could use
state , lifecycle methods and other features that were only available in class component right
in your function component. *So, it is always recommended to use Function components,
unless you need a React functionality whose Function component equivalent is not present
yet, like Error Boundaries *

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7. What are Pure Components?
React.PureComponent is exactly the same as React.Component except that it handles the
shouldComponentUpdate() method for you. When props or state changes, PureComponent
will do a shallow comparison on both props and state. Component on the other hand
won't compare current props and state to next out of the box. Thus, the component will
re-render by default whenever shouldComponentUpdate is called.

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8. What is state in React?

State of a component is an object that holds some information that may change over the
lifetime of the component. We should always try to make our state as simple as possible
and minimize the number of stateful components.

Let's create a user component with message state,

class User extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)

this.state = {
message: 'Welcome to React world'
}
}

render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>{this.state.message}</h1>
</div>
)
}
}

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State is similar to props, but it is private and fully controlled by the component ,i.e., it is not
accessible to any other component till the owner component decides to pass it.

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9. What are props in React?

Props are inputs to components. They are single values or objects containing a set of
values that are passed to components on creation using a naming convention similar to
HTML-tag attributes. They are data passed down from a parent component to a child
component.

The primary purpose of props in React is to provide following component functionality:

i. Pass custom data to your component.

ii. Trigger state changes.
iii. Use via this.props.reactProp inside component's render() method.

For example, let us create an element with reactProp property:

<Element reactProp={'1'} />

This reactProp (or whatever you came up with) name then becomes a property attached
to React's native props object which originally already exists on all components created
using React library.

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props.reactProp

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10. What is the difference between state and props?

Both props and state are plain JavaScript objects. While both of them hold information that
influences the output of render, they are different in their functionality with respect to
component. Props get passed to the component similar to function parameters whereas
state is managed within the component similar to variables declared within a function.

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11. Why should we not update the state directly?

If you try to update the state directly then it won't re-render the component.

//Wrong
this.state.message = 'Hello world'

Instead use setState() method. It schedules an update to a component's state object.

When state changes, the component responds by re-rendering.

//Correct
this.setState({ message: 'Hello World' })

Note: You can directly assign to the state object either in constructor or using latest
javascript's class field declaration syntax.

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12. What is the purpose of callback function as an argument of
setState() ?
The callback function is invoked when setState finished and the component gets rendered.
Since setState() is asynchronous the callback function is used for any post action.

Note: It is recommended to use lifecycle method rather than this callback function.

setState({ name: 'John' }, () => console.log('The name has updated and component re-
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13. What is the difference between HTML and React event handling?
Below are some of the main differences between HTML and React event handling,

i. In HTML, the event name usually represents in lowercase as a convention:

<button onclick='activateLasers()'>

Whereas in React it follows camelCase convention:

<button onClick={activateLasers}>

ii. In HTML, you can return false to prevent default behavior:

<a href='#' onclick='console.log("The link was clicked."); return false;' />

Whereas in React you must call preventDefault() explicitly:

function handleClick(event) {
event.preventDefault()
console.log('The link was clicked.')
}

iii. In HTML, you need to invoke the function by appending () Whereas in react you
should not append () with the function name. (refer "activateLasers" function in the
first point for example)

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14. How to bind methods or event handlers in JSX callbacks?
There are 3 possible ways to achieve this:

i. Binding in Constructor: In JavaScript classes, the methods are not bound by default.
The same thing applies for React event handlers defined as class methods. Normally
we bind them in constructor.

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class Foo extends Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}
handleClick() {
console.log('Click happened');
}
render() {
return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>Click Me</button>;
}
}

ii. Public class fields syntax: If you don't like to use bind approach then public class fields
syntax can be used to correctly bind callbacks.

handleClick = () => {
console.log('this is:', this)
}

<button onClick={this.handleClick}>
{'Click me'}
</button>

iii. Arrow functions in callbacks: You can use arrow functions directly in the callbacks.

handleClick() {
console.log('Click happened');
}
render() {
return <button onClick={() => this.handleClick()}>Click Me</button>;
}

Note: If the callback is passed as prop to child components, those components might do
an extra re-rendering. In those cases, it is preferred to go with .bind() or public class
fields syntax approach considering performance.

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15. How to pass a parameter to an event handler or callback?
You can use an arrow function to wrap around an event handler and pass parameters:
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<button onClick={() => this.handleClick(id)} />

This is an equivalent to calling .bind :

<button onClick={this.handleClick.bind(this, id)} />

Apart from these two approaches, you can also pass arguments to a function which is
defined as arrow function

<button onClick={this.handleClick(id)} />

handleClick = (id) => () => {
console.log("Hello, your ticket number is", id)
};

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16. What are synthetic events in React?
SyntheticEvent is a cross-browser wrapper around the browser's native event. Its API is
same as the browser's native event, including stopPropagation() and preventDefault() ,
except the events work identically across all browsers.

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17. What are inline conditional expressions?
You can use either if statements or ternary expressions which are available from JS to
conditionally render expressions. Apart from these approaches, you can also embed any
expressions in JSX by wrapping them in curly braces and then followed by JS logical
operator && .

<h1>Hello!</h1>
{
messages.length > 0 && !isLogin?
<h2>
You have {messages.length} unread messages.
</h2>
:
<h2>
You don't have unread messages.

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</h2>
}

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18. What is "key" prop and what is the benefit of using it in arrays of
elements?
A key is a special string attribute you should include when creating arrays of elements.
Key prop helps React identify which items have changed, are added, or are removed.

Most often we use ID from our data as key:

const todoItems = todos.map((todo) =>

<li key={todo.id}>
{todo.text}
</li>
)

When you don't have stable IDs for rendered items, you may use the item index as a key as
a last resort:

const todoItems = todos.map((todo, index) =>

<li key={index}>
{todo.text}
</li>
)

Note:

i. Using indexes for keys is not recommended if the order of items may change. This can
negatively impact performance and may cause issues with component state.
ii. If you extract list item as separate component then apply keys on list component
instead of li tag.
iii. There will be a warning message in the console if the key prop is not present on list
items.

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19. What is the use of refs?

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The ref is used to return a reference to the element. They should be avoided in most cases,
however, they can be useful when you need a direct access to the DOM element or an
instance of a component.

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20. How to create refs?

There are two approaches

i. This is a recently added approach. Refs are created using React.createRef() method
and attached to React elements via the ref attribute. In order to use refs throughout
the component, just assign the ref to the instance property within constructor.

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.myRef = React.createRef()
}
render() {
return <div ref={this.myRef} />
}
}

ii. You can also use ref callbacks approach regardless of React version. For example, the
search bar component's input element is accessed as follows,

class SearchBar extends Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.txtSearch = null;
this.state = { term: '' };
this.setInputSearchRef = e => {
this.txtSearch = e;
}
}
onInputChange(event) {
this.setState({ term: this.txtSearch.value });
}
render() {
return (
<input
value={this.state.term}
onChange={this.onInputChange.bind(this)}
ref={this.setInputSearchRef} />

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);
}
}

You can also use refs in function components using closures. Note: You can also use inline
ref callbacks even though it is not a recommended approach.

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21. What are forward refs?
Ref forwarding is a feature that lets some components take a ref they receive, and pass it
further down to a child.

const ButtonElement = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => (

<button ref={ref} className="CustomButton">
{props.children}
</button>
));

// Create ref to the DOM button:

const ref = React.createRef();
<ButtonElement ref={ref}>{'Forward Ref'}</ButtonElement>

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22. Which is preferred option with in callback refs and findDOMNode()?

It is preferred to use callback refs over findDOMNode() API. Because findDOMNode()

prevents certain improvements in React in the future.

The legacy approach of using findDOMNode :

class MyComponent extends Component {

componentDidMount() {
findDOMNode(this).scrollIntoView()
}

render() {
return <div />
}
}

The recommended approach is:

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class MyComponent extends Component {

constructor(props){
super(props);
this.node = createRef();
}
componentDidMount() {
this.node.current.scrollIntoView();
}

render() {
return <div ref={this.node} />
}
}

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23. Why are String Refs legacy?

If you worked with React before, you might be familiar with an older API where the ref
attribute is a string, like ref={'textInput'} , and the DOM node is accessed as
this.refs.textInput . We advise against it because string refs have below issues, and are
considered legacy. String refs were removed in React v16.

i. They force React to keep track of currently executing component. This is problematic
because it makes react module stateful, and thus causes weird errors when react
module is duplicated in the bundle.
ii. They are not composable — if a library puts a ref on the passed child, the user can't
put another ref on it. Callback refs are perfectly composable.
iii. They don't work with static analysis like Flow. Flow can't guess the magic that
framework does to make the string ref appear on this.refs , as well as its type (which
could be different). Callback refs are friendlier to static analysis.
iv. It doesn't work as most people would expect with the "render callback" pattern (e.g. )

class MyComponent extends Component {

renderRow = (index) => {
// This won't work. Ref will get attached to DataTable rather than MyCompone
return <input ref={'input-' + index} />;

// This would work though! Callback refs are awesome.

return <input ref={input => this['input-' + index] = input} />;
}

render() {
return <DataTable data={this.props.data} renderRow={this.renderRow} />

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}
}

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24. What is Virtual DOM?

The Virtual DOM (VDOM) is an in-memory representation of Real DOM. The representation
of a UI is kept in memory and synced with the "real" DOM. It's a step that happens
between the render function being called and the displaying of elements on the screen.
This entire process is called reconciliation.

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25. How Virtual DOM works?
The Virtual DOM works in three simple steps.

i. Whenever any underlying data changes, the entire UI is re-rendered in Virtual DOM
representation.

ii. Then the difference between the previous DOM representation and the new one is
calculated.

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iii. Once the calculations are done, the real DOM will be updated with only the things
that have actually changed.

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26. What is the difference between Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM?
The Shadow DOM is a browser technology designed primarily for scoping variables and
CSS in web components. The Virtual DOM is a concept implemented by libraries in
JavaScript on top of browser APIs.

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27. What is React Fiber?

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Fiber is the new reconciliation engine or reimplementation of core algorithm in React v16.
The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like animation, layout,
gestures, ability to pause, abort, or reuse work and assign priority to different types of
updates; and new concurrency primitives.

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28. What is the main goal of React Fiber?
The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like animation, layout, and
gestures. Its headline feature is incremental rendering: the ability to split rendering work
into chunks and spread it out over multiple frames.

from documentation

Its main goals are:

i. Ability to split interruptible work in chunks.

ii. Ability to prioritize, rebase and reuse work in progress.
iii. Ability to yield back and forth between parents and children to support layout in
React.
iv. Ability to return multiple elements from render().
v. Better support for error boundaries.

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29. What are controlled components?
A component that controls the input elements within the forms on subsequent user input
is called Controlled Component, i.e, every state mutation will have an associated handler
function.

For example, to write all the names in uppercase letters, we use handleChange as below,

handleChange(event) {
this.setState({value: event.target.value.toUpperCase()})
}

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30. What are uncontrolled components?

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The Uncontrolled Components are the ones that store their own state internally, and you
query the DOM using a ref to find its current value when you need it. This is a bit more like
traditional HTML.

In the below UserProfile component, the name input is accessed using ref.

class UserProfile extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.handleSubmit = this.handleSubmit.bind(this)
this.input = React.createRef()
}

handleSubmit(event) {
alert('A name was submitted: ' + this.input.current.value)
event.preventDefault()
}

render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<label>
{'Name:'}
<input type="text" ref={this.input} />
</label>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
);
}
}

In most cases, it's recommend to use controlled components to implement forms. In a

controlled component, form data is handled by a React component. The alternative is
uncontrolled components, where form data is handled by the DOM itself.

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31. What is the difference between createElement and cloneElement?

JSX elements will be transpiled to React.createElement() functions to create React

elements which are going to be used for the object representation of UI. Whereas
cloneElement is used to clone an element and pass it new props.

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32. What is Lifting State Up in React?

When several components need to share the same changing data then it is recommended
to lift the shared state up to their closest common ancestor. That means if two child
components share the same data from its parent, then move the state to parent instead of
maintaining local state in both of the child components.

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33. What are the different phases of component lifecycle?

The component lifecycle has three distinct lifecycle phases:

i. Mounting: The component is ready to mount in the browser DOM. This phase covers
initialization from constructor() , getDerivedStateFromProps() , render() , and
componentDidMount() lifecycle methods.

ii. Updating: In this phase, the component gets updated in two ways, sending the new
props and updating the state either from setState() or forceUpdate() . This phase
covers getDerivedStateFromProps() , shouldComponentUpdate() , render() ,
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidUpdate() lifecycle methods.

iii. Unmounting: In this last phase, the component is not needed and gets unmounted
from the browser DOM. This phase includes componentWillUnmount() lifecycle
method.

It's worth mentioning that React internally has a concept of phases when applying changes
to the DOM. They are separated as follows

i. Render The component will render without any side effects. This applies to Pure
components and in this phase, React can pause, abort, or restart the render.

ii. Pre-commit Before the component actually applies the changes to the DOM, there is
a moment that allows React to read from the DOM through the
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() .

iii. Commit React works with the DOM and executes the final lifecycles respectively
componentDidMount() for mounting, componentDidUpdate() for updating, and
componentWillUnmount() for unmounting.

React 16.3+ Phases (or an interactive version)

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Before React 16.3

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34. What are the lifecycle methods of React?

Before React 16.3

componentWillMount: Executed before rendering and is used for App level

configuration in your root component.
componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and here all AJAX requests, DOM
or state updates, and set up event listeners should occur.

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componentWillReceiveProps: Executed when particular prop updates to trigger state

transitions.
shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not. By
default it returns true . If you are sure that the component doesn't need to render
after state or props are updated, you can return false value. It is a great place to
improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if component receives
new prop.
componentWillUpdate: Executed before re-rendering the component when there are
props & state changes confirmed by shouldComponentUpdate() which returns true.
componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop or
state changes.
componentWillUnmount: It will be used to cancel any outgoing network requests, or
remove all event listeners associated with the component.

React 16.3+

getDerivedStateFromProps: Invoked right before calling render() and is invoked on

every render. This exists for rare use cases where you need a derived state. Worth
reading if you need derived state.
componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and where all AJAX requests,
DOM or state updates, and set up event listeners should occur.
shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not. By
default, it returns true . If you are sure that the component doesn't need to render
after the state or props are updated, you can return a false value. It is a great place to
improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if component receives a
new prop.
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate: Executed right before rendered output is committed to
the DOM. Any value returned by this will be passed into componentDidUpdate() . This is
useful to capture information from the DOM i.e. scroll position.
componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop or
state changes. This will not fire if shouldComponentUpdate() returns false .
componentWillUnmount It will be used to cancel any outgoing network requests, or
remove all event listeners associated with the component.

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35. What are Higher-Order Components?
A higher-order component (HOC) is a function that takes a component and returns a new
component. Basically, it's a pattern that is derived from React's compositional nature.

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We call them pure components because they can accept any dynamically provided child
component but they won't modify or copy any behavior from their input components.

const EnhancedComponent = higherOrderComponent(WrappedComponent)

HOC can be used for many use cases:

i. Code reuse, logic and bootstrap abstraction.

ii. Render hijacking.
iii. State abstraction and manipulation.
iv. Props manipulation.

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36. How to create props proxy for HOC component?
You can add/edit props passed to the component using props proxy pattern like this:

function HOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class Test extends Component {
render() {
const newProps = {
title: 'New Header',
footer: false,
showFeatureX: false,
showFeatureY: true
}

return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} {...newProps} />

}
}
}

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37. What is context?

Context provides a way to pass data through the component tree without having to pass
props down manually at every level.

For example, authenticated users, locale preferences, UI themes need to be accessed in the
application by many components.

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const {Provider, Consumer} = React.createContext(defaultValue)

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38. What is children prop?

Children is a prop ( this.props.children ) that allows you to pass components as data to

other components, just like any other prop you use. Component tree put between
component's opening and closing tag will be passed to that component as children
prop.

There are several methods available in the React API to work with this prop. These include
React.Children.map , React.Children.forEach , React.Children.count ,
React.Children.only , React.Children.toArray .

A simple usage of children prop looks as below,

const MyDiv = React.createClass({

render: function() {
return <div>{this.props.children}</div>
}
})

ReactDOM.render(
<MyDiv>
<span>{'Hello'}</span>
<span>{'World'}</span>
</MyDiv>,
node
)

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39. How to write comments in React?

The comments in React/JSX are similar to JavaScript Multiline comments but are wrapped
in curly braces.

Single-line comments:

<div>
{/* Single-line comments(In vanilla JavaScript, the single-line comments are repre

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{`Welcome ${user}, let's play React`}

</div>

Multi-line comments:

<div>
{/* Multi-line comments for more than
one line */}
{`Welcome ${user}, let's play React`}
</div>

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40. What is the purpose of using super constructor with props argument?
A child class constructor cannot make use of this reference until the super() method
has been called. The same applies to ES6 sub-classes as well. The main reason for passing
props parameter to super() call is to access this.props in your child constructors.

Passing props:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)

console.log(this.props) // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }

}
}

Not passing props:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super()

console.log(this.props) // prints undefined

// but props parameter is still available

console.log(props) // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }
}

render() {
// no difference outside constructor

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console.log(this.props) // prints { name: 'John', age: 42 }

}
}

The above code snippets reveals that this.props is different only within the constructor. It
would be the same outside the constructor.

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41. What is reconciliation?

When a component's props or state change, React decides whether an actual DOM update
is necessary by comparing the newly returned element with the previously rendered one.
When they are not equal, React will update the DOM. This process is called reconciliation.

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42. How to set state with a dynamic key name?
If you are using ES6 or the Babel transpiler to transform your JSX code then you can
accomplish this with computed property names.

handleInputChange(event) {
this.setState({ [event.target.id]: event.target.value })
}

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43. What would be the common mistake of function being called every
time the component renders?
You need to make sure that function is not being called while passing the function as a
parameter.

render() {
// Wrong: handleClick is called instead of passed as a reference!
return <button onClick={this.handleClick()}>{'Click Me'}</button>
}

Instead, pass the function itself without parenthesis:

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render() {
// Correct: handleClick is passed as a reference!
return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>{'Click Me'}</button>
}

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44. Is lazy function supports named exports?

No, currently React.lazy function supports default exports only. If you would like to
import modules which are named exports, you can create an intermediate module that
reexports it as the default. It also ensures that tree shaking keeps working and don’t pull
unused components. Let's take a component file which exports multiple named
components,

// MoreComponents.js
export const SomeComponent = /* ... */;
export const UnusedComponent = /* ... */;

and reexport MoreComponents.js components in an intermediate file

IntermediateComponent.js

// IntermediateComponent.js
export { SomeComponent as default } from "./MoreComponents.js";

Now you can import the module using lazy function as below,

import React, { lazy } from 'react';

const SomeComponent = lazy(() => import("./IntermediateComponent.js"));

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45. Why React uses className over class attribute?

class is a keyword in JavaScript, and JSX is an extension of JavaScript. That's the principal
reason why React uses className instead of class . Pass a string as the className prop.

render() {
return <span className={'menu navigation-menu'}>{'Menu'}</span>
}

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46. What are fragments?

It's a common pattern in React which is used for a component to return multiple elements.
Fragments let you group a list of children without adding extra nodes to the DOM.

render() {
return (
<React.Fragment>
<ChildA />
<ChildB />
<ChildC />
</React.Fragment>
)
}

There is also a shorter syntax, but it's not supported in many tools:

render() {
return (
<>
<ChildA />
<ChildB />
<ChildC />
</>
)
}

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47. Why fragments are better than container divs?

Below are the list of reasons,

i. Fragments are a bit faster and use less memory by not creating an extra DOM node.
This only has a real benefit on very large and deep trees.
ii. Some CSS mechanisms like Flexbox and CSS Grid have a special parent-child
relationships, and adding divs in the middle makes it hard to keep the desired layout.
iii. The DOM Inspector is less cluttered.

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48. What are portals in React?

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Portal is a recommended way to render children into a DOM node that exists outside the
DOM hierarchy of the parent component.

ReactDOM.createPortal(child, container)

The first argument is any render-able React child, such as an element, string, or fragment.
The second argument is a DOM element.

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49. What are stateless components?

If the behaviour is independent of its state then it can be a stateless component. You can
use either a function or a class for creating stateless components. But unless you need to
use a lifecycle hook in your components, you should go for function components. There
are a lot of benefits if you decide to use function components here; they are easy to write,
understand, and test, a little faster, and you can avoid the this keyword altogether.

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50. What are stateful components?

If the behaviour of a component is dependent on the state of the component then it can
be termed as stateful component. These stateful components are always class components
and have a state that gets initialized in the constructor .

class App extends Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = { count: 0 }
}

render() {
// ...
}
}

React 16.8 Update:

Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing classes.

The Equivalent Functional Component

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import React, {useState} from 'react';

const App = (props) => {

const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

return (
// JSX
)
}

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51. How to apply validation on props in React?

When the application is running in development mode, React will automatically check all
props that we set on components to make sure they have correct type. If the type is
incorrect, React will generate warning messages in the console. It's disabled in production
mode due to performance impact. The mandatory props are defined with isRequired .

The set of predefined prop types:

i. PropTypes.number
ii. PropTypes.string
iii. PropTypes.array
iv. PropTypes.object
v. PropTypes.func
vi. PropTypes.node
vii. PropTypes.element
viii. PropTypes.bool
ix. PropTypes.symbol
x. PropTypes.any

We can define propTypes for User component as below:

import React from 'react'

import PropTypes from 'prop-types'

class User extends React.Component {

static propTypes = {
name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
age: PropTypes.number.isRequired
}
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render() {
return (
<>
<h1>{`Welcome, ${this.props.name}`}</h1>
<h2>{`Age, ${this.props.age}`}</h2>
</>
)
}
}

Note: In React v15.5 PropTypes were moved from React.PropTypes to prop-types library.

The Equivalent Functional Component

import React from 'react'

import PropTypes from 'prop-types'

function User({name, age}) {

return (
<>
<h1>{`Welcome, ${name}`}</h1>
<h2>{`Age, ${age}`}</h2>
</>
)
}

User.propTypes = {
name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
age: PropTypes.number.isRequired
}

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52. What are the advantages of React?
Below are the list of main advantages of React,

i. Increases the application's performance with Virtual DOM.

ii. JSX makes code easy to read and write.
iii. It renders both on client and server side (SSR).
iv. Easy to integrate with frameworks (Angular, Backbone) since it is only a view library.
v. Easy to write unit and integration tests with tools such as Jest.

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53. What are the limitations of React?

Apart from the advantages, there are few limitations of React too,

i. React is just a view library, not a full framework.

ii. There is a learning curve for beginners who are new to web development.
iii. Integrating React into a traditional MVC framework requires some additional
configuration.
iv. The code complexity increases with inline templating and JSX.
v. Too many smaller components leading to over engineering or boilerplate.

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54. What are error boundaries in React v16?
Error boundaries are components that catch JavaScript errors anywhere in their child
component tree, log those errors, and display a fallback UI instead of the component tree
that crashed.

A class component becomes an error boundary if it defines a new lifecycle method called
componentDidCatch(error, info) or static getDerivedStateFromError() :

class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = { hasError: false }
}

componentDidCatch(error, info) {
// You can also log the error to an error reporting service
logErrorToMyService(error, info)
}

static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
return { hasError: true };
}

render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return <h1>{'Something went wrong.'}</h1>
}
return this.props.children

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}
}

After that use it as a regular component:

<ErrorBoundary>
<MyWidget />
</ErrorBoundary>

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55. How error boundaries handled in React v15?

React v15 provided very basic support for error boundaries using unstable_handleError
method. It has been renamed to componentDidCatch in React v16.

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56. What are the recommended ways for static type checking?
Normally we use PropTypes library ( React.PropTypes moved to a prop-types package
since React v15.5) for type checking in the React applications. For large code bases, it is
recommended to use static type checkers such as Flow or TypeScript, that perform type
checking at compile time and provide auto-completion features.

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57. What is the use of react-dom package?
The react-dom package provides DOM-specific methods that can be used at the top level
of your app. Most of the components are not required to use this module. Some of the
methods of this package are:

i. render()
ii. hydrate()
iii. unmountComponentAtNode()
iv. findDOMNode()
v. createPortal()

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58. What is the purpose of render method of react-dom ?

This method is used to render a React element into the DOM in the supplied container and
return a reference to the component. If the React element was previously rendered into
container, it will perform an update on it and only mutate the DOM as necessary to reflect
the latest changes.

ReactDOM.render(element, container[, callback])

If the optional callback is provided, it will be executed after the component is rendered or
updated.

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59. What is ReactDOMServer?

The ReactDOMServer object enables you to render components to static markup (typically
used on node server). This object is mainly used for server-side rendering (SSR). The
following methods can be used in both the server and browser environments:

i. renderToString()
ii. renderToStaticMarkup()

For example, you generally run a Node-based web server like Express, Hapi, or Koa, and
you call renderToString to render your root component to a string, which you then send
as response.

// using Express
import { renderToString } from 'react-dom/server'
import MyPage from './MyPage'

app.get('/', (req, res) => {

res.write('<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>My Page</title></head><body>')
res.write('<div id="content">')
res.write(renderToString(<MyPage/>))
res.write('</div></body></html>')
res.end()
})

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60. How to use innerHTML in React?
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The dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute is React's replacement for using innerHTML in the

browser DOM. Just like innerHTML , it is risky to use this attribute considering cross-site
scripting (XSS) attacks. You just need to pass a __html object as key and HTML text as
value.

In this example MyComponent uses dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute for setting HTML

markup:

function createMarkup() {
return { __html: 'First &middot; Second' }
}

function MyComponent() {
return <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={createMarkup()} />
}

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61. How to use styles in React?

The style attribute accepts a JavaScript object with camelCased properties rather than a
CSS string. This is consistent with the DOM style JavaScript property, is more efficient, and
prevents XSS security holes.

const divStyle = {
color: 'blue',
backgroundImage: 'url(' + imgUrl + ')'
};

function HelloWorldComponent() {
return <div style={divStyle}>Hello World!</div>
}

Style keys are camelCased in order to be consistent with accessing the properties on DOM
nodes in JavaScript (e.g. node.style.backgroundImage ).

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62. How events are different in React?

Handling events in React elements has some syntactic differences:

i. React event handlers are named using camelCase, rather than lowercase.

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ii. With JSX you pass a function as the event handler, rather than a string.

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63. What will happen if you use setState() in constructor?

When you use setState() , then apart from assigning to the object state React also re-
renders the component and all its children. You would get error like this: Can only update a
mounted or mounting component. So we need to use this.state to initialize variables
inside constructor.

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64. What is the impact of indexes as keys?

Keys should be stable, predictable, and unique so that React can keep track of elements.

In the below code snippet each element's key will be based on ordering, rather than tied to
the data that is being represented. This limits the optimizations that React can do.

{todos.map((todo, index) =>

<Todo
{...todo}
key={index}
/>
)}

If you use element data for unique key, assuming todo.id is unique to this list and stable,
React would be able to reorder elements without needing to reevaluate them as much.

{todos.map((todo) =>
<Todo {...todo}
key={todo.id} />
)}

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65. Is it good to use setState() in componentWillMount() method?

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Yes, it is safe to use setState() inside componentWillMount() method. But at the same it
is recommended to avoid async initialization in componentWillMount() lifecycle method.
componentWillMount() is invoked immediately before mounting occurs. It is called before
render() , therefore setting state in this method will not trigger a re-render. Avoid
introducing any side-effects or subscriptions in this method. We need to make sure async
calls for component initialization happened in componentDidMount() instead of
componentWillMount() .

componentDidMount() {
axios.get(`api/todos`)
.then((result) => {
this.setState({
messages: [...result.data]
})
})
}

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66. What will happen if you use props in initial state?

If the props on the component are changed without the component being refreshed, the
new prop value will never be displayed because the constructor function will never update
the current state of the component. The initialization of state from props only runs when
the component is first created.

The below component won't display the updated input value:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)

this.state = {
records: [],
inputValue: this.props.inputValue
};
}

render() {
return <div>{this.state.inputValue}</div>
}
}

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Using props inside render method will update the value:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)

this.state = {
record: []
}
}

render() {
return <div>{this.props.inputValue}</div>
}
}

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67. How do you conditionally render components?

In some cases you want to render different components depending on some state. JSX
does not render false or undefined , so you can use conditional short-circuiting to
render a given part of your component only if a certain condition is true.

const MyComponent = ({ name, address }) => (

<div>
<h2>{name}</h2>
{address &&
<p>{address}</p>
}
</div>
)

If you need an if-else condition then use ternary operator.

const MyComponent = ({ name, address }) => (

<div>
<h2>{name}</h2>
{address
? <p>{address}</p>
: <p>{'Address is not available'}</p>
}
</div>
)

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68. Why we need to be careful when spreading props on DOM elements?

When we spread props we run into the risk of adding unknown HTML attributes, which is a
bad practice. Instead we can use prop destructuring with ...rest operator, so it will add
only required props.

For example,

const ComponentA = () =>

<ComponentB isDisplay={true} className={'componentStyle'} />

const ComponentB = ({ isDisplay, ...domProps }) =>

<div {...domProps}>{'ComponentB'}</div>

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69. How you use decorators in React?

You can decorate your class components, which is the same as passing the component into
a function. Decorators are flexible and readable way of modifying component
functionality.

@setTitle('Profile')
class Profile extends React.Component {
//....
}

/*
title is a string that will be set as a document title
WrappedComponent is what our decorator will receive when
put directly above a component class as seen in the example above
*/
const setTitle = (title) => (WrappedComponent) => {
return class extends React.Component {
componentDidMount() {
document.title = title
}

render() {
return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} />
}
}
}
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Note: Decorators are a feature that didn't make it into ES7, but are currently a stage 2
proposal.

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70. How do you memoize a component?

There are memoize libraries available which can be used on function components.

For example moize library can memoize the component in another component.

import moize from 'moize'

import Component from './components/Component' // this module exports a non-memoized

const MemoizedFoo = moize.react(Component)

const Consumer = () => {

<div>
{'I will memoize the following entry:'}
<MemoizedFoo/>
</div>
}

Update: Since React v16.6.0, we have a React.memo . It provides a higher order component
which memoizes component unless the props change. To use it, simply wrap the
component using React.memo before you use it.

const MemoComponent = React.memo(function MemoComponent(props) {

/* render using props */
});
OR
export default React.memo(MyFunctionComponent);

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71. How you implement Server Side Rendering or SSR?

React is already equipped to handle rendering on Node servers. A special version of the
DOM renderer is available, which follows the same pattern as on the client side.

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import ReactDOMServer from 'react-dom/server'

import App from './App'

ReactDOMServer.renderToString(<App />)

This method will output the regular HTML as a string, which can be then placed inside a
page body as part of the server response. On the client side, React detects the pre-
rendered content and seamlessly picks up where it left off.

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72. How to enable production mode in React?

You should use Webpack's DefinePlugin method to set NODE_ENV to production , by

which it strip out things like propType validation and extra warnings. Apart from this, if you
minify the code, for example, Uglify's dead-code elimination to strip out development only
code and comments, it will drastically reduce the size of your bundle.

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73. What is CRA and its benefits?
The create-react-app CLI tool allows you to quickly create & run React applications with
no configuration step.

Let's create Todo App using CRA:

# Installation
$ npm install -g create-react-app

# Create new project

$ create-react-app todo-app
$ cd todo-app

# Build, test and run

$ npm run build
$ npm run test
$ npm start

It includes everything we need to build a React app:

i. React, JSX, ES6, and Flow syntax support.

ii. Language extras beyond ES6 like the object spread operator.
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iii. Autoprefixed CSS, so you don’t need -webkit- or other prefixes.

iv. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for coverage reporting.
v. A live development server that warns about common mistakes.
vi. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with hashes and
sourcemaps.

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74. What is the lifecycle methods order in mounting?

The lifecycle methods are called in the following order when an instance of a component is
being created and inserted into the DOM.

i. constructor()
ii. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
iii. render()
iv. componentDidMount()

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75. What are the lifecycle methods going to be deprecated in React v16?

The following lifecycle methods going to be unsafe coding practices and will be more
problematic with async rendering.

i. componentWillMount()
ii. componentWillReceiveProps()
iii. componentWillUpdate()

Starting with React v16.3 these methods are aliased with UNSAFE_ prefix, and the
unprefixed version will be removed in React v17.

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76. What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle
method?
The new static getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method is invoked after a component
is instantiated as well as before it is re-rendered. It can return an object to update state, or
null to indicate that the new props do not require any state updates.

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

static getDerivedStateFromProps(props, state) {
// ...
}
}

This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of
componentWillReceiveProps() .

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77. What is the purpose of getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle
method?
The new getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method is called right before DOM updates.
The return value from this method will be passed as the third parameter to
componentDidUpdate() .

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
// ...
}
}

This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of
componentWillUpdate() .

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78. Do Hooks replace render props and higher order components?

Both render props and higher-order components render only a single child but in most of
the cases Hooks are a simpler way to serve this by reducing nesting in your tree.

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79. What is the recommended way for naming components?
It is recommended to name the component by reference instead of using displayName .

Using displayName for naming component:

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export default React.createClass({

displayName: 'TodoApp',
// ...
})

The recommended approach:

export default class TodoApp extends React.Component {

// ...
}

also

const TodoApp = () => {

//...
}
export default TodoApp;

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80. What is the recommended ordering of methods in component class?
Recommended ordering of methods from mounting to render stage:

i. static methods
ii. constructor()
iii. getChildContext()
iv. componentWillMount()
v. componentDidMount()
vi. componentWillReceiveProps()
vii. shouldComponentUpdate()
viii. componentWillUpdate()
ix. componentDidUpdate()
x. componentWillUnmount()
xi. click handlers or event handlers like onClickSubmit() or onChangeDescription()
xii. getter methods for render like getSelectReason() or getFooterContent()
xiii. optional render methods like renderNavigation() or renderProfilePicture()
xiv. render()

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81. What is a switching component?
A switching component is a component that renders one of many components. We need to
use object to map prop values to components.

For example, a switching component to display different pages based on page prop:

import HomePage from './HomePage'

import AboutPage from './AboutPage'
import ServicesPage from './ServicesPage'
import ContactPage from './ContactPage'

const PAGES = {
home: HomePage,
about: AboutPage,
services: ServicesPage,
contact: ContactPage
}

const Page = (props) => {

const Handler = PAGES[props.page] || ContactPage

return <Handler {...props} />

}

// The keys of the PAGES object can be used in the prop types to catch dev-time erro
Page.propTypes = {
page: PropTypes.oneOf(Object.keys(PAGES)).isRequired
}

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82. Why we need to pass a function to setState()?

The reason behind for this is that setState() is an asynchronous operation. React batches
state changes for performance reasons, so the state may not change immediately after
setState() is called. That means you should not rely on the current state when calling
setState() since you can't be sure what that state will be. The solution is to pass a
function to setState() , with the previous state as an argument. By doing this you can
avoid issues with the user getting the old state value on access due to the asynchronous
nature of setState() .

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Let's say the initial count value is zero. After three consecutive increment operations, the
value is going to be incremented only by one.

// assuming this.state.count === 0

this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 })
this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 })
this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 })
// this.state.count === 1, not 3

If we pass a function to setState() , the count gets incremented correctly.

this.setState((prevState, props) => ({

count: prevState.count + props.increment
}))
// this.state.count === 3 as expected

(OR)

Why function is preferred over object for setState() ?

React may batch multiple setState() calls into a single update for performance. Because
this.props and this.state may be updated asynchronously, you should not rely on
their values for calculating the next state.

This counter example will fail to update as expected:

// Wrong
this.setState({
counter: this.state.counter + this.props.increment,
})

The preferred approach is to call setState() with function rather than object. That
function will receive the previous state as the first argument, and the props at the time the
update is applied as the second argument.

// Correct
this.setState((prevState, props) => ({
counter: prevState.counter + props.increment
}))

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83. What is strict mode in React?

React.StrictMode is a useful component for highlighting potential problems in an

application. Just like <Fragment> , <StrictMode> does not render any extra DOM elements.
It activates additional checks and warnings for its descendants. These checks apply for
development mode only.

import React from 'react'

function ExampleApplication() {
return (
<div>
<Header />
<React.StrictMode>
<div>
<ComponentOne />
<ComponentTwo />
</div>
</React.StrictMode>
<Header />
</div>
)
}

In the example above, the strict mode checks apply to <ComponentOne> and
<ComponentTwo> components only.

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84. What are React Mixins?
Mixins are a way to totally separate components to have a common functionality. Mixins
should not be used and can be replaced with higher-order components or decorators.

One of the most commonly used mixins is PureRenderMixin . You might be using it in some
components to prevent unnecessary re-renders when the props and state are shallowly
equal to the previous props and state:

const PureRenderMixin = require('react-addons-pure-render-mixin')

const Button = React.createClass({

mixins: [PureRenderMixin],
// ...
})

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85. Why is isMounted() an anti-pattern and what is the proper solution?
The primary use case for isMounted() is to avoid calling setState() after a component
has been unmounted, because it will emit a warning.

if (this.isMounted()) {
this.setState({...})
}

Checking isMounted() before calling setState() does eliminate the warning, but it also
defeats the purpose of the warning. Using isMounted() is a code smell because the only
reason you would check is because you think you might be holding a reference after the
component has unmounted.

An optimal solution would be to find places where setState() might be called after a
component has unmounted, and fix them. Such situations most commonly occur due to
callbacks, when a component is waiting for some data and gets unmounted before the
data arrives. Ideally, any callbacks should be canceled in componentWillUnmount() , prior to
unmounting.

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86. What are the Pointer Events supported in React?

Pointer Events provide a unified way of handling all input events. In the old days we had a
mouse and respective event listeners to handle them but nowadays we have many devices
which don't correlate to having a mouse, like phones with touch surface or pens. We need
to remember that these events will only work in browsers that support the Pointer Events
specification.

The following event types are now available in React DOM:

i. onPointerDown
ii. onPointerMove
iii. onPointerUp
iv. onPointerCancel
v. onGotPointerCapture
vi. onLostPointerCapture
vii. onPointerEnter
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viii. onPointerLeave
ix. onPointerOver
x. onPointerOut

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87. Why should component names start with capital letter?
If you are rendering your component using JSX, the name of that component has to begin
with a capital letter otherwise React will throw an error as an unrecognized tag. This
convention is because only HTML elements and SVG tags can begin with a lowercase letter.

class SomeComponent extends Component {

// Code goes here
}

You can define component class which name starts with lowercase letter, but when it's
imported it should have capital letter. Here lowercase is fine:

class myComponent extends Component {

render() {
return <div />
}
}

export default myComponent

While when imported in another file it should start with capital letter:

import MyComponent from './MyComponent'

What are the exceptions on React component naming?

The component names should start with an uppercase letter but there are few exceptions
to this convention. The lowercase tag names with a dot (property accessors) are still
considered as valid component names. For example, the below tag can be compiled to a
valid component,

render() {
return (
<obj.component/> // `React.createElement(obj.component)`

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)
}

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88. Are custom DOM attributes supported in React v16?
Yes. In the past, React used to ignore unknown DOM attributes. If you wrote JSX with an
attribute that React doesn't recognize, React would just skip it.

For example, let's take a look at the below attribute:

<div mycustomattribute={'something'} />

Would render an empty div to the DOM with React v15:

<div />

In React v16 any unknown attributes will end up in the DOM:

<div mycustomattribute='something' />

This is useful for supplying browser-specific non-standard attributes, trying new DOM APIs,
and integrating with opinionated third-party libraries.

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89. What is the difference between constructor and getInitialState?
You should initialize state in the constructor when using ES6 classes, and
getInitialState() method when using React.createClass() .

Using ES6 classes:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = { /* initial state */ }
}
}

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Using React.createClass() :

const MyComponent = React.createClass({

getInitialState() {
return { /* initial state */ }
}
})

Note: React.createClass() is deprecated and removed in React v16. Use plain JavaScript
classes instead.

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90. Can you force a component to re-render without calling setState?
By default, when your component's state or props change, your component will re-render.
If your render() method depends on some other data, you can tell React that the
component needs re-rendering by calling forceUpdate() .

component.forceUpdate(callback)

It is recommended to avoid all uses of forceUpdate() and only read from this.props and
this.state in render() .

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91. What is the difference between super() and super(props) in React
using ES6 classes?
When you want to access this.props in constructor() then you should pass props to
super() method.

Using super(props) :

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)
console.log(this.props) // { name: 'John', ... }
}
}

Using super() :
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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super()
console.log(this.props) // undefined
}
}

Outside constructor() both will display same value for this.props .

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92. How to loop inside JSX?
You can simply use Array.prototype.map with ES6 arrow function syntax.

For example, the items array of objects is mapped into an array of components:

<tbody>
{items.map(item => <SomeComponent key={item.id} name={item.name} />)}
</tbody>

But you can't iterate using for loop:

<tbody>
for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
<SomeComponent key={items[i].id} name={items[i].name} />
}
</tbody>

This is because JSX tags are transpiled into function calls, and you can't use statements
inside expressions. This may change thanks to do expressions which are stage 1 proposal.

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93. How do you access props in attribute quotes?
React (or JSX) doesn't support variable interpolation inside an attribute value. The below
representation won't work:

<img className='image' src='images/{this.props.image}' />

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But you can put any JS expression inside curly braces as the entire attribute value. So the
below expression works:

<img className='image' src={'images/' + this.props.image} />

Using template strings will also work:

<img className='image' src={`images/${this.props.image}`} />

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94. What is React proptype array with shape?
If you want to pass an array of objects to a component with a particular shape then use
React.PropTypes.shape() as an argument to React.PropTypes.arrayOf() .

ReactComponent.propTypes = {
arrayWithShape: React.PropTypes.arrayOf(React.PropTypes.shape({
color: React.PropTypes.string.isRequired,
fontSize: React.PropTypes.number.isRequired
})).isRequired
}

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95. How to conditionally apply class attributes?

You shouldn't use curly braces inside quotes because it is going to be evaluated as a string.

<div className="btn-panel {this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}">

Instead you need to move curly braces outside (don't forget to include spaces between
class names):

<div className={'btn-panel ' + (this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden')}>

Template strings will also work:

<div className={`btn-panel ${this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}`}>

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96. What is the difference between React and ReactDOM?
The react package contains React.createElement() , React.Component , React.Children ,
and other helpers related to elements and component classes. You can think of these as
the isomorphic or universal helpers that you need to build components. The react-dom
package contains ReactDOM.render() , and in react-dom/server we have server-side
rendering support with ReactDOMServer.renderToString() and
ReactDOMServer.renderToStaticMarkup() .

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97. Why ReactDOM is separated from React?
The React team worked on extracting all DOM-related features into a separate library
called ReactDOM. React v0.14 is the first release in which the libraries are split. By looking
at some of the packages, react-native , react-art , react-canvas , and react-three , it
has become clear that the beauty and essence of React has nothing to do with browsers or
the DOM.

To build more environments that React can render to, React team planned to split the main
React package into two: react and react-dom . This paves the way to writing components
that can be shared between the web version of React and React Native.

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98. How to use React label element?

If you try to render a <label> element bound to a text input using the standard for
attribute, then it produces HTML missing that attribute and prints a warning to the
console.

<label for={'user'}>{'User'}</label>
<input type={'text'} id={'user'} />

Since for is a reserved keyword in JavaScript, use htmlFor instead.

<label htmlFor={'user'}>{'User'}</label>
<input type={'text'} id={'user'} />

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99. How to combine multiple inline style objects?
You can use spread operator in regular React:

<button style={{...styles.panel.button, ...styles.panel.submitButton}}>{'Submit'}</

If you're using React Native then you can use the array notation:

<button style={[styles.panel.button, styles.panel.submitButton]}>{'Submit'}</button>

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100. How to re-render the view when the browser is resized?

You can listen to the resize event in componentDidMount() and then update the
dimensions ( width and height ). You should remove the listener in
componentWillUnmount() method.

class WindowDimensions extends React.Component {

constructor(props){
super(props);
this.updateDimensions = this.updateDimensions.bind(this);
}

componentWillMount() {
this.updateDimensions()
}

componentDidMount() {
window.addEventListener('resize', this.updateDimensions)
}

componentWillUnmount() {
window.removeEventListener('resize', this.updateDimensions)
}

updateDimensions() {
this.setState({width: window.innerWidth, height: window.innerHeight})
}

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render() {
return <span>{this.state.width} x {this.state.height}</span>
}
}

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101. What is the difference between setState() and replaceState()
methods?
When you use setState() the current and previous states are merged. replaceState()
throws out the current state, and replaces it with only what you provide. Usually
setState() is used unless you really need to remove all previous keys for some reason.
You can also set state to false / null in setState() instead of using replaceState() .

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102. How to listen to state changes?

The componentDidUpdate lifecycle method will be called when state changes. You can
compare provided state and props values with current state and props to determine if
something meaningful changed.

componentDidUpdate(object prevProps, object prevState)

Note: The previous releases of ReactJS also uses componentWillUpdate(object nextProps,

object nextState) for state changes. It has been deprecated in latest releases.

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103. What is the recommended approach of removing an array element in
React state?
The better approach is to use Array.prototype.filter() method.

For example, let's create a removeItem() method for updating the state.

removeItem(index) {
this.setState({
data: this.state.data.filter((item, i) => i !== index)
})
}
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104. Is it possible to use React without rendering HTML?

It is possible with latest version (>=16.2). Below are the possible options:

render() {
return false
}

render() {
return null
}

render() {
return []
}

render() {
return <React.Fragment></React.Fragment>
}

render() {
return <></>
}

Returning undefined won't work.

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105. How to pretty print JSON with React?

We can use <pre> tag so that the formatting of the JSON.stringify() is retained:

const data = { name: 'John', age: 42 }

class User extends React.Component {

render() {

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return (
<pre>
{JSON.stringify(data, null, 2)}
</pre>
)
}
}

React.render(<User />, document.getElementById('container'))

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106. Why you can't update props in React?

The React philosophy is that props should be immutable and top-down. This means that a
parent can send any prop values to a child, but the child can't modify received props.

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107. How to focus an input element on page load?

You can do it by creating ref for input element and using it in componentDidMount() :

class App extends React.Component{

componentDidMount() {
this.nameInput.focus()
}

render() {
return (
<div>
<input
defaultValue={'Won\'t focus'}
/>
<input
ref={(input) => this.nameInput = input}
defaultValue={'Will focus'}
/>
</div>
)
}
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('app'))

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Also in Functional component (react 16.08 and above)

import React, {useEffect, useRef} from 'react';

const App = () => {

const inputElRef = useRef(null)

useEffect(()=>{
inputElRef.current.focus()
}, [])

return(
<div>
<input
defaultValue={'Won\'t focus'}
/>
<input
ref={inputElRef}
defaultValue={'Will focus'}
/>
</div>
)
}

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('app'))

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108. What are the possible ways of updating objects in state?

i. Calling setState() with an object to merge with state:

Using Object.assign() to create a copy of the object:

const user = Object.assign({}, this.state.user, { age: 42 })

this.setState({ user })

Using spread operator:

const user = { ...this.state.user, age: 42 }

this.setState({ user })

ii. Calling setState() with a function:

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this.setState(prevState => ({
user: {
...prevState.user,
age: 42
}
}))

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110. How can we find the version of React at runtime in the browser?
You can use React.version to get the version.

const REACT_VERSION = React.version

ReactDOM.render(
<div>{`React version: ${REACT_VERSION}`}</div>,
document.getElementById('app')
)

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111. What are the approaches to include polyfills in your create-react-
app ?
There are approaches to include polyfills in create-react-app,

i. Manual import from core-js :

Create a file called (something like) polyfills.js and import it into root index.js
file. Run npm install core-js or yarn add core-js and import your specific required
features.

import 'core-js/fn/array/find'
import 'core-js/fn/array/includes'
import 'core-js/fn/number/is-nan'

ii. Using Polyfill service:

Use the polyfill.io CDN to retrieve custom, browser-specific polyfills by adding this line
to index.html :

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<script src='https://cdn.polyfill.io/v2/polyfill.min.js?features=default,Array.p

In the above script we had to explicitly request the Array.prototype.includes feature

as it is not included in the default feature set.

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112. How to use https instead of http in create-react-app?
You just need to use HTTPS=true configuration. You can edit your package.json scripts
section:

"scripts": {
"start": "set HTTPS=true && react-scripts start"
}

or just run set HTTPS=true && npm start

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113. How to avoid using relative path imports in create-react-app?

Create a file called .env in the project root and write the import path:

NODE_PATH=src/app

After that restart the development server. Now you should be able to import anything
inside src/app without relative paths.

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114. How to add Google Analytics for React Router?
Add a listener on the history object to record each page view:

history.listen(function (location) {
window.ga('set', 'page', location.pathname + location.search)
window.ga('send', 'pageview', location.pathname + location.search)
})

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115. How to update a component every second?
You need to use setInterval() to trigger the change, but you also need to clear the timer
when the component unmounts to prevent errors and memory leaks.

componentDidMount() {
this.interval = setInterval(() => this.setState({ time: Date.now() }), 1000)
}

componentWillUnmount() {
clearInterval(this.interval)
}

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116. How do you apply vendor prefixes to inline styles in React?
React does not apply vendor prefixes automatically. You need to add vendor prefixes
manually.

<div style={{
transform: 'rotate(90deg)',
WebkitTransform: 'rotate(90deg)', // note the capital 'W' here
msTransform: 'rotate(90deg)' // 'ms' is the only lowercase vendor prefix
}} />

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117. How to import and export components using React and ES6?
You should use default for exporting the components

import React from 'react'

import User from 'user'

export default class MyProfile extends React.Component {

render(){
return (
<User type="customer">
//...
</User>

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)
}
}

With the export specifier, the MyProfile is going to be the member and exported to this
module and the same can be imported without mentioning the name in other
components.

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119. Why is a component constructor called only once?
React's reconciliation algorithm assumes that without any information to the contrary, if a
custom component appears in the same place on subsequent renders, it's the same
component as before, so reuses the previous instance rather than creating a new one.

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120. How to define constants in React?
You can use ES7 static field to define constant.

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

static DEFAULT_PAGINATION = 10
}

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121. How to programmatically trigger click event in React?

You could use the ref prop to acquire a reference to the underlying HTMLInputElement
object through a callback, store the reference as a class property, then use that reference
to later trigger a click from your event handlers using the HTMLElement.click method.

This can be done in two steps:

i. Create ref in render method:

<input ref={input => this.inputElement = input} />

ii. Apply click event in your event handler:

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this.inputElement.click()

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122. Is it possible to use async/await in plain React?
If you want to use async / await in React, you will need Babel and transform-async-to-
generator plugin. React Native ships with Babel and a set of transforms.

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123. What are the common folder structures for React?
There are two common practices for React project file structure.

i. Grouping by features or routes:

One common way to structure projects is locate CSS, JS, and tests together, grouped
by feature or route.

common/
├─ Avatar.js
├─ Avatar.css
├─ APIUtils.js
└─ APIUtils.test.js
feed/
├─ index.js
├─ Feed.js
├─ Feed.css
├─ FeedStory.js
├─ FeedStory.test.js
└─ FeedAPI.js
profile/
├─ index.js
├─ Profile.js
├─ ProfileHeader.js
├─ ProfileHeader.css
└─ ProfileAPI.js

ii. Grouping by file type:

Another popular way to structure projects is to group similar files together.

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api/
├─ APIUtils.js
├─ APIUtils.test.js
├─ ProfileAPI.js
└─ UserAPI.js
components/
├─ Avatar.js
├─ Avatar.css
├─ Feed.js
├─ Feed.css
├─ FeedStory.js
├─ FeedStory.test.js
├─ Profile.js
├─ ProfileHeader.js
└─ ProfileHeader.css

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124. What are the popular packages for animation?
React Transition Group and React Motion are popular animation packages in React
ecosystem.

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125. What is the benefit of styles modules?
It is recommended to avoid hard coding style values in components. Any values that are
likely to be used across different UI components should be extracted into their own
modules.

For example, these styles could be extracted into a separate component:

export const colors = {

white,
black,
blue
}

export const space = [

0,
8,
16,
32,

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64
]

And then imported individually in other components:

import { space, colors } from './styles'

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126. What are the popular React-specific linters?
ESLint is a popular JavaScript linter. There are plugins available that analyse specific code
styles. One of the most common for React is an npm package called eslint-plugin-react .
By default, it will check a number of best practices, with rules checking things from keys in
iterators to a complete set of prop types.

Another popular plugin is eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y , which will help fix common issues with
accessibility. As JSX offers slightly different syntax to regular HTML, issues with alt text
and tabindex , for example, will not be picked up by regular plugins.

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127. How to make AJAX call and in which component lifecycle methods
should I make an AJAX call?
You can use AJAX libraries such as Axios, jQuery AJAX, and the browser built-in fetch . You
should fetch data in the componentDidMount() lifecycle method. This is so you can use
setState() to update your component when the data is retrieved.

For example, the employees list fetched from API and set local state:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {
employees: [],
error: null
}
}

componentDidMount() {
fetch('https://api.example.com/items')
.then(res => res.json())

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.then(
(result) => {
this.setState({
employees: result.employees
})
},
(error) => {
this.setState({ error })
}
)
}

render() {
const { error, employees } = this.state
if (error) {
return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;
} else {
return (
<ul>
{employees.map(employee => (
<li key={employee.name}>
{employee.name}-{employee.experience}
</li>
))}
</ul>
)
}
}
}

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128. What are render props?
Render Props is a simple technique for sharing code between components using a prop
whose value is a function. The below component uses render prop which returns a React
element.

<DataProvider render={data => (

<h1>{`Hello ${data.target}`}</h1>
)}/>

Libraries such as React Router and DownShift are using this pattern.

React Router
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129. What is React Router?
React Router is a powerful routing library built on top of React that helps you add new
screens and flows to your application incredibly quickly, all while keeping the URL in sync
with what's being displayed on the page.

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130. How React Router is different from history library?
React Router is a wrapper around the history library which handles interaction with the
browser's window.history with its browser and hash histories. It also provides memory
history which is useful for environments that don't have global history, such as mobile app
development (React Native) and unit testing with Node.

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131. What are the <Router> components of React Router v4?
React Router v4 provides below 3 <Router> components:

i. <BrowserRouter>
ii. <HashRouter>
iii. <MemoryRouter>

The above components will create browser, hash, and memory history instances. React
Router v4 makes the properties and methods of the history instance associated with
your router available through the context in the router object.

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132. What is the purpose of push() and replace() methods of
history ?
A history instance has two methods for navigation purpose.

i. push()
ii. replace()

If you think of the history as an array of visited locations, push() will add a new location
to the array and replace() will replace the current location in the array with the new one.
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133. How do you programmatically navigate using React Router v4?

There are three different ways to achieve programmatic routing/navigation within

components.

i. Using the withRouter() higher-order function:

The withRouter() higher-order function will inject the history object as a prop of the
component. This object provides push() and replace() methods to avoid the usage
of context.

import { withRouter } from 'react-router-dom' // this also works with 'react-rou

const Button = withRouter(({ history }) => (

<button
type='button'
onClick={() => { history.push('/new-location') }}
>
{'Click Me!'}
</button>
))

ii. Using <Route> component and render props pattern:

The <Route> component passes the same props as withRouter() , so you will be able
to access the history methods through the history prop.

import { Route } from 'react-router-dom'

const Button = () => (

<Route render={({ history }) => (
<button
type='button'
onClick={() => { history.push('/new-location') }}
>
{'Click Me!'}
</button>
)} />
)

iii. Using context:

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This option is not recommended and treated as unstable API.

const Button = (props, context) => (

<button
type='button'
onClick={() => {
context.history.push('/new-location')
}}
>
{'Click Me!'}
</button>
)

Button.contextTypes = {
history: React.PropTypes.shape({
push: React.PropTypes.func.isRequired
})
}

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134. How to get query parameters in React Router v4?
The ability to parse query strings was taken out of React Router v4 because there have
been user requests over the years to support different implementation. So the decision has
been given to users to choose the implementation they like. The recommended approach
is to use query strings library.

const queryString = require('query-string');

const parsed = queryString.parse(props.location.search);

You can also use URLSearchParams if you want something native:

const params = new URLSearchParams(props.location.search)

const foo = params.get('name')

You should use a polyfill for IE11.

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135. Why you get "Router may have only one child element" warning?

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You have to wrap your Route's in a <Switch> block because <Switch> is unique in that it
renders a route exclusively.

At first you need to add Switch to your imports:

import { Switch, Router, Route } from 'react-router'

Then define the routes within <Switch> block:

<Router>
<Switch>
<Route {/* ... */} />
<Route {/* ... */} />
</Switch>
</Router>

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136. How to pass params to history.push method in React Router v4?
While navigating you can pass props to the history object:

this.props.history.push({
pathname: '/template',
search: '?name=sudheer',
state: { detail: response.data }
})

The search property is used to pass query params in push() method.

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137. How to implement default or NotFound page?
A <Switch> renders the first child <Route> that matches. A <Route> with no path always
matches. So you just need to simply drop path attribute as below

<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home}/>
<Route path="/user" component={User}/>
<Route component={NotFound} />
</Switch>

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138. How to get history on React Router v4?
Below are the list of steps to get history object on React Router v4,

i. Create a module that exports a history object and import this module across the
project.

For example, create history.js file:

import { createBrowserHistory } from 'history'

export default createBrowserHistory({

/* pass a configuration object here if needed */
})

ii. You should use the <Router> component instead of built-in routers. Import the above
history.js inside index.js file:

import { Router } from 'react-router-dom'

import history from './history'
import App from './App'

ReactDOM.render((
<Router history={history}>
<App />
</Router>
), holder)

iii. You can also use push method of history object similar to built-in history object:

// some-other-file.js
import history from './history'

history.push('/go-here')

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139. How to perform automatic redirect after login?

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The react-router package provides <Redirect> component in React Router. Rendering a

<Redirect> will navigate to a new location. Like server-side redirects, the new location will
override the current location in the history stack.

import React, { Component } from 'react'

import { Redirect } from 'react-router'

export default class LoginComponent extends Component {

render() {
if (this.state.isLoggedIn === true) {
return <Redirect to="/your/redirect/page" />
} else {
return <div>{'Login Please'}</div>
}
}
}

React Internationalization

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140. What is React Intl?
The React Intl library makes internalization in React straightforward, with off-the-shelf
components and an API that can handle everything from formatting strings, dates, and
numbers, to pluralization. React Intl is part of FormatJS which provides bindings to React
via its components and API.

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141. What are the main features of React Intl?

Below are the main features of React Intl,

i. Display numbers with separators.

ii. Display dates and times correctly.
iii. Display dates relative to "now".
iv. Pluralize labels in strings.
v. Support for 150+ languages.
vi. Runs in the browser and Node.
vii. Built on standards.

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142. What are the two ways of formatting in React Intl?
The library provides two ways to format strings, numbers, and dates:

i. Using react components:

<FormattedMessage
id={'account'}
defaultMessage={'The amount is less than minimum balance.'}
/>

ii. Using an API:

const messages = defineMessages({

accountMessage: {
id: 'account',
defaultMessage: 'The amount is less than minimum balance.',
}
})

formatMessage(messages.accountMessage)

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143. How to use <FormattedMessage> as placeholder using React Intl?

The <Formatted... /> components from react-intl return elements, not plain text, so
they can't be used for placeholders, alt text, etc. In that case, you should use lower level
API formatMessage() . You can inject the intl object into your component using
injectIntl() higher-order component and then format the message using
formatMessage() available on that object.

import React from 'react'

import { injectIntl, intlShape } from 'react-intl'

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => {

const placeholder = intl.formatMessage({id: 'messageId'})
return <input placeholder={placeholder} />
}

MyComponent.propTypes = {

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intl: intlShape.isRequired
}

export default injectIntl(MyComponent)

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144. How to access current locale with React Intl?

You can get the current locale in any component of your application using injectIntl() :

import { injectIntl, intlShape } from 'react-intl'

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => (

<div>{`The current locale is ${intl.locale}`}</div>
)

MyComponent.propTypes = {
intl: intlShape.isRequired
}

export default injectIntl(MyComponent)

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145. How to format date using React Intl?

The injectIntl() higher-order component will give you access to the formatDate()
method via the props in your component. The method is used internally by instances of
FormattedDate and it returns the string representation of the formatted date.

import { injectIntl, intlShape } from 'react-intl'

const stringDate = this.props.intl.formatDate(date, {

year: 'numeric',
month: 'numeric',
day: 'numeric'
})

const MyComponent = ({intl}) => (

<div>{`The formatted date is ${stringDate}`}</div>
)

MyComponent.propTypes = {
intl: intlShape.isRequired
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export default injectIntl(MyComponent)

React Testing

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146. What is Shallow Renderer in React testing?
Shallow rendering is useful for writing unit test cases in React. It lets you render a
component one level deep and assert facts about what its render method returns, without
worrying about the behavior of child components, which are not instantiated or rendered.

For example, if you have the following component:

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<span className={'heading'}>{'Title'}</span>
<span className={'description'}>{'Description'}</span>
</div>
)
}

Then you can assert as follows:

import ShallowRenderer from 'react-test-renderer/shallow'

// in your test
const renderer = new ShallowRenderer()
renderer.render(<MyComponent />)

const result = renderer.getRenderOutput()

expect(result.type).toBe('div')
expect(result.props.children).toEqual([
<span className={'heading'}>{'Title'}</span>,
<span className={'description'}>{'Description'}</span>
])

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147. What is TestRenderer package in React?

This package provides a renderer that can be used to render components to pure
JavaScript objects, without depending on the DOM or a native mobile environment. This
package makes it easy to grab a snapshot of the platform view hierarchy (similar to a DOM
tree) rendered by a ReactDOM or React Native without using a browser or jsdom .

import TestRenderer from 'react-test-renderer'

const Link = ({page, children}) => <a href={page}>{children}</a>

const testRenderer = TestRenderer.create(

<Link page={'https://www.facebook.com/'}>{'Facebook'}</Link>
)

console.log(testRenderer.toJSON())
// {
// type: 'a',
// props: { href: 'https://www.facebook.com/' },
// children: [ 'Facebook' ]
// }

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148. What is the purpose of ReactTestUtils package?
ReactTestUtils are provided in the with-addons package and allow you to perform actions
against a simulated DOM for the purpose of unit testing.

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149. What is Jest?
Jest is a JavaScript unit testing framework created by Facebook based on Jasmine and
provides automated mock creation and a jsdom environment. It's often used for testing
components.

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150. What are the advantages of Jest over Jasmine?

There are couple of advantages compared to Jasmine:

Automatically finds tests to execute in your source code.

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Automatically mocks dependencies when running your tests.

Allows you to test asynchronous code synchronously.
Runs your tests with a fake DOM implementation (via jsdom ) so that your tests can
be run on the command line.
Runs tests in parallel processes so that they finish sooner.

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151. Give a simple example of Jest test case
Let's write a test for a function that adds two numbers in sum.js file:

const sum = (a, b) => a + b

export default sum

Create a file named sum.test.js which contains actual test:

import sum from './sum'

test('adds 1 + 2 to equal 3', () => {

expect(sum(1, 2)).toBe(3)
})

And then add the following section to your package.json :

{
"scripts": {
"test": "jest"
}
}

Finally, run yarn test or npm test and Jest will print a result:

$ yarn test
PASS ./sum.test.js
✓ adds 1 + 2 to equal 3 (2ms)

React Redux

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152. What is flux?
Flux is an application design paradigm used as a replacement for the more traditional MVC
pattern. It is not a framework or a library but a new kind of architecture that complements
React and the concept of Unidirectional Data Flow. Facebook uses this pattern internally
when working with React.

The workflow between dispatcher, stores and views components with distinct inputs and
outputs as follows:

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153. What is Redux?
Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps based on the Flux design pattern.
Redux can be used together with React, or with any other view library. It is tiny (about 2kB)
and has no dependencies.

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154. What are the core principles of Redux?
Redux follows three fundamental principles:

i. Single source of truth: The state of your whole application is stored in an object tree
within a single store. The single state tree makes it easier to keep track of changes
over time and debug or inspect the application.
ii. State is read-only: The only way to change the state is to emit an action, an object
describing what happened. This ensures that neither the views nor the network
callbacks will ever write directly to the state.

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iii. Changes are made with pure functions: To specify how the state tree is transformed
by actions, you write reducers. Reducers are just pure functions that take the previous
state and an action as parameters, and return the next state.

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155. What are the downsides of Redux compared to Flux?
Instead of saying downsides we can say that there are few compromises of using Redux
over Flux. Those are as follows:

i. You will need to learn to avoid mutations: Flux is un-opinionated about mutating
data, but Redux doesn't like mutations and many packages complementary to Redux
assume you never mutate the state. You can enforce this with dev-only packages like
redux-immutable-state-invariant , Immutable.js, or instructing your team to write
non-mutating code.
ii. You're going to have to carefully pick your packages: While Flux explicitly doesn't try
to solve problems such as undo/redo, persistence, or forms, Redux has extension
points such as middleware and store enhancers, and it has spawned a rich ecosystem.
iii. There is no nice Flow integration yet: Flux currently lets you do very impressive static
type checks which Redux doesn't support yet.

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156. What is the difference between mapStateToProps() and
mapDispatchToProps() ?
mapStateToProps() is a utility which helps your component get updated state (which is
updated by some other components):

const mapStateToProps = (state) => {

return {
todos: getVisibleTodos(state.todos, state.visibilityFilter)
}
}

mapDispatchToProps() is a utility which will help your component to fire an action event
(dispatching action which may cause change of application state):

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => {

return {
onTodoClick: (id) => {
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dispatch(toggleTodo(id))
}
}
}

It is recommended to always use the “object shorthand” form for the mapDispatchToProps .

Redux wraps it in another function that looks like (…args) => dispatch(onTodoClick(…args)),
and pass that wrapper function as a prop to your component.

const mapDispatchToProps = ({
onTodoClick
})

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157. Can I dispatch an action in reducer?
Dispatching an action within a reducer is an anti-pattern. Your reducer should be without
side effects, simply digesting the action payload and returning a new state object. Adding
listeners and dispatching actions within the reducer can lead to chained actions and other
side effects.

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158. How to access Redux store outside a component?

You just need to export the store from the module where it created with createStore() .
Also, it shouldn't pollute the global window object.

store = createStore(myReducer)

export default store

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159. What are the drawbacks of MVW pattern?
i. DOM manipulation is very expensive which causes applications to behave slow and
inefficient.
ii. Due to circular dependencies, a complicated model was created around models and
views.
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iii. Lot of data changes happens for collaborative applications(like Google Docs).
iv. No way to do undo (travel back in time) easily without adding so much extra code.

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160. Are there any similarities between Redux and RxJS?

These libraries are very different for very different purposes, but there are some vague
similarities.

Redux is a tool for managing state throughout the application. It is usually used as an
architecture for UIs. Think of it as an alternative to (half of) Angular. RxJS is a reactive
programming library. It is usually used as a tool to accomplish asynchronous tasks in
JavaScript. Think of it as an alternative to Promises. Redux uses the Reactive paradigm
because the Store is reactive. The Store observes actions from a distance, and changes
itself. RxJS also uses the Reactive paradigm, but instead of being an architecture, it gives
you basic building blocks, Observables, to accomplish this pattern.

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161. How to dispatch an action on load?
You can dispatch an action in componentDidMount() method and in render() method you
can verify the data.

class App extends Component {

componentDidMount() {
this.props.fetchData()
}

render() {
return this.props.isLoaded
? <div>{'Loaded'}</div>
: <div>{'Not Loaded'}</div>
}
}

const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({

isLoaded: state.isLoaded
})

const mapDispatchToProps = { fetchData }

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(App)

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162. How to use connect() from React Redux?

You need to follow two steps to use your store in your container:

i. Use mapStateToProps() : It maps the state variables from your store to the props that
you specify.

ii. Connect the above props to your container: The object returned by the
mapStateToProps function is connected to the container. You can import connect()
from react-redux .

import React from 'react'

import { connect } from 'react-redux'

class App extends React.Component {

render() {
return <div>{this.props.containerData}</div>
}
}

function mapStateToProps(state) {
return { containerData: state.data }
}

export default connect(mapStateToProps)(App)

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163. How to reset state in Redux?
You need to write a root reducer in your application which delegate handling the action to
the reducer generated by combineReducers() .

For example, let us take rootReducer() to return the initial state after USER_LOGOUT action.
As we know, reducers are supposed to return the initial state when they are called with
undefined as the first argument, no matter the action.

const appReducer = combineReducers({

/* your app's top-level reducers */
})

const rootReducer = (state, action) => {

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if (action.type === 'USER_LOGOUT') {

state = undefined
}

return appReducer(state, action)

}

In case of using redux-persist , you may also need to clean your storage. redux-persist
keeps a copy of your state in a storage engine. First, you need to import the appropriate
storage engine and then, to parse the state before setting it to undefined and clean each
storage state key.

const appReducer = combineReducers({

/* your app's top-level reducers */
})

const rootReducer = (state, action) => {

if (action.type === 'USER_LOGOUT') {
Object.keys(state).forEach(key => {
storage.removeItem(`persist:${key}`)
})

state = undefined
}

return appReducer(state, action)

}

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164. Whats the purpose of at symbol in the Redux connect decorator?

The @ symbol is in fact a JavaScript expression used to signify decorators. Decorators make
it possible to annotate and modify classes and properties at design time.

Let's take an example setting up Redux without and with a decorator.

Without decorator:

import React from 'react'

import * as actionCreators from './actionCreators'
import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux'
import { connect } from 'react-redux'

function mapStateToProps(state) {
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return { todos: state.todos }

}

function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) }
}

class MyApp extends React.Component {

// ...define your main app here
}

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(MyApp)

With decorator:

import React from 'react'

import * as actionCreators from './actionCreators'
import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux'
import { connect } from 'react-redux'

function mapStateToProps(state) {
return { todos: state.todos }
}

function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) {
return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) }
}

@connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)
export default class MyApp extends React.Component {
// ...define your main app here
}

The above examples are almost similar except the usage of decorator. The decorator
syntax isn't built into any JavaScript runtimes yet, and is still experimental and subject to
change. You can use babel for the decorators support.

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165. What is the difference between React context and React Redux?
You can use Context in your application directly and is going to be great for passing down
data to deeply nested components which what it was designed for.

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Whereas Redux is much more powerful and provides a large number of features that the
Context API doesn't provide. Also, React Redux uses context internally but it doesn't
expose this fact in the public API.

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166. Why are Redux state functions called reducers?

Reducers always return the accumulation of the state (based on all previous and current
actions). Therefore, they act as a reducer of state. Each time a Redux reducer is called, the
state and action are passed as parameters. This state is then reduced (or accumulated)
based on the action, and then the next state is returned. You could reduce a collection of
actions and an initial state (of the store) on which to perform these actions to get the
resulting final state.

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167. How to make AJAX request in Redux?
You can use redux-thunk middleware which allows you to define async actions.

Let's take an example of fetching specific account as an AJAX call using fetch API:

export function fetchAccount(id) {

return dispatch => {
dispatch(setLoadingAccountState()) // Show a loading spinner
fetch(`/account/${id}`, (response) => {
dispatch(doneFetchingAccount()) // Hide loading spinner
if (response.status === 200) {
dispatch(setAccount(response.json)) // Use a normal function to set the rece
} else {
dispatch(someError)
}
})
}
}

function setAccount(data) {
return { type: 'SET_Account', data: data }
}

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168. Should I keep all component's state in Redux store?

Keep your data in the Redux store, and the UI related state internally in the component.

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169. What is the proper way to access Redux store?

The best way to access your store in a component is to use the connect() function, that
creates a new component that wraps around your existing one. This pattern is called
Higher-Order Components, and is generally the preferred way of extending a component's
functionality in React. This allows you to map state and action creators to your component,
and have them passed in automatically as your store updates.

Let's take an example of <FilterLink> component using connect:

import { connect } from 'react-redux'

import { setVisibilityFilter } from '../actions'
import Link from '../components/Link'

const mapStateToProps = (state, ownProps) => ({

active: ownProps.filter === state.visibilityFilter
})

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch, ownProps) => ({

onClick: () => dispatch(setVisibilityFilter(ownProps.filter))
})

const FilterLink = connect(

mapStateToProps,
mapDispatchToProps
)(Link)

export default FilterLink

Due to it having quite a few performance optimizations and generally being less likely to
cause bugs, the Redux developers almost always recommend using connect() over
accessing the store directly (using context API).

class MyComponent {
someMethod() {
doSomethingWith(this.context.store)
}
}

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170. What is the difference between component and container in React
Redux?
Component is a class or function component that describes the presentational part of your
application.

Container is an informal term for a component that is connected to a Redux store.

Containers subscribe to Redux state updates and dispatch actions, and they usually don't
render DOM elements; they delegate rendering to presentational child components.

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171. What is the purpose of the constants in Redux?

Constants allows you to easily find all usages of that specific functionality across the
project when you use an IDE. It also prevents you from introducing silly bugs caused by
typos – in which case, you will get a ReferenceError immediately.

Normally we will save them in a single file ( constants.js or actionTypes.js ).

export const ADD_TODO = 'ADD_TODO'

export const DELETE_TODO = 'DELETE_TODO'
export const EDIT_TODO = 'EDIT_TODO'
export const COMPLETE_TODO = 'COMPLETE_TODO'
export const COMPLETE_ALL = 'COMPLETE_ALL'
export const CLEAR_COMPLETED = 'CLEAR_COMPLETED'

In Redux, you use them in two places:

i. During action creation:

Let's take actions.js :

import { ADD_TODO } from './actionTypes';

export function addTodo(text) {

return { type: ADD_TODO, text }
}

ii. In reducers:

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Let's create reducer.js :

import { ADD_TODO } from './actionTypes'

export default (state = [], action) => {

switch (action.type) {
case ADD_TODO:
return [
...state,
{
text: action.text,
completed: false
}
];
default:
return state
}
}

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172. What are the different ways to write mapDispatchToProps() ?
There are a few ways of binding action creators to dispatch() in mapDispatchToProps() .

Below are the possible options:

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({

action: () => dispatch(action())
})

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({

action: bindActionCreators(action, dispatch)
})

const mapDispatchToProps = { action }

The third option is just a shorthand for the first one.

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173. What is the use of the ownProps parameter in mapStateToProps()

and mapDispatchToProps() ?
If the ownProps parameter is specified, React Redux will pass the props that were passed
to the component into your connect functions. So, if you use a connected component:

import ConnectedComponent from './containers/ConnectedComponent';

<ConnectedComponent user={'john'} />

The ownProps inside your mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps() functions will be

an object:

{ user: 'john' }

You can use this object to decide what to return from those functions.

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174. How to structure Redux top level directories?

Most of the applications has several top-level directories as below:

i. Components: Used for dumb components unaware of Redux.

ii. Containers: Used for smart components connected to Redux.
iii. Actions: Used for all action creators, where file names correspond to part of the app.
iv. Reducers: Used for all reducers, where files name correspond to state key.
v. Store: Used for store initialization.

This structure works well for small and medium size apps.

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175. What is redux-saga?
redux-saga is a library that aims to make side effects (asynchronous things like data
fetching and impure things like accessing the browser cache) in React/Redux applications
easier and better.

It is available in NPM:

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$ npm install --save redux-saga

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176. What is the mental model of redux-saga?
Saga is like a separate thread in your application, that's solely responsible for side effects.
redux-saga is a redux middleware, which means this thread can be started, paused and
cancelled from the main application with normal Redux actions, it has access to the full
Redux application state and it can dispatch Redux actions as well.

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177. What are the differences between call() and put() in redux-saga?
Both call() and put() are effect creator functions. call() function is used to create
effect description, which instructs middleware to call the promise. put() function creates
an effect, which instructs middleware to dispatch an action to the store.

Let's take example of how these effects work for fetching particular user data.

function* fetchUserSaga(action) {
// `call` function accepts rest arguments, which will be passed to `api.fetchUser`
// Instructing middleware to call promise, it resolved value will be assigned to `
const userData = yield call(api.fetchUser, action.userId)

// Instructing middleware to dispatch corresponding action.

yield put({
type: 'FETCH_USER_SUCCESS',
userData
})
}

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178. What is Redux Thunk?
Redux Thunk middleware allows you to write action creators that return a function instead
of an action. The thunk can be used to delay the dispatch of an action, or to dispatch only
if a certain condition is met. The inner function receives the store methods dispatch()
and getState() as parameters.

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179. What are the differences between redux-saga and redux-thunk ?
Both Redux Thunk and Redux Saga take care of dealing with side effects. In most of the
scenarios, Thunk uses Promises to deal with them, whereas Saga uses Generators. Thunk is
simple to use and Promises are familiar to many developers, Sagas/Generators are more
powerful but you will need to learn them. But both middleware can coexist, so you can
start with Thunks and introduce Sagas when/if you need them.

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180. What is Redux DevTools?

Redux DevTools is a live-editing time travel environment for Redux with hot reloading,
action replay, and customizable UI. If you don't want to bother with installing Redux
DevTools and integrating it into your project, consider using Redux DevTools Extension for
Chrome and Firefox.

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181. What are the features of Redux DevTools?

Some of the main features of Redux DevTools are below,

i. Lets you inspect every state and action payload.

ii. Lets you go back in time by cancelling actions.
iii. If you change the reducer code, each staged action will be re-evaluated.
iv. If the reducers throw, you will see during which action this happened, and what the
error was.
v. With persistState() store enhancer, you can persist debug sessions across page
reloads.

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182. What are Redux selectors and why to use them?

Selectors are functions that take Redux state as an argument and return some data to pass
to the component.

For example, to get user details from the state:

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const getUserData = state => state.user.data

These selectors have two main benefits,

i. The selector can compute derived data, allowing Redux to store the minimal possible
state
ii. The selector is not recomputed unless one of its arguments changes

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183. What is Redux Form?

Redux Form works with React and Redux to enable a form in React to use Redux to store all
of its state. Redux Form can be used with raw HTML5 inputs, but it also works very well
with common UI frameworks like Material UI, React Widgets and React Bootstrap.

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184. What are the main features of Redux Form?
Some of the main features of Redux Form are:

i. Field values persistence via Redux store.

ii. Validation (sync/async) and submission.
iii. Formatting, parsing and normalization of field values.

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185. How to add multiple middlewares to Redux?

You can use applyMiddleware() .

For example, you can add redux-thunk and logger passing them as arguments to
applyMiddleware() :

import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux'

const createStoreWithMiddleware = applyMiddleware(ReduxThunk, logger)(createStore)

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186. How to set initial state in Redux?

You need to pass initial state as second argument to createStore:

const rootReducer = combineReducers({

todos: todos,
visibilityFilter: visibilityFilter
})

const initialState = {
todos: [{ id: 123, name: 'example', completed: false }]
}

const store = createStore(

rootReducer,
initialState
)

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187. How Relay is different from Redux?

Relay is similar to Redux in that they both use a single store. The main difference is that
relay only manages state originated from the server, and all access to the state is used via
GraphQL queries (for reading data) and mutations (for changing data). Relay caches the
data for you and optimizes data fetching for you, by fetching only changed data and
nothing more.

188. What is an action in Redux?

Actions are plain JavaScript objects or payloads of information that send data from your
application to your store. They are the only source of information for the store. Actions
must have a type property that indicates the type of action being performed.

For example, let's take an action which represents adding a new todo item:

{
type: ADD_TODO,
text: 'Add todo item'
}

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React Native

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188. What is the difference between React Native and React?

React is a JavaScript library, supporting both front end web and being run on the server,
for building user interfaces and web applications.

React Native is a mobile framework that compiles to native app components, allowing you
to build native mobile applications (iOS, Android, and Windows) in JavaScript that allows
you to use React to build your components, and implements React under the hood.

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189. How to test React Native apps?

React Native can be tested only in mobile simulators like iOS and Android. You can run the
app in your mobile using expo app (https://expo.io) Where it syncs using QR code, your
mobile and computer should be in same wireless network.

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190. How to do logging in React Native?

You can use console.log , console.warn , etc. As of React Native v0.29 you can simply run
the following to see logs in the console:

$ react-native log-ios
$ react-native log-android

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191. How to debug your React Native?
Follow the below steps to debug React Native app:

i. Run your application in the iOS simulator.

ii. Press Command + D and a webpage should open up at
http://localhost:8081/debugger-ui .

iii. Enable Pause On Caught Exceptions for a better debugging experience.

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iv. Press Command + Option + I to open the Chrome Developer tools, or open it via
View -> Developer -> Developer Tools .

v. You should now be able to debug as you normally would.

React supported libraries & Integration

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192. What is reselect and how it works?
Reselect is a selector library (for Redux) which uses memoization concept. It was originally
written to compute derived data from Redux-like applications state, but it can't be tied to
any architecture or library.

Reselect keeps a copy of the last inputs/outputs of the last call, and recomputes the result
only if one of the inputs changes. If the the same inputs are provided twice in a row,
Reselect returns the cached output. It's memoization and cache are fully customizable.

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193. What is Flow?
Flow is a static type checker designed to find type errors in JavaScript. Flow types can
express much more fine-grained distinctions than traditional type systems. For example,
Flow helps you catch errors involving null , unlike most type systems.

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194. What is the difference between Flow and PropTypes?

Flow is a static analysis tool (static checker) which uses a superset of the language, allowing
you to add type annotations to all of your code and catch an entire class of bugs at
compile time.

PropTypes is a basic type checker (runtime checker) which has been patched onto React. It
can't check anything other than the types of the props being passed to a given
component. If you want more flexible typechecking for your entire project Flow/TypeScript
are appropriate choices.

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195. How to use Font Awesome icons in React?
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The below steps followed to include Font Awesome in React:

i. Install font-awesome :

$ npm install --save font-awesome

ii. Import font-awesome in your index.js file:

import 'font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css'

iii. Add Font Awesome classes in className :

render() {
return <div><i className={'fa fa-spinner'} /></div>
}

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196. What is React Dev Tools?

React Developer Tools let you inspect the component hierarchy, including component
props and state. It exists both as a browser extension (for Chrome and Firefox), and as a
standalone app (works with other environments including Safari, IE, and React Native).

The official extensions available for different browsers or environments.

i. Chrome extension
ii. Firefox extension
iii. Standalone app (Safari, React Native, etc)

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197. Why is DevTools not loading in Chrome for local files?

If you opened a local HTML file in your browser ( file://... ) then you must first open
Chrome Extensions and check Allow access to file URLs .

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198. How to use Polymer in React?

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You need to follow below steps to use Polymer in React,

i. Create a Polymer element:

<link rel='import' href='../../bower_components/polymer/polymer.html' />

Polymer({
is: 'calender-element',
ready: function() {
this.textContent = 'I am a calender'
}
})

ii. Create the Polymer component HTML tag by importing it in a HTML document, e.g.
import it in the index.html of your React application:

<link rel='import' href='./src/polymer-components/calender-element.html'>

iii. Use that element in the JSX file:

import React from 'react'

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<calender-element />
)
}
}

export default MyComponent

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199. What are the advantages of React over Vue.js?
React has the following advantages over Vue.js:

i. Gives more flexibility in large apps developing.

ii. Easier to test.
iii. Suitable for mobile apps creating.
iv. More information and solutions available.

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Note: The above list of advantages are purely opinionated and it vary based on the
professional experience. But they are helpful as base parameters.

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200. What is the difference between React and Angular?

Let's see the difference between React and Angular in a table format.

React Angular

React is a library and has only Angular is a framework and has complete MVC
the View layer functionality

React handles rendering on the AngularJS renders only on the client side but
server side Angular 2 and above renders on the server side

React uses JSX that looks like Angular follows the template approach for HTML,
HTML in JS which can be which makes code shorter and easy to
confusing understand

React Native, which is a React

Ionic, Angular's mobile native app is relatively less
type to build mobile applications
stable and slower
are faster and more stable

In React, data flows only in one In Angular, data flows both way i.e it has two-way
way and hence debugging is data binding between children and parent and
easy hence debugging is often difficult

Note: The above list of differences are purely opinionated and it vary based on the professional
experience. But they are helpful as base parameters.

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201. Why React tab is not showing up in DevTools?
When the page loads, React DevTools sets a global named
__REACT_DEVTOOLS_GLOBAL_HOOK__ , then React communicates with that hook during
initialization. If the website is not using React or if React fails to communicate with
DevTools then it won't show up the tab.

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202. What are Styled Components?
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styled-components is a JavaScript library for styling React applications. It removes the

mapping between styles and components, and lets you write actual CSS augmented with
JavaScript.

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203. Give an example of Styled Components?
Lets create <Title> and <Wrapper> components with specific styles for each.

import React from 'react'

import styled from 'styled-components'

// Create a <Title> component that renders an <h1> which is centered, red and sized
const Title = styled.h1`
font-size: 1.5em;
text-align: center;
color: palevioletred;
`

// Create a <Wrapper> component that renders a <section> with some padding and a pap
const Wrapper = styled.section`
padding: 4em;
background: papayawhip;
`

These two variables, Title and Wrapper , are now components that you can render just
like any other react component.

<Wrapper>
<Title>{'Lets start first styled component!'}</Title>
</Wrapper>

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204. What is Relay?

Relay is a JavaScript framework for providing a data layer and client-server communication
to web applications using the React view layer.

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205. How to use TypeScript in create-react-app application?

Starting from [email protected] or higher, there is a built-in support for typescript. i.e,
create-react-app now supports typescript natively. You can just pass --typescript
option as below

npx create-react-app my-app --typescript

# or

yarn create react-app my-app --typescript

But for lower versions of react scripts, just supply --scripts-version option as react-
scripts-ts while you create a new project. react-scripts-ts is a set of adjustments to
take the standard create-react-app project pipeline and bring TypeScript into the mix.

Now the project layout should look like the following:

my-app/
├─ .gitignore
├─ images.d.ts
├─ node_modules/
├─ public/
├─ src/
│ └─ ...
├─ package.json
├─ tsconfig.json
├─ tsconfig.prod.json
├─ tsconfig.test.json
└─ tslint.json

Miscellaneous

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206. What are the main features of Reselect library?

Let's see the main features of Reselect library,

i. Selectors can compute derived data, allowing Redux to store the minimal possible
state.

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ii. Selectors are efficient. A selector is not recomputed unless one of its arguments
changes.
iii. Selectors are composable. They can be used as input to other selectors.

207. Give an example of Reselect usage?

Let's take calculations and different amounts of a shipment order with the simplified usage
of Reselect:

import { createSelector } from 'reselect'

const shopItemsSelector = state => state.shop.items

const taxPercentSelector = state => state.shop.taxPercent

const subtotalSelector = createSelector(

shopItemsSelector,
items => items.reduce((acc, item) => acc + item.value, 0)
)

const taxSelector = createSelector(

subtotalSelector,
taxPercentSelector,
(subtotal, taxPercent) => subtotal * (taxPercent / 100)
)

export const totalSelector = createSelector(

subtotalSelector,
taxSelector,
(subtotal, tax) => ({ total: subtotal + tax })
)

let exampleState = {
shop: {
taxPercent: 8,
items: [
{ name: 'apple', value: 1.20 },
{ name: 'orange', value: 0.95 },
]
}
}

console.log(subtotalSelector(exampleState)) // 2.15
console.log(taxSelector(exampleState)) // 0.172
console.log(totalSelector(exampleState)) // { total: 2.322 }

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209. Does the statics object work with ES6 classes in React?
No, statics only works with React.createClass() :

someComponent= React.createClass({
statics: {
someMethod: function() {
// ..
}
}
})

But you can write statics inside ES6+ classes as below,

class Component extends React.Component {

static propTypes = {
// ...
}

static someMethod() {
// ...
}
}

or writing them outside class as below,

class Component extends React.Component {

....
}

Component.propTypes = {...}
Component.someMethod = function(){....}

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210. Can Redux only be used with React?
Redux can be used as a data store for any UI layer. The most common usage is with React
and React Native, but there are bindings available for Angular, Angular 2, Vue, Mithril, and
more. Redux simply provides a subscription mechanism which can be used by any other
code.

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211. Do you need to have a particular build tool to use Redux?

Redux is originally written in ES6 and transpiled for production into ES5 with Webpack and
Babel. You should be able to use it regardless of your JavaScript build process. Redux also
offers a UMD build that can be used directly without any build process at all.

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212. How Redux Form initialValues get updated from state?

You need to add enableReinitialize : true setting.

const InitializeFromStateForm = reduxForm({

form: 'initializeFromState',
enableReinitialize : true
})(UserEdit)

If your initialValues prop gets updated, your form will update too.

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213. How React PropTypes allow different types for one prop?

You can use oneOfType() method of PropTypes .

For example, the height property can be defined with either string or number type as
below:

Component.propTypes = {
size: PropTypes.oneOfType([
PropTypes.string,
PropTypes.number
])
}

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214. Can I import an SVG file as react component?

You can import SVG directly as component instead of loading it as a file. This feature is
available with [email protected] and higher.

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import { ReactComponent as Logo } from './logo.svg'

const App = () => (

<div>
{/* Logo is an actual react component */}
<Logo />
</div>
)

Note: Don't forget about the curly braces in the import.

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215. Why are inline ref callbacks or functions not recommended?
If the ref callback is defined as an inline function, it will get called twice during updates,
first with null and then again with the DOM element. This is because a new instance of the
function is created with each render, so React needs to clear the old ref and set up the new
one.

class UserForm extends Component {

handleSubmit = () => {
console.log("Input Value is: ", this.input.value)
}

render () {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<input
type='text'
ref={(input) => this.input = input} /> // Access DOM input in handle submit
<button type='submit'>Submit</button>
</form>
)
}
}

But our expectation is for the ref callback to get called once, when the component mounts.
One quick fix is to use the ES7 class property syntax to define the function

class UserForm extends Component {

handleSubmit = () => {

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console.log("Input Value is: ", this.input.value)

}

setSearchInput = (input) => {

this.input = input
}

render () {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<input
type='text'
ref={this.setSearchInput} /> // Access DOM input in handle submit
<button type='submit'>Submit</button>
</form>
)
}
}

**Note:** In React v16.3,

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216. What is render hijacking in react?

The concept of render hijacking is the ability to control what a component will output from
another component. It means that you decorate your component by wrapping it into a
Higher-Order component. By wrapping, you can inject additional props or make other
changes, which can cause changing logic of rendering. It does not actually enable
hijacking, but by using HOC you make your component behave differently.

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217. What are HOC factory implementations?

There are two main ways of implementing HOCs in React.

i. Props Proxy (PP) and

ii. Inheritance Inversion (II).

But they follow different approaches for manipulating the WrappedComponent.

Props Proxy

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In this approach, the render method of the HOC returns a React Element of the type of the
WrappedComponent. We also pass through the props that the HOC receives, hence the
name Props Proxy.

function ppHOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class PP extends React.Component {
render() {
return <WrappedComponent {...this.props}/>
}
}
}

Inheritance Inversion

In this approach, the returned HOC class (Enhancer) extends the WrappedComponent. It is
called Inheritance Inversion because instead of the WrappedComponent extending some
Enhancer class, it is passively extended by the Enhancer. In this way the relationship
between them seems inverse.

function iiHOC(WrappedComponent) {
return class Enhancer extends WrappedComponent {
render() {
return super.render()
}
}
}

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218. How to pass numbers to React component?
You should be passing the numbers via curly braces({}) where as strings in quotes

React.render(<User age={30} department={"IT"} />, document.getElementById('contai

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219. Do I need to keep all my state into Redux? Should I ever use react
internal state?

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It is up to the developer's decision, i.e., it is developer's job to determine what kinds of

state make up your application, and where each piece of state should live. Some users
prefer to keep every single piece of data in Redux, to maintain a fully serializable and
controlled version of their application at all times. Others prefer to keep non-critical or UI
state, such as “is this dropdown currently open”, inside a component's internal state.

Below are the thumb rules to determine what kind of data should be put into Redux

i. Do other parts of the application care about this data?

ii. Do you need to be able to create further derived data based on this original data?
iii. Is the same data being used to drive multiple components?
iv. Is there value to you in being able to restore this state to a given point in time (ie,
time travel debugging)?
v. Do you want to cache the data (i.e, use what's in state if it's already there instead of
re-requesting it)?

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220. What is the purpose of registerServiceWorker in React?
React creates a service worker for you without any configuration by default. The service
worker is a web API that helps you cache your assets and other files so that when the user
is offline or on a slow network, he/she can still see results on the screen, as such, it helps
you build a better user experience, that's what you should know about service worker for
now. It's all about adding offline capabilities to your site.

import React from 'react';

import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import App from './App';
import registerServiceWorker from './registerServiceWorker';

ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

registerServiceWorker();

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221. What is React memo function?

Class components can be restricted from re-rendering when their input props are the same
using PureComponent or shouldComponentUpdate. Now you can do the same with
function components by wrapping them in React.memo.

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const MyComponent = React.memo(function MyComponent(props) {

/* only rerenders if props change */
});

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222. What is React lazy function?

The React.lazy function lets you render a dynamic import as a regular component. It will
automatically load the bundle containing the OtherComponent when the component gets
rendered. This must return a Promise which resolves to a module with a default export
containing a React component.

const OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import('./OtherComponent'));

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<OtherComponent />
</div>
);
}

Note: React.lazy and Suspense is not yet available for server-side rendering. If you want
to do code-splitting in a server rendered app, we still recommend React Loadable.

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223. How to prevent unnecessary updates using setState?
You can compare the current value of the state with an existing state value and decide
whether to rerender the page or not. If the values are the same then you need to return
null to stop re-rendering otherwise return the latest state value.

For example, the user profile information is conditionally rendered as follows,

getUserProfile = user => {

const latestAddress = user.address;
this.setState(state => {
if (state.address === latestAddress) {
return null;
} else {
return { title: latestAddress };
}
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});
};

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224. How do you render Array, Strings and Numbers in React 16 Version?

Arrays: Unlike older releases, you don't need to make sure render method return a single
element in React16. You are able to return multiple sibling elements without a wrapping
element by returning an array.

For example, let us take the below list of developers,

const ReactJSDevs = () => {

return [
<li key="1">John</li>,
<li key="2">Jackie</li>,
<li key="3">Jordan</li>
];
}

You can also merge this array of items in another array component.

const JSDevs = () => {

return (
<ul>
<li>Brad</li>
<li>Brodge</li>
<ReactJSDevs/>
<li>Brandon</li>
</ul>
);
}

Strings and Numbers: You can also return string and number type from the render
method.

render() {
return 'Welcome to ReactJS questions';
}
// Number
render() {
return 2018;
}
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225. How to use class field declarations syntax in React classes?
React Class Components can be made much more concise using the class field
declarations. You can initialize the local state without using the constructor and declare
class methods by using arrow functions without the extra need to bind them.

Let's take a counter example to demonstrate class field declarations for state without using
constructor and methods without binding,

class Counter extends Component {

state = { value: 0 };

handleIncrement = () => {
this.setState(prevState => ({
value: prevState.value + 1
}));
};

handleDecrement = () => {
this.setState(prevState => ({
value: prevState.value - 1
}));
};

render() {
return (
<div>
{this.state.value}

<button onClick={this.handleIncrement}>+</button>
<button onClick={this.handleDecrement}>-</button>
</div>
)
}
}

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226. What are hooks?

Hooks is a new feature(React 16.8) that lets you use state and other React features without
writing a class.
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Let's see an example of useState hook:

import { useState } from 'react';

function Example() {
// Declare a new state variable, which we'll call "count"
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

return (
<div>
<p>You clicked {count} times</p>
<button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
Click me
</button>
</div>
);
}

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227. What rules need to be followed for hooks?

You need to follow two rules in order to use hooks,

i. Call Hooks only at the top level of your react functions. i.e, You shouldn’t call Hooks
inside loops, conditions, or nested functions. This will ensure that Hooks are called in
the same order each time a component renders and it preserves the state of Hooks
between multiple useState and useEffect calls.
ii. Call Hooks from React Functions only. i.e, You shouldn’t call Hooks from regular
JavaScript functions.

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228. How to ensure hooks followed the rules in your project?

React team released an ESLint plugin called eslint-plugin-react-hooks that enforces these
two rules. You can add this plugin to your project using the below command,

npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks@next

And apply the below config in your ESLint config file,

// Your ESLint configuration

{

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"plugins": [
// ...
"react-hooks"
],
"rules": {
// ...
"react-hooks/rules-of-hooks": "error"
}
}

Note: This plugin is intended to use in Create React App by default.

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229. What are the differences between Flux and Redux?

Below are the major differences between Flux and Redux

Flux Redux

State is mutable State is immutable

The Store contains both state and change

The Store and change logic are separate
logic

There are multiple stores exist There is only one store exist

All the stores are disconnected and flat Single store with hierarchical reducers

It has a singleton dispatcher There is no concept of dispatcher

Container components uses connect

React components subscribe to the store
function

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230. What are the benefits of React Router V4?

Below are the main benefits of React Router V4 module,

i. In React Router v4(version 4), the API is completely about components. A router can
be visualized as a single component( <BrowserRouter> ) which wraps specific child
router components( <Route> ).
ii. You don't need to manually set history. The router module will take care history by
wrapping routes with <BrowserRouter> component.

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iii. The application size is reduced by adding only the specific router module(Web, core,
or native)

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231. Can you describe about componentDidCatch lifecycle method
signature?
The componentDidCatch lifecycle method is invoked after an error has been thrown by a
descendant component. The method receives two parameters,

i. error: - The error object which was thrown

ii. info: - An object with a componentStack key contains the information about which
component threw the error.

The method structure would be as follows

componentDidCatch(error, info)

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232. In which scenarios error boundaries do not catch errors?

Below are the cases in which error boundaries doesn't work,

i. Inside Event handlers

ii. Asynchronous code using setTimeout or requestAnimationFrame callbacks
iii. During Server side rendering
iv. When errors thrown in the error boundary code itself

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233. Why do you not need error boundaries for event handlers?
Error boundaries do not catch errors inside event handlers.

React doesn’t need error boundaries to recover from errors in event handlers. Unlike the
render method and lifecycle methods, the event handlers don’t happen during rendering.
So if they throw, React still knows what to display on the screen.

If you need to catch an error inside an event handler, use the regular JavaScript try / catch
statement:

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class MyComponent extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { error: null };
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}

handleClick() {
try {
// Do something that could throw
} catch (error) {
this.setState({ error });
}
}

render() {
if (this.state.error) {
return <h1>Caught an error.</h1>
}
return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>Click Me</button>
}
}

Note that the above example is demonstrating regular JavaScript behavior and doesn’t use
error boundaries.

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234. What is the difference between try catch block and error boundaries?

Try catch block works with imperative code whereas error boundaries are meant for
declarative code to render on the screen.

For example, the try catch block used for below imperative code

try {
showButton();
} catch (error) {
// ...
}

Whereas error boundaries wrap declarative code as below,

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<ErrorBoundary>
<MyComponent />
</ErrorBoundary>

So if an error occurs in a componentDidUpdate method caused by a setState somewhere

deep in the tree, it will still correctly propagate to the closest error boundary.

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235. What is the behavior of uncaught errors in react 16?

In React 16, errors that were not caught by any error boundary will result in unmounting of
the whole React component tree. The reason behind this decision is that it is worse to
leave corrupted UI in place than to completely remove it. For example, it is worse for a
payments app to display a wrong amount than to render nothing.

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236. What is the proper placement for error boundaries?

The granularity of error boundaries usage is up to the developer based on project needs.
You can follow either of these approaches,
i. You can wrap top-level route components to display a generic error message for the
entire application.
ii. You can also wrap individual components in an error boundary to protect them from
crashing the rest of the application.

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237. What is the benefit of component stack trace from error boundary?
Apart from error messages and javascript stack, React16 will display the component stack
trace with file names and line numbers using error boundary concept.

For example, BuggyCounter component displays the component stack trace as below,

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238. What is the required method to be defined for a class component?

The render() method is the only required method in a class component. i.e, All methods
other than render method are optional for a class component.

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239. What are the possible return types of render method?

Below are the list of following types used and return from render method,

i. React elements: Elements that instruct React to render a DOM node. It includes html
elements such as <div/> and user defined elements.
ii. Arrays and fragments: Return multiple elements to render as Arrays and Fragments to
wrap multiple elements
iii. Portals: Render children into a different DOM subtree.
iv. String and numbers: Render both Strings and Numbers as text nodes in the DOM
v. Booleans or null: Doesn't render anything but these types are used to conditionally
render content.

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240. What is the main purpose of constructor?

The constructor is mainly used for two purposes,

i. To initialize local state by assigning object to this.state

ii. For binding event handler methods to the instance For example, the below code
covers both the above cases,

constructor(props) {
super(props);
// Don't call this.setState() here!
this.state = { counter: 0 };
this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);
}

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241. Is it mandatory to define constructor for React component?

No, it is not mandatory. i.e, If you don’t initialize state and you don’t bind methods, you
don’t need to implement a constructor for your React component.
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242. What are default props?

The defaultProps are defined as a property on the component class to set the default
props for the class. This is used for undefined props, but not for null props.

For example, let us create color default prop for the button component,

class MyButton extends React.Component {

// ...
}

MyButton.defaultProps = {
color: 'red'
};

If props.color is not provided then it will set the default value to 'red'. i.e, Whenever you
try to access the color prop it uses default value

render() {
return <MyButton /> ; // props.color will be set to red
}

Note: If you provide null value then it remains null value.

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243. Why should not call setState in componentWillUnmount?
You should not call setState() in componentWillUnmount() because once a component
instance is unmounted, it will never be mounted again.

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244. What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromError?
This lifecycle method is invoked after an error has been thrown by a descendant
component. It receives the error that was thrown as a parameter and should return a value
to update state.

The signature of the lifecycle method is as follows,

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static getDerivedStateFromError(error)

Let us take error boundary use case with the above lifecycle method for demonstration
purpose,

class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}

static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
// Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI.
return { hasError: true };
}

render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return <h1>Something went wrong.</h1>;
}

return this.props.children;
}
}

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245. What is the methods order when component re-rendered?

An update can be caused by changes to props or state. The below methods are called in
the following order when a component is being re-rendered.

i. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
ii. shouldComponentUpdate()
iii. render()
iv. getSnapshotBeforeUpdate()
v. componentDidUpdate()

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246. What are the methods invoked during error handling?

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Below methods are called when there is an error during rendering, in a lifecycle method, or
in the constructor of any child component.

i. static getDerivedStateFromError()
ii. componentDidCatch()

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247. What is the purpose of displayName class property?

The displayName string is used in debugging messages. Usually, you don’t need to set it
explicitly because it’s inferred from the name of the function or class that defines the
component. You might want to set it explicitly if you want to display a different name for
debugging purposes or when you create a higher-order component.

For example, To ease debugging, choose a display name that communicates that it’s the
result of a withSubscription HOC.

function withSubscription(WrappedComponent) {
class WithSubscription extends React.Component {/* ... */}
WithSubscription.displayName = `WithSubscription(${getDisplayName(WrappedComponent
return WithSubscription;
}
function getDisplayName(WrappedComponent) {
return WrappedComponent.displayName || WrappedComponent.name || 'Component';
}

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248. What is the browser support for react applications?

React supports all popular browsers, including Internet Explorer 9 and above, although
some polyfills are required for older browsers such as IE 9 and IE 10. If you use es5-shim
and es5-sham polyfill then it even support old browsers that doesn't support ES5
methods.

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249. What is the purpose of unmountComponentAtNode method?

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This method is available from react-dom package and it removes a mounted React
component from the DOM and clean up its event handlers and state. If no component was
mounted in the container, calling this function does nothing. Returns true if a component
was unmounted and false if there was no component to unmount.

The method signature would be as follows,

ReactDOM.unmountComponentAtNode(container)

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250. What is code-splitting?
Code-Splitting is a feature supported by bundlers like Webpack and Browserify which can
create multiple bundles that can be dynamically loaded at runtime. The react project
supports code splitting via dynamic import() feature.

For example, in the below code snippets, it will make moduleA.js and all its unique
dependencies as a separate chunk that only loads after the user clicks the 'Load' button.
moduleA.js

const moduleA = 'Hello';

export { moduleA };

App.js

import React, { Component } from 'react';

class App extends Component {

handleClick = () => {
import('./moduleA')
.then(({ moduleA }) => {
// Use moduleA
})
.catch(err => {
// Handle failure
});
};

render() {
return (
<div>

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<button onClick={this.handleClick}>Load</button>
</div>
);
}
}

export default App;

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251. What is the benefit of strict mode?

The will be helpful in the below cases

i. Identifying components with unsafe lifecycle methods.

ii. Warning about legacy string ref API usage.
iii. Detecting unexpected side effects.
iv. Detecting legacy context API.
v. Warning about deprecated findDOMNode usage

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252. What are Keyed Fragments?

The Fragments declared with the explicit <React.Fragment> syntax may have keys. The
general use case is mapping a collection to an array of fragments as below,

function Glossary(props) {
return (
<dl>
{props.items.map(item => (
// Without the `key`, React will fire a key warning
<React.Fragment key={item.id}>
<dt>{item.term}</dt>
<dd>{item.description}</dd>
</React.Fragment>
))}
</dl>
);
}

Note: key is the only attribute that can be passed to Fragment. In the future, there might
be a support for additional attributes, such as event handlers.

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253. Does React support all HTML attributes?

As of React 16, both standard or custom DOM attributes are fully supported. Since React
components often take both custom and DOM-related props, React uses the camelCase
convention just like the DOM APIs.

Let us take few props with respect to standard HTML attributes,

<div tabIndex="-1" /> // Just like node.tabIndex DOM API

<div className="Button" /> // Just like node.className DOM API
<input readOnly={true} /> // Just like node.readOnly DOM API

These props work similarly to the corresponding HTML attributes, with the exception of the
special cases. It also support all SVG attributes.

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254. What are the limitations with HOCs?
Higher-order components come with a few caveats apart from its benefits. Below are the
few listed in an order,

i. Don’t use HOCs inside the render method: It is not recommended to apply a HOC to
a component within the render method of a component.

render() {
// A new version of EnhancedComponent is created on every render
// EnhancedComponent1 !== EnhancedComponent2
const EnhancedComponent = enhance(MyComponent);
// That causes the entire subtree to unmount/remount each time!
return <EnhancedComponent />;
}

The above code impacts on performance by remounting a component that causes the
state of that component and all of its children to be lost. Instead, apply HOCs outside
the component definition so that the resulting component is created only once.

ii. Static methods must be copied over: When you apply a HOC to a component the
new component does not have any of the static methods of the original component

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// Define a static method

WrappedComponent.staticMethod = function() {/*...*/}
// Now apply a HOC
const EnhancedComponent = enhance(WrappedComponent);

// The enhanced component has no static method

typeof EnhancedComponent.staticMethod === 'undefined' // true

You can overcome this by copying the methods onto the container before returning it,

function enhance(WrappedComponent) {
class Enhance extends React.Component {/*...*/}
// Must know exactly which method(s) to copy :(
Enhance.staticMethod = WrappedComponent.staticMethod;
return Enhance;
}

iii. Refs aren’t passed through: For HOCs you need to pass through all props to the
wrapped component but this does not work for refs. This is because ref is not really a
prop similar to key. In this case you need to use the React.forwardRef API

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255. How to debug forwardRefs in DevTools?

React.forwardRef accepts a render function as parameter and DevTools uses this function
to determine what to display for the ref forwarding component.

For example, If you don't name the render function or not using displayName property
then it will appear as ”ForwardRef” in the DevTools,

const WrappedComponent = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => {

return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
});

But If you name the render function then it will appear as ”ForwardRef(myFunction)”

const WrappedComponent = React.forwardRef(

function myFunction(props, ref) {
return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
}
);

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As an alternative, You can also set displayName property for forwardRef function,

function logProps(Component) {
class LogProps extends React.Component {
// ...
}

function forwardRef(props, ref) {

return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
}

// Give this component a more helpful display name in DevTools.

// e.g. "ForwardRef(logProps(MyComponent))"
const name = Component.displayName || Component.name;
forwardRef.displayName = `logProps(${name})`;

return React.forwardRef(forwardRef);
}

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256. When component props defaults to true?

If you pass no value for a prop, it defaults to true. This behavior is available so that it
matches the behavior of HTML.

For example, below expressions are equivalent,

<MyInput autocomplete />

<MyInput autocomplete={true} />

Note: It is not recommended to use this approach because it can be confused with the ES6
object shorthand (example, {name} which is short for {name: name} )

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257. What is NextJS and major features of it?

Next.js is a popular and lightweight framework for static and server‑rendered applications
built with React. It also provides styling and routing solutions. Below are the major features
provided by NextJS,

i. Server-rendered by default
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ii. Automatic code splitting for faster page loads

iii. Simple client-side routing (page based)
iv. Webpack-based dev environment which supports (HMR)
v. Able to implement with Express or any other Node.js HTTP server
vi. Customizable with your own Babel and Webpack configurations

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258. How do you pass an event handler to a component?
You can pass event handlers and other functions as props to child components. It can be
used in child component as below,

<button onClick={this.handleClick}>

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259. Is it good to use arrow functions in render methods?

Yes, You can use. It is often the easiest way to pass parameters to callback functions. But
you need to optimize the performance while using it.

class Foo extends Component {

handleClick() {
console.log('Click happened');
}
render() {
return <button onClick={() => this.handleClick()}>Click Me</button>;
}
}

Note: Using an arrow function in render method creates a new function each time the
component renders, which may have performance implications

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260. How to prevent a function from being called multiple times?

If you use an event handler such as onClick or onScroll and want to prevent the callback
from being fired too quickly, then you can limit the rate at which callback is executed. This
can be achieved in the below possible ways,

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i. Throttling: Changes based on a time based frequency. For example, it can be used
using _.throttle lodash function
ii. Debouncing: Publish changes after a period of inactivity. For example, it can be used
using _.debounce lodash function
iii. RequestAnimationFrame throttling: Changes based on requestAnimationFrame. For
example, it can be used using raf-schd lodash function

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261. How JSX prevents Injection Attacks?

React DOM escapes any values embedded in JSX before rendering them. Thus it ensures
that you can never inject anything that’s not explicitly written in your application.
Everything is converted to a string before being rendered.

For example, you can embed user input as below,

const name = response.potentiallyMaliciousInput;

const element = <h1>{name}</h1>;

This way you can prevent XSS(Cross-site-scripting) attacks in the application.

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262. How do you update rendered elements?
You can update UI(represented by rendered element) by passing the newly created
element to ReactDOM's render method.

For example, lets take a ticking clock example, where it updates the time by calling render
method multiple times,

function tick() {
const element = (
<div>
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
<h2>It is {new Date().toLocaleTimeString()}.</h2>
</div>
);
ReactDOM.render(element, document.getElementById('root'));
}

setInterval(tick, 1000);

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263. How do you say that props are readonly?
When you declare a component as a function or a class, it must never modify its own
props.

Let us take a below capital function,

function capital(amount, interest) {

return amount + interest;
}

The above function is called “pure” because it does not attempt to change their inputs, and
always return the same result for the same inputs. Hence, React has a single rule saying "All
React components must act like pure functions with respect to their props."

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264. How do you say that state updates are merged?

When you call setState() in the component, React merges the object you provide into the
current state.

For example, let us take a facebook user with posts and comments details as state
variables,

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
posts: [],
comments: []
};
}

Now you can update them independently with separate setState() calls as below,

componentDidMount() {
fetchPosts().then(response => {
this.setState({
posts: response.posts
});

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});

fetchComments().then(response => {
this.setState({
comments: response.comments
});
});
}

As mentioned in the above code snippets, this.setState({comments}) updates only

comments variable without modifying or replacing posts variable.

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265. How do you pass arguments to an event handler?
During iterations or loops, it is common to pass an extra parameter to an event handler.
This can be achieved through arrow functions or bind method.

Let us take an example of user details updated in a grid,

<button onClick={(e) => this.updateUser(userId, e)}>Update User details</button>

<button onClick={this.updateUser.bind(this, userId)}>Update User details</button>

In the both approaches, the synthetic argument e is passed as a second argument. You
need to pass it explicitly for arrow functions and it will be passed automatically for bind
method.

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266. How to prevent component from rendering?
You can prevent component from rendering by returning null based on specific condition.
This way it can conditionally render component.

function Greeting(props) {
if (!props.loggedIn) {
return null;
}

return (
<div className="greeting">
welcome, {props.name}
</div>

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);
}

class User extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {loggedIn: false, name: 'John'};
}

render() {
return (
<div>
//Prevent component render if it is not loggedIn
<Greeting loggedIn={this.state.loggedIn} />
<UserDetails name={this.state.name}>
</div>
);
}

In the above example, the greeting component skips its rendering section by applying
condition and returning null value.

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267. What are the conditions to safely use the index as a key?
There are three conditions to make sure, it is safe use the index as a key.

i. The list and items are static– they are not computed and do not change
ii. The items in the list have no ids
iii. The list is never reordered or filtered.

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268. Should keys be globally unique?

The keys used within arrays should be unique among their siblings but they don’t need to
be globally unique. i.e, You can use the same keys with two different arrays.

For example, the below Book component uses two arrays with different arrays,

function Book(props) {
const index = (
<ul>
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{props.pages.map((page) =>
<li key={page.id}>
{page.title}
</li>
)}
</ul>
);
const content = props.pages.map((page) =>
<div key={page.id}>
<h3>{page.title}</h3>
<p>{page.content}</p>
<p>{page.pageNumber}</p>
</div>
);
return (
<div>
{index}
<hr />
{content}
</div>
);
}

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269. What is the popular choice for form handling?
Formik is a form library for react which provides solutions such as validation, keeping
track of the visited fields, and handling form submission.

In detail, You can categorize them as follows,

i. Getting values in and out of form state

ii. Validation and error messages
iii. Handling form submission

It is used to create a scalable, performant, form helper with a minimal API to solve
annoying stuff.

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270. What are the advantages of formik over redux form library?

Below are the main reasons to recommend formik over redux form library,

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i. The form state is inherently short-term and local, so tracking it in Redux (or any kind
of Flux library) is unnecessary.
ii. Redux-Form calls your entire top-level Redux reducer multiple times ON EVERY
SINGLE KEYSTROKE. This way it increases input latency for large apps.
iii. Redux-Form is 22.5 kB minified gzipped whereas Formik is 12.7 kB

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271. Why are you not required to use inheritance?

In React, it is recommended to use composition over inheritance to reuse code between

components. Both Props and composition give you all the flexibility you need to customize
a component’s look and behavior explicitly and safely. Whereas, If you want to reuse non-
UI functionality between components, it is suggested to extract it into a separate
JavaScript module. Later components import it and use that function, object, or class,
without extending it.

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272. Can I use web components in react application?

Yes, you can use web components in a react application. Even though many developers
won't use this combination, it may require especially if you are using third-party UI
components that are written using Web Components.

For example, let us use Vaadin date picker web component as below,

import React, { Component } from 'react';

import './App.css';
import '@vaadin/vaadin-date-picker';
class App extends Component {
render() {
return (
<div className="App">
<vaadin-date-picker label="When were you born?"></vaadin-date-picker>
</div>
);
}
}
export default App;

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273. What is dynamic import?

You can achieve code-splitting in your app using dynamic import.

Let's take an example of addition,

i. Normal Import

import { add } from './math';

console.log(add(10, 20));

ii. Dynamic Import

import("./math").then(math => {
console.log(math.add(10, 20));
});

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274. What are loadable components?
If you want to do code-splitting in a server rendered app, it is recommend to use Loadable
Components because React.lazy and Suspense is not yet available for server-side
rendering. Loadable lets you render a dynamic import as a regular component.

Lets take an example,

import loadable from '@loadable/component'

const OtherComponent = loadable(() => import('./OtherComponent'))

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<OtherComponent />
</div>
)
}

Now OtherComponent will be loaded in a separated bundle

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275. What is suspense component?
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If the module containing the dynamic import is not yet loaded by the time parent
component renders, you must show some fallback content while you’re waiting for it to
load using a loading indicator. This can be done using Suspense component.

For example, the below code uses suspense component,

const OtherComponent = React.lazy(() => import('./OtherComponent'));

function MyComponent() {
return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<OtherComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}

As mentioned in the above code, Suspense is wrapped above the lazy component.

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276. What is route based code splitting?

One of the best place to do code splitting is with routes. The entire page is going to re-
render at once so users are unlikely to interact with other elements in the page at the same
time. Due to this, the user experience won't be disturbed.

Let us take an example of route based website using libraries like React Router with
React.lazy,

import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch } from 'react-router-dom';

import React, { Suspense, lazy } from 'react';

const Home = lazy(() => import('./routes/Home'));

const About = lazy(() => import('./routes/About'));

const App = () => (

<Router>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Home}/>
<Route path="/about" component={About}/>
</Switch>
</Suspense>

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</Router>
);

In the above code, the code splitting will happen at each route level.

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277. Give an example on How to use context?

Context is designed to share data that can be considered global for a tree of React
components.

For example, in the code below lets manually thread through a “theme” prop in order to
style the Button component.

//Lets create a context with a default theme value "luna"

const ThemeContext = React.createContext('luna');
// Create App component where it uses provider to pass theme value in the tree
class App extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<ThemeContext.Provider value="nova">
<Toolbar />
</ThemeContext.Provider>
);
}
}
// A middle component where you don't need to pass theme prop anymore
function Toolbar(props) {
return (
<div>
<ThemedButton />
</div>
);
}
// Lets read theme value in the button component to use
class ThemedButton extends React.Component {
static contextType = ThemeContext;
render() {
return <Button theme={this.context} />;
}
}

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278. What is the purpose of default value in context?

The defaultValue argument is only used when a component does not have a matching
Provider above it in the tree. This can be helpful for testing components in isolation
without wrapping them.

Below code snippet provides default theme value as Luna.

const MyContext = React.createContext(defaultValue);

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279. How do you use contextType?

ContextType is used to consume the context object. The contextType property can be used
in two ways,

i. contextType as property of class: The contextType property on a class can be

assigned a Context object created by React.createContext(). After that, you can
consume the nearest current value of that Context type using this.context in any of the
lifecycle methods and render function.

Lets assign contextType property on MyClass as below,

class MyClass extends React.Component {

componentDidMount() {
let value = this.context;
/* perform a side-effect at mount using the value of MyContext */
}
componentDidUpdate() {
let value = this.context;
/* ... */
}
componentWillUnmount() {
let value = this.context;
/* ... */
}
render() {
let value = this.context;
/* render something based on the value of MyContext */
}
}
MyClass.contextType = MyContext;

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ii. Static field You can use a static class field to initialize your contextType using public
class field syntax.

class MyClass extends React.Component {

static contextType = MyContext;
render() {
let value = this.context;
/* render something based on the value */
}
}

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280. What is a consumer?
A Consumer is a React component that subscribes to context changes. It requires a
function as a child which receives current context value as argument and returns a react
node. The value argument passed to the function will be equal to the value prop of the
closest Provider for this context above in the tree.

Lets take a simple example,

<MyContext.Consumer>
{value => /* render something based on the context value */}
</MyContext.Consumer>

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281. How do you solve performance corner cases while using context?
The context uses reference identity to determine when to re-render, there are some
gotchas that could trigger unintentional renders in consumers when a provider’s parent re-
renders.

For example, the code below will re-render all consumers every time the Provider re-
renders because a new object is always created for value.

class App extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<Provider value={{something: 'something'}}>
<Toolbar />
</Provider>
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);
}
}

This can be solved by lifting up the value to parent state,

class App extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
value: {something: 'something'},
};
}

render() {
return (
<Provider value={this.state.value}>
<Toolbar />
</Provider>
);
}
}

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282. What is the purpose of forward ref in HOCs?
Refs will not get passed through because ref is not a prop. It is handled differently by React
just like key. If you add a ref to a HOC, the ref will refer to the outermost container
component, not the wrapped component. In this case, you can use Forward Ref API. For
example, we can explicitly forward refs to the inner FancyButton component using the
React.forwardRef API.

The below HOC logs all props,

function logProps(Component) {
class LogProps extends React.Component {
componentDidUpdate(prevProps) {
console.log('old props:', prevProps);
console.log('new props:', this.props);
}

render() {
const {forwardedRef, ...rest} = this.props;

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// Assign the custom prop "forwardedRef" as a ref

return <Component ref={forwardedRef} {...rest} />;
}
}

return React.forwardRef((props, ref) => {

return <LogProps {...props} forwardedRef={ref} />;
});
}

Let's use this HOC to log all props that get passed to our “fancy button” component,

class FancyButton extends React.Component {

focus() {
// ...
}

// ...
}
export default logProps(FancyButton);

Now let's create a ref and pass it to FancyButton component. In this case, you can set focus
to button element.

import FancyButton from './FancyButton';

const ref = React.createRef();

ref.current.focus();
<FancyButton
label="Click Me"
handleClick={handleClick}
ref={ref}
/>;

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283. Is ref argument available for all functions or class components?

Regular function or class components don’t receive the ref argument, and ref is not
available in props either. The second ref argument only exists when you define a
component with React.forwardRef call.

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284. Why do you need additional care for component libraries while using
forward refs?
When you start using forwardRef in a component library, you should treat it as a breaking
change and release a new major version of your library. This is because your library likely
has a different behavior such as what refs get assigned to, and what types are exported.
These changes can break apps and other libraries that depend on the old behavior.

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285. How to create react class components without ES6?
If you don’t use ES6 then you may need to use the create-react-class module instead. For
default props, you need to define getDefaultProps() as a function on the passed object.
Whereas for initial state, you have to provide a separate getInitialState method that returns
the initial state.

var Greeting = createReactClass({

getDefaultProps: function() {
return {
name: 'Jhohn'
};
},
getInitialState: function() {
return {message: this.props.message};
},
handleClick: function() {
console.log(this.state.message);
},
render: function() {
return <h1>Hello, {this.props.name}</h1>;
}
});

Note: If you use createReactClass then auto binding is available for all methods. i.e, You
don't need to use .bind(this) with in constructor for event handlers.

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286. Is it possible to use react without JSX?

Yes, JSX is not mandatory for using React. Actually it is convenient when you don’t want to
set up compilation in your build environment. Each JSX element is just syntactic sugar for
calling React.createElement(component, props, ...children) .
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For example, let us take a greeting example with JSX,

class Greeting extends React.Component {

render() {
return <div>Hello {this.props.message}</div>;
}
}

ReactDOM.render(
<Greeting message="World" />,
document.getElementById('root')
);

You can write the same code without JSX as below,

class Greeting extends React.Component {

render() {
return React.createElement('div', null, `Hello ${this.props.message}`);
}
}

ReactDOM.render(
React.createElement(Greeting, {message: 'World'}, null),
document.getElementById('root')
);

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287. What is diffing algorithm?

React needs to use algorithms to find out how to efficiently update the UI to match the
most recent tree. The diffing algorithms is generating the minimum number of operations
to transform one tree into another. However, the algorithms have a complexity in the order
of O(n3) where n is the number of elements in the tree.

In this case, displaying 1000 elements would require in the order of one billion
comparisons. This is far too expensive. Instead, React implements a heuristic O(n)
algorithm based on two assumptions:

i. Two elements of different types will produce different trees.

ii. The developer can hint at which child elements may be stable across different renders
with a key prop.

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288. What are the rules covered by diffing algorithm?

When diffing two trees, React first compares the two root elements. The behavior is
different depending on the types of the root elements. It covers the below rules during
reconciliation algorithm,

i. Elements Of Different Types: Whenever the root elements have different types, React
will tear down the old tree and build the new tree from scratch. For example, elements
to , or from to of different types lead a full rebuild.
ii. DOM Elements Of The Same Type: When comparing two React DOM elements of the
same type, React looks at the attributes of both, keeps the same underlying DOM
node, and only updates the changed attributes. Lets take an example with same DOM
elements except className attribute,

<div className="show" title="ReactJS" />

<div className="hide" title="ReactJS" />

iii. Component Elements Of The Same Type: When a component updates, the instance
stays the same, so that state is maintained across renders. React updates the props of
the underlying component instance to match the new element, and calls
componentWillReceiveProps() and componentWillUpdate() on the underlying
instance. After that, the render() method is called and the diff algorithm recurses on
the previous result and the new result.
iv. Recursing On Children: when recursing on the children of a DOM node, React just
iterates over both lists of children at the same time and generates a mutation
whenever there’s a difference. For example, when adding an element at the end of the
children, converting between these two trees works well.

<ul>
<li>first</li>
<li>second</li>
</ul>

<ul>
<li>first</li>
<li>second</li>
<li>third</li>
</ul>

v. Handling keys: React supports a key attribute. When children have keys, React uses
the key to match children in the original tree with children in the subsequent tree. For
example, adding a key can make the tree conversion efficient,
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<ul>
<li key="2015">Duke</li>
<li key="2016">Villanova</li>
</ul>

<ul>
<li key="2014">Connecticut</li>
<li key="2015">Duke</li>
<li key="2016">Villanova</li>
</ul>

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289. When do you need to use refs?

There are few use cases to go for refs,

i. Managing focus, text selection, or media playback.

ii. Triggering imperative animations.
iii. Integrating with third-party DOM libraries.

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290. Must prop be named as render for render props?
Even though the pattern named render props, you don’t have to use a prop named render
to use this pattern. i.e, Any prop that is a function that a component uses to know what to
render is technically a “render prop”. Lets take an example with the children prop for
render props,

<Mouse children={mouse => (

<p>The mouse position is {mouse.x}, {mouse.y}</p>
)}/>

Actually children prop doesn’t need to be named in the list of “attributes” in JSX element.
Instead, you can keep it directly inside element,

<Mouse>
{mouse => (
<p>The mouse position is {mouse.x}, {mouse.y}</p>
)}
</Mouse>

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While using this above technique(without any name), explicitly state that children should
be a function in your propTypes.

Mouse.propTypes = {
children: PropTypes.func.isRequired
};

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291. What are the problems of using render props with pure components?

If you create a function inside a render method, it negates the purpose of pure
component. Because the shallow prop comparison will always return false for new props,
and each render in this case will generate a new value for the render prop. You can solve
this issue by defining the render function as instance method.

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292. How do you create HOC using render props?

You can implement most higher-order components (HOC) using a regular component with
a render prop. For example, if you would prefer to have a withMouse HOC instead of a
component, you could easily create one using a regular with a render prop.

function withMouse(Component) {
return class extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<Mouse render={mouse => (
<Component {...this.props} mouse={mouse} />
)}/>
);
}
}
}

This way render props gives the flexibility of using either pattern.

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293. What is windowing technique?

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Windowing is a technique that only renders a small subset of your rows at any given time,
and can dramatically reduce the time it takes to re-render the components as well as the
number of DOM nodes created. If your application renders long lists of data then this
technique is recommended. Both react-window and react-virtualized are popular
windowing libraries which provides several reusable components for displaying lists, grids,
and tabular data.

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294. How do you print falsy values in JSX?
The falsy values such as false, null, undefined, and true are valid children but they don't
render anything. If you still want to display them then you need to convert it to string. Let's
take an example on how to convert to a string,

<div>
My JavaScript variable is {String(myVariable)}.
</div>

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295. What is the typical use case of portals?

React portals are very useful when a parent component has overflow: hidden or has
properties that affect the stacking context (e.g. z-index, position, opacity) and you need to
visually “break out” of its container.

For example, dialogs, global message notifications, hovercards, and tooltips.

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296. How do you set default value for uncontrolled component?

In React, the value attribute on form elements will override the value in the DOM. With an
uncontrolled component, you might want React to specify the initial value, but leave
subsequent updates uncontrolled. To handle this case, you can specify a defaultValue
attribute instead of value.

render() {
return (
<form onSubmit={this.handleSubmit}>
<label>

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User Name:
<input
defaultValue="John"
type="text"
ref={this.input} />
</label>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>
);
}

The same applies for select and textArea inputs. But you need to use defaultChecked
for checkbox and radio inputs.

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297. What is your favorite React stack?

Even though the tech stack varies from developer to developer, the most popular stack is
used in react boilerplate project code. It mainly uses Redux and redux-saga for state
management and asynchronous side-effects, react-router for routing purpose, styled-
components for styling react components, axios for invoking REST api, and other
supported stack such as webpack, reselect, ESNext, Babel. You can clone the project
https://github.com/react-boilerplate/react-boilerplate and start working on any new react
project.

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298. What is the difference between Real DOM and Virtual DOM?

Below are the main differences between Real DOM and Virtual DOM,

Real DOM Virtual DOM

Updates are slow Updates are fast

DOM manipulation is very expensive. DOM manipulation is very easy

You can update HTML directly. You Can’t directly update HTML

It causes too much of memory wastage There is no memory wastage

Creates a new DOM if element updates It updates the JSX if element update

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299. How to add Bootstrap to a react application?

Bootstrap can be added to your React app in a three possible ways,

i. Using the Bootstrap CDN: This is the easiest way to add bootstrap. Add both
bootstrap CSS and JS resources in a head tag.
ii. Bootstrap as Dependency: If you are using a build tool or a module bundler such as
Webpack, then this is the preferred option for adding Bootstrap to your React
application

npm install bootstrap

iii. React Bootstrap Package: In this case, you can add Bootstrap to our React app is by
using a package that has rebuilt Bootstrap components to work particularly as React
components. Below packages are popular in this category,
a. react-bootstrap
b. reactstrap

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300. Can you list down top websites or applications using react as front end
framework?
Below are the top 10 websites using React as their front-end framework,

i. Facebook
ii. Uber
iii. Instagram
iv. WhatsApp
v. Khan Academy
vi. Airbnb
vii. Dropbox
viii. Flipboard
ix. Netflix
x. PayPal

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301. Is it recommended to use CSS In JS technique in React?

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React does not have any opinion about how styles are defined but if you are a beginner
then good starting point is to define your styles in a separate *.css file as usual and refer to
them using className. This functionality is not part of React but came from third-party
libraries. But If you want to try a different approach(CSS-In-JS) then styled-components
library is a good option.

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302. Do I need to rewrite all my class components with hooks?

No. But you can try Hooks in a few components(or new components) without rewriting any
existing code. Because there are no plans to remove classes in ReactJS.

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303. How to fetch data with React Hooks?

The effect hook called useEffect is used to fetch the data with axios from the API and to
set the data in the local state of the component with the state hook’s update function.

Let's take an example in which it fetches list of react articles from the API

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

import axios from 'axios';

function App() {
const [data, setData] = useState({ hits: [] });

useEffect(() => {
(async () => {
const result = await axios(
'http://hn.algolia.com/api/v1/search?query=react',
);

setData(result.data);
})()
}, []);

return (
<ul>
{data.hits.map(item => (
<li key={item.objectID}>
<a href={item.url}>{item.title}</a>
</li>
))}
</ul>
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);
}

export default App;

Remember we provided an empty array as second argument to the effect hook to avoid
activating it on component updates but only on mounting of the component. i.e, It fetches
only on component mount.

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304. Is Hooks cover all use cases for classes?

Hooks doesn't cover all use cases of classes but there is a plan to add them soon. Currently
there are no Hook equivalents to the uncommon getSnapshotBeforeUpdate and
componentDidCatch lifecycles yet.

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305. What is the stable release for hooks support?

React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks in 16.8 release for below packages

i. React DOM
ii. React DOM Server
iii. React Test Renderer
iv. React Shallow Renderer

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306. Why do we use array destructuring (square brackets notation) in
useState ?

When we declare a state variable with useState , it returns a pair — an array with two
items. The first item is the current value, and the second is a function that updates the
value. Using [0] and [1] to access them is a bit confusing because they have a specific
meaning. This is why we use array destructuring instead.

For example, the array index access would look as follows:

var userStateVariable = useState('userProfile'); // Returns an array pair

var user = userStateVariable[0]; // Access first item
var setUser = userStateVariable[1]; // Access second item
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Whereas with array destructuring the variables can be accessed as follows:

const [user, setUser] = useState('userProfile');

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307. What are the sources used for introducing hooks?

Hooks got the ideas from several different sources. Below are some of them,

i. Previous experiments with functional APIs in the react-future repository

ii. Community experiments with render prop APIs such as Reactions Component
iii. State variables and state cells in DisplayScript.
iv. Subscriptions in Rx.
v. Reducer components in ReasonReact.

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308. How do you access imperative API of web components?
Web Components often expose an imperative API to implement its functions. You will need
to use a ref to interact with the DOM node directly if you want to access imperative API of
a web component. But if you are using third-party Web Components, the best solution is
to write a React component that behaves as a wrapper for your Web Component.

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309. What is formik?

Formik is a small react form library that helps you with the three major problems,

i. Getting values in and out of form state

ii. Validation and error messages
iii. Handling form submission

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310. What are typical middleware choices for handling asynchronous calls
in Redux?

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Some of the popular middleware choices for handling asynchronous calls in Redux eco
system are Redux Thunk, Redux Promise, Redux Saga .

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311. Do browsers understand JSX code?

No, browsers can't understand JSX code. You need a transpiler to convert your JSX to
regular Javascript that browsers can understand. The most widely used transpiler right now
is Babel.

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312. Describe about data flow in react?
React implements one-way reactive data flow using props which reduce boilerplate and is
easier to understand than traditional two-way data binding.

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313. What is react scripts?
The react-scripts package is a set of scripts from the create-react-app starter pack
which helps you kick off projects without configuring. The react-scripts start command
sets up the development environment and starts a server, as well as hot module reloading.

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314. What are the features of create react app?

Below are the list of some of the features provided by create react app.

i. React, JSX, ES6, Typescript and Flow syntax support.

ii. Autoprefixed CSS
iii. CSS Reset/Normalize
iv. A live development server
v. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for coverage reporting
vi. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with hashes and
sourcemaps
vii. An offline-first service worker and a web app manifest, meeting all the Progressive
Web App criteria.

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315. What is the purpose of renderToNodeStream method?

The ReactDOMServer#renderToNodeStream method is used to generate HTML on the server

and send the markup down on the initial request for faster page loads. It also helps search
engines to crawl your pages easily for SEO purposes. Note: Remember this method is not
available in the browser but only server.

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316. What is MobX?

MobX is a simple, scalable and battle tested state management solution for applying
functional reactive programming (TFRP). For reactJs application, you need to install below
packages,

npm install mobx --save

npm install mobx-react --save

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317. What are the differences between Redux and MobX?

Below are the main differences between Redux and MobX,

Topic Redux MobX

It is a javascript library for It is a library for reactively

Definition managing the application managing the state of your
state applications

Programming It is mainly written in ES6 It is written in JavaScript(ES5)

There is only one large store There is more than one store for
Data Store
exist for data storage storage

Mainly used for large and

Usage Used for simple applications
complex applications

Performance Need to be improved Provides better performance

How it stores Uses JS Object to store Uses observable to store the data

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318. Should I learn ES6 before learning ReactJS?

No, you don’t have to learn es2015/es6 to learn react. But you may find many resources or
React ecosystem uses ES6 extensively. Let's see some of the frequently used ES6 features,

i. Destructuring: To get props and use them in a component

// in es 5
var someData = this.props.someData
var dispatch = this.props.dispatch

// in es6
const { someData, dispatch } = this.props

ii. Spread operator: Helps in passing props down into a component

// in es 5
<SomeComponent someData={this.props.someData} dispatch={this.props.dispatch} />

// in es6
<SomeComponent {...this.props} />

iii. Arrow functions: Makes compact syntax

// es 5
var users = usersList.map(function (user) {
return <li>{user.name}</li>
})
// es 6
const users = usersList.map(user => <li>{user.name}</li>);

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319. What is Concurrent Rendering?
The Concurrent rendering makes React apps to be more responsive by rendering
component trees without blocking the main UI thread. It allows React to interrupt a long-
running render to handle a high-priority event. i.e, When you enabled concurrent Mode,
React will keep an eye on other tasks that need to be done, and if there's something with a
higher priority it will pause what it is currently rendering and let the other task finish first.
You can enable this in two ways,

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// 1. Part of an app by wrapping with ConcurrentMode

<React.unstable_ConcurrentMode>
<Something />
</React.unstable_ConcurrentMode>

// 2. Whole app using createRoot

ReactDOM.unstable_createRoot(domNode).render(<App />);

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320. What is the difference between async mode and concurrent mode?

Both refers the same thing. Previously concurrent Mode being referred to as "Async Mode"
by React team. The name has been changed to highlight React’s ability to perform work on
different priority levels. So it avoids the confusion from other approaches to Async
Rendering.

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321. Can I use javascript urls in react16.9?

Yes, you can use javascript: URLs but it will log a warning in the console. Because URLs
starting with javascript: are dangerous by including unsanitized output in a tag like <a
href> and create a security hole.

const companyProfile = {
website: "javascript: alert('Your website is hacked')",
};
// It will log a warning
<a href={companyProfile.website}>More details</a>

Remember that the future versions will throw an error for javascript URLs.

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322. What is the purpose of eslint plugin for hooks?
The ESLint plugin enforces rules of Hooks to avoid bugs. It assumes that any function
starting with ”use” and a capital letter right after it is a Hook. In particular, the rule enforces
that,

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i. Calls to Hooks are either inside a PascalCase function (assumed to be a component) or

another useSomething function (assumed to be a custom Hook).
ii. Hooks are called in the same order on every render.

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323. What is the difference between Imperative and Declarative in React?

Imagine a simple UI component, such as a "Like" button. When you tap it, it turns blue if it
was previously grey, and grey if it was previously blue.

The imperative way of doing this would be:

if( user.likes() ) {
if( hasBlue() ) {
removeBlue();
addGrey();
} else {
removeGrey();
addBlue();
}
}

Basically, you have to check what is currently on the screen and handle all the changes
necessary to redraw it with the current state, including undoing the changes from the
previous state. You can imagine how complex this could be in a real-world scenario.

In contrast, the declarative approach would be:

if( this.state.liked ) {
return <blueLike />;
} else {
return <greyLike />;
}

Because the declarative approach separates concerns, this part of it only needs to handle
how the UI should look in a sepecific state, and is therefore much simpler to understand.

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324. What are the benefits of using typescript with reactjs?
Below are some of the benefits of using typescript with Reactjs,

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i. It is possible to use latest JavaScript features

ii. Use of interfaces for complex type definitions
iii. IDEs such as VS Code was made for TypeScript
iv. Avoid bugs with the ease of readability and Validation

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325. How do you make sure that user remains authenticated on page
refresh while using Context API State Management?
When a user logs in and reload, to persist the state generally we add the load user action in the
useEffect hooks in the main App.js. While using Redux, loadUser action can be easily accessed.

App.js

import {loadUser} from '../actions/auth';

store.dispatch(loadUser());

But while using Context API, to access context in App.js, wrap the AuthState in index.js so
that App.js can access the auth context. Now whenever the page reloads, no matter what
route you are on, the user will be authenticated as loadUser action will be triggered on
each re-render.

index.js

import React from 'react';

import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import App from './App';
import AuthState from './context/auth/AuthState'

ReactDOM.render(
<React.StrictMode>
<AuthState>
<App />
</AuthState>
</React.StrictMode>,
document.getElementById('root')
);

App.js

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const authContext = useContext(AuthContext);

const { loadUser } = authContext;

useEffect(() => {
loadUser();
},[])

loadUser

const loadUser = async () => {

const token = sessionStorage.getItem('token');

if(!token){
dispatch({
type: ERROR
})
}
setAuthToken(token);

try {
const res = await axios('/api/auth');

dispatch({
type: USER_LOADED,
payload: res.data.data
})

} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
}
}

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326. What are the benefits of new JSX transform?
There are three major benefits of new JSX transform,

i. It is possible to use JSX without importing React packages

ii. The compiled output might improve the bundle size in a small amount
iii. The future improvements provides the flexibility to reduce the number of concepts to
learn React.

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327. How does new JSX transform different from old transform?

The new JSX transform doesn’t require React to be in scope. i.e, You don't need to import
React package for simple scenarios.

Let's take an example to look at the main differences between the old and the new
transform,

Old Transform:

import React from 'react';

function App() {
return <h1>Good morning!!</h1>;
}

Now JSX transform convert the above code into regular JavaScript as below,

import React from 'react';

function App() {
return React.createElement('h1', null, 'Good morning!!');
}

New Transform:

The new JSX transform doesn't require any React imports

function App() {
return <h1>Good morning!!</h1>;
}

Under the hood JSX transform compiles to below code

import {jsx as _jsx} from 'react/jsx-runtime';

function App() {
return _jsx('h1', { children: 'Good morning!!' });
}

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Note: You still need to import React to use Hooks.

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328. How do you get redux scaffolding using create-react-app?

Redux team has provided official redux+js or redux+typescript templates for create-react-
app project. The generated project setup includes,

i. Redux Toolkit and React-Redux dependencies

ii. Create and configure Redux store
iii. React-Redux <Provider> passing the store to React components
iv. Small "counter" example to demo how to add redux logic and React-Redux hooks API
to interact with the store from components

The below commands need to be executed along with template option as below,

i. Javascript template:

npx create-react-app my-app --template redux

ii. Typescript template:

npx create-react-app my-app --template redux-typescript

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329. What are React Server components?
React Server Component is a way to write React component that gets rendered in the
server-side with the purpose of improving React app performance. These components
allow us to load components from the backend.

Note: React Server Components is still under development and not recommended for
production yet.

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330. What is prop drilling?

Prop Drilling is the process by which you pass data from one component of the React
Component tree to another by going through other components that do not need the
data but only help in passing it around.
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331. What is state mutation and how to prevent it?
State mutation happens when you try to update the state of a component without
actually using setState function. This can happen when you are trying to do some
computations using a state variable and unknowingly save the result in the same state
variable. This is the main reason why it is advised to return new instances of state variables
from the reducers by using Object.assign({}, ...) or spread syntax.

This can cause unknown issues in the UI as the value of the state variable got updated
without telling React to check what all components were being affected from this update
and it can cause UI bugs.

Ex:

class A extends React.component {

constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
loading: false
}
}

componentDidMount() {
let { loading } = this.state;
loading = (() => true)(); // Trying to perform an operation and directly saving in
}

How to prevent it: Make sure your state variables are immutable by either enforcing
immutability by using plugins like Immutable.js, always using setState to make updates,
and returning new instances in reducers when sending updated state values.

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332. What is the difference between useState and useRef hook?
i. useState causes components to re-render after state updates whereas useRef doesn’t
cause a component to re-render when the value or state changes. Essentially, useRef is
like a “box” that can hold a mutable value in its (.current) property.
ii. useState allows us to update the state inside components. While useRef allows
refrencing DOM elements.

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Disclaimer
The questions provided in this repository are the summary of frequently asked questions across
numerous companies. We cannot guarantee that these questions will actually be asked during
your interview process, nor should you focus on memorizing all of them. The primary purpose
is for you to get a sense of what some companies might ask — do not get discouraged if you
don't know the answer to all of them —
⁠ that is ok!

Good luck with your interview 😊

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