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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
268 views170 pagesAdvance Calculus Paper 1 Unit 3 Maths
This is course book of maths for BSc 2nd year and the aurthor is HK pathak sir
Uploaded by
Vedika BanchhorCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 170
Chapter 7
Limit and Continuity of Functions of
Two Variables
The nature of a curved surface is defined by an equation between the coordinates of its
int, which we represent by flx, a) = 0. Generally speaking, on passing through the surface
pa value of changes its sign, so that, as long as the continuity is not interrupted, the values
ee positive on one side and negative on the other, Carl Gauas (1777-1865)
a
FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES
[Bhopal 1996; Jiwaji 1991]
Definition. If for each pair of values of independent variables x and y of some
set =((@, 9)) over which the point (x, y) ranges, there corresponds a real number
ja.9) then z= fle, 9) is called a function 3 afk
ofx and y. The set D is the domain of f # 2 Surface
and the corresponding set of values for Se”)
fi.9) is the range of f. HSE
Ifto each pair of values of x and y there
exists only one value of z, then the function
is said to be single-valued. If on the other
hand, two or more values of z correspond to
some or all of the values assigned to
randy, the function is called multiple
valued.
Geometrically we can use the 3-dimensional coordinate system to represent a
function of two variables x and y by D to bea region in the xy-plane. Thus the set
of all points (x, y, 2) whose coordinates satisfy the equation z= fix, y) is called the
graph of the function. Usually this graph will take the form of a surface in space,
where f(x, y), gives the directed distance from (x, y, 0) to (x, y, fx, y)).
§ LIMIT OF A FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES:
[Bhopal 2003; 1995; Jiw: 1; Sagar 2003; Rewa 2003)
If the values of a function z = f(x, ) can be made as close as we like to a fixed
number L by taking the point (x,y) close to the point (xp, 79), but not equal to
(0,9), we say that L is the limit of fl, y), as (x, y) approaches (xp, Yo). In symbols,
We write
Domain: D ~ 3+)
lim flz,y)=L or lim fia,y)=L on
©) > Go) aaee
yrYo »
and we say “the limit of f(x, y) as (x,y) approaches (x9, ¥,) equals L”. For
(x. i ;
©) to be close to (a9, 79) means that cartesian distance (ex) +0
smait:
mall in some sense. Since Oboth | x-x9 | 0,38> 0 depending "upon e and (4,
that for every (x,y) in D. ‘
0 G90) terror
golution. Let € > 0. Since Ve = x9)? s Vee - x0)? + 9-90)":
tive suppose that 8=¢, then we deduce that
0< Ve — x9)? + 90)” Co Fo)
Similarly we can provethat = lim_—-¥=Yo-
9) > 90)
\Esatiple 2. Prove, by using definition of limit, that lim (Sx +2y)= 3
(zy) 9 (1, 2)
[Bhopal 1996; Jabalpur 2002, 99; Bilaspur2006, 2001; Jiwaji 2000; Rewa 2005]
Solution. We have to show that for given €>0,35>0 such that
o0 such that
00 l (2, 3)
[Rewa 1996; Sagar 2000; Indore 2003; Vikram 2003]
Solution. We have to show that for given e > 0,38>0 such that
0, we have to find § > 0 such that
0, we get
[ax + by) - (5a - 26)| <(a +6) -
Thus, 8 exists. Therefore
lim (@x+ by) =5a- 26.
& 9) > 6, - 2)
=f, if (,») #(1, 2);
Example 6. Let fix, y) { 0. @e y= 2)
Prove that lim fl, y)=4.
30,2)
Solution. Let ¢ > 0 be given, we have to find § > 0 such that
|x-1] <8, |y-2] <3
|2xy-4] 4, how close to (0,0) should we take (x, y)to make
"9 f0, 01 By Fo) 9) > (xq)
Proof. Let there be two functioins Say) e continu! of Functions of Two Variables 255
a9) =L, and
(619) 3 oI)
yo for agiven €> 0,3 6), 62> 0 such that
wen 0< Ve- x0)? + 0-90)” <8
[fnn-Lil 0, 3.a5> 0st. 0 (%o» Yo)» then
Tim G+ + th Ma Ly + Lett Ly
9) BI)
is, the limit of a sum of functions is equal to the sum of their limits.
Theorem 2. The limit of difference of two functions is equal to difference of
their limits, [Jiwaji 1993]
Proof. If lim fla,y)=Z,and lim’ g(x,y) = Ly then we have
9) > GqpIo) 9) > GIO)
toshow that
lim fx, y)- a M=Ly- Le
9) > GI)
‘The proof is on the lines of Theorem 2.
Con. I fx, y) > Ly, fale 9) > Leggo Fults 9) Ln 95 (29) —> Ca» Yo) then
an fe) & fol, 9) fal VE oo thy (I) = Lr tLe hg * tLe
oh Oy,
Mheorem 3. The limit of product of a constant and a function is equal to the
Pred the constant and the limit of the function.
of. Let there be a function (x, ) and let k € R. Let
E lim f,y)=L. *
9) 9 Yo)
| produ 256 Advanceg Cay
Case 11th #0, then for a given €> 0,34 5>0s.t
o> Vena Oye)” <8
—
= [af @y-aL | Gyo)
Case IT. If & = 0, then for a given > 0, 3a 5>0s.t
+O <8
y)-0] Gero)
Hence in both the cases, k= 0 or k #0,
lim [kx y= AL.
(9) 3 &pI'o)
Theorem 4. The limit of a product of a finite number of firnctions equal,
product of their limits. (Jabalpur te
Proof. Let there be two functions fix, y), e(%.)). Let 2)
(Y) 3 WI) > Goo)
Case I. Let L, #0 and Ly #0, then
Ax, 9) gy) - LyLy
= Wes 9) — Ly) (eG, 9) Lo} + Ly lee, y) — La) + Le (Rx, y)— Ly)
Hence | fix, »), (9) -LyLo|
S | Ax, 9) - Ly) tg0e, ») — Ly) | + | Ly We) - Leh | + | Le hx, y)-L)) |
S1Aey)-Ly | | 8059)-L2 1 +1 Ly 1 | g@9)-Ly |
+1 Lol Rx -2y].
lim fix,9)=L and lim g(x,y) =p. |
|
Now for a given e > 0,3a5>0s.t.
0 0 3 two numbers 81> 0 and 8, > Ost.
os Value oo ce
: . x0)" + 9)? <8,
We, 9) - Ly | 0, 3a6>0s.t.
0< Vix — x)? + — 90)" <8
9) > & 90)
> | 8,9) -L | Lg-€ yx) BN Le 4
Gor I0) al
§ 7.4. | [| DEFINITION
Let the functions 9(¢) and y(¢) approach to xo and Yo respectively wh
‘me value. (The approach of 4(¢) and y(t) to x and y, ,."
proach the point (xo, y.) along!
approaches to si pproa
simultaneous), then the point (x, ¥) is said to ap]
path x= 9(), y= yO.
Hence, if the function (x,y) defined on the path x= $(t), y= y(t)
S(O, y() approaches to Las ¢ approaches to some value, then the function fe) it
‘said to have limit J as (x,y) — (Xo, Yo) along the path x = $(t), y = wt). Nig
Recall that lim f(x)=Lonlyif lim ftz)= lim fx)=L.
x xox 2%
‘That is, the limit exists only if we get the same
value from either side of xo. In R? the situation is
more complicated because (x,y) can approach
(Xp, ¥o) not just from two, but from infinite number
of directions. Some of these are illustrated in the
Fig. Thus the only way we can verify a limit is by
making use of the definition or some appropriate
limit theorem that can be proved directly from the
definition.
Now we give the necessary condition for existence of the limit.
Theorem 1. Ifa function ffx, y) has limit L, finite or infinite as (x,y) > (xy)
then fix, y) tends to L as (x,y) — (Xo, Yo) along any, ‘path.
Proof. Let f(x, y) has finite limit L. Let (x, y) approaches to (x, ¥) along the
path x=9(), y= (x). Consider Nz, to be some neighbourhood of L. Then bj
assumption of limit L, 3 deleted neighbourhood Ni, 5.) of (Xo, Yo) such that fx,))
Y
belongs to N;, for which fz, y) is defined.
But as (x,y) > (Xo, Yo) along x= $(4), y= y(t), it is clear that when t= its
value, the point (9(¢), y(¢)) must lie in the neighbourhood of (xq, yg) i... N, Gey ¥0 But
then f(g(t), w(t) € Nz. Hence by definition flx,y) > L as (x, ¥) —> (xo, ¥q) along the
given path.
As a consequence of above theorem, we have the following theorem :
Theorem 2. If a function has distinct limits as (x,y) > (xo, Yo) along tu?
distinct paths, then lim fix, y) does not exist.
> IO)
I ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES I
‘ pample 1. (a) Provethat lim tan" {~) does not exist.
9) 90,1) wl
[Ravishanl yf continsity of Functions of Two Variables 259
tion. TO show that the limit of the given function does not exist, it is
put limi i
Bt to show that limits along two different approachus (paths or curves) are
fi
tn path be parallel to positive direction of x-nxis, then
lim tan" */2)= jim tan-1 (2
x |e
70,1) 2) or
yore
im tan™* silk z
iH =e ( +h ) 2
yor
Also, taking the path of approach parallel to negative direction of x-axis, we
ee 1(x)\_ y ify 1
lim tan” ( Js lim tan™ = lim tan~?(—+—| =-2
©9700 2) x30 x) ho O-h 2
71
x
Thus, when (x, ) > (0, 1) by two different paths, we obtain different limits.
lim _ tan71|~ |does not exist.
Hence 9) 20,0) é
Example 1. (6) Show that the limit of the function fix, )) = at (0, 0) does not
ist. [Sagar 1994; Indore 94; Jabalpur 90]
‘Golution. Let the path be taken along straight line y = mx which passes
rough the origin for all values of m, thus on substituting y= mx, we get
tim (22)= tim (2% |= 2m,
(x,y) > (0, 0) x x 70\ *
Thus the, limit depends on m and therefore, if we take two straight lines
= myx and y= mgt where m, #m, the limits are respectively 2m, and 2mp. But
jn, # 2m.
Hence lim (2) doos not exist.
@,¥) > ©, 0) if i .
Example 1. (c) Let fx, y) -{f oreo
Show that for any point (a, b) lim fix, y) does not exist.
9” >, b)
[Ravishankar 1997, 92S]
Solution. Suppose, if possible lim _ftx,y)= L. Then, taking € =4, Ba
> @, 6)
fal number 8 > 0 such that
0
Now if and x, be two real numbers taken in such a way that
0 0,0)
* ‘Show that lim fix, y) does not exist. (Sagar Trey,
2_ 2
Solution. Here flr, y)=25—25» (2,9) # (0, 0).
yo +x sys
There are an infinite number of approaches to the origin. For example, i
approach along the x-axis, then y = 0 and %
yore ax
lim 33> lim —>= lim -1=-1,
90,0) 4x2 250 ws
On the other hand, if we approach along the y-axis, then x= 0, then
2_ 42 2
lim 25-5 = lim = lim 1=1,
9,0) y2+22 y 50 9? y 30
Thus we get different limits depending on how we approach th;
prove that the limit cannot exist, we note that we have shown that in
centered at the origin, there are points at which f takes on the valu,
Hence f cannot have a limit as (x, y) > (0, 0).
\\ Example 3. Let f: R? — R be defined by |
Y
iy
aey23
€ origin, b
any open dist
es +1 and -1
‘. 2 > &%¥)#(0,0),
: Flr, yy=}* *¥
0 , @&yx=(0, 0).
Show that lim f(x, y) does not exist.
9) > 0,0)
(Bhopal 2004, 1990; Sagar 90; Ravishankar 2002, 91; Bilaspur 2007 3
Solution. Let f(x, y) = Bo for x? +9? 0 and f{0, 0) =0.
y
We know that if ; i 5 fe, y), (a, b) € R? exists, then it does not depend
(x, ¥) > (a, b)
upon the path along which we approach to the point (a, 6).
As fix, y) is identically zero along co-ordinate
i axes its limit when (x, y) > (0,0
is zero along each axis. But consid
ler the path along the straight line y= mx, wher®
eae P ng the straight line y
mz m
x,y) =m
us Pam? Ty ye FO
~ dim fw, y)=—™ — which di i.e., limi function
eine 14 m2 Wen depends upon m i.e., limit of the
depends upon the path of the approach, sanity of Functions of Two Variables
261
conti
rare
“one? Jim of does not exist,
HOR gg) > (Os
2,
= ys
comple & Let fe N=4 Gs x*+y? #0 and fo, 0)=0.
B
2,
lim doe, i
show HOt yy 0,0) xh by? ons MOF exist.
(Jabalpur 2005; Indore 1992; Bi
; pur a e +; Bilaspur 2000; Vikram
ution. Evidently, f(x, y) is identical, ate anos it Limit
soll fl ical’y zero along co-ordinate axes its limit
9 (0, 0) is zero along each axis. But consi ii
en where m # 0, then onsider the path along the straight
She 3
foe, y) = me
xP + mex? 72 4 2
lim fx,y)= lim fix, mx) = li mx
9700 "x30 y an xm?
With the above result it is incorrect to draw the conclusion that limit exists,
s along the path y=2" ie., parabola ,
aust
lim — f,9)= lim: fz, x)? = lim
(9) > (0, 0) x30 x30 x +2
I
#
is
" xy
ch shows that = lim 5 does not exist.
KN
S
97G,0) x+y
\e ae 3
ples. Find lim —Y
YZ (9) 0,0) x? +9
_” [Indore 2001, 1998, 95; Bilapsur 95, 94, 91; Jabalpur 2006, 2003, 2001, 93]
Or
Let f: R? > R be defined by
3
fe.) = 2oF » (x,y) #(0, 0)
0 , &”)=(,0) (Ravishankar 2008]
Solution. Let us find out the limits of the given function along two different
aths, First let (x, y) approaches to (0, 0) along the straight line y = mx which passes
rough the origin.
Then substituting y = mx in f(x, y) =
xy’
mix4
lim f,y)= lim fx, mx) = lim —y—gge lim
9) > (0,0) x30 x30 x + mex
Again, we let (x,y) approaches to (0,0) through the curve x=9". Then
tbstituting x = y* in f(x, y) and then allowing y to approach zero, we obtain
6
lim f(x,y) = lim fz, y) = lim 5
tnve,ay™ 2D ae » yoo yoay®
Since the limits obtained by two different paths of approach are different.
3
Hence lim — —2¥- does not exist.
6&9) ,0) x+y |
Advanceg
ee Cay
¢
‘ 2 2)
sin (x+y?) _
lim =0. Bitar,
iy
ab
E se that /2
a Example 6. Show tha ooo e4y
262
Find whether lim sain ctsornt if it exists, PEt
90,0) X47
ii an
Solution. Evidently, along the co-ordinate axes limit of ie fines 4
fas) = 25. +9 ig coro, As we consider the path along a-axis i, )=0, yy
x+y’ Bet
2
sind” _ jim xx lim sing?
i = li ,0)= lim x-
ese 12) x00 fe9) x30 x30 x50 gel
Consider the path along y-axis i.e., x = 0, we get
lim fy) = lim (0, y)= 0.
+0
9) > 0,0)
Now consider the path along the straight line y = mx, we obtain
xsin (x? + m2,
lim f(x,y) = lim fix, my) = lim rs cee =0.
9) > 0, 0) 230 230 a + mex!
Hence the limit exists and is equal to zero.
2)
aay)
Example 7. Let fle») =" "3, a2
Show that f has limit 0 as (x, y) approaches (0,0) on the ray x =at,y =bt, bu
f does not have limit zero as (x, y) > (0, 0).
Solution. We have mane
* bt (a°t? + b7t?)
Tim | fey) = lim flat, be) = lim aor Ga BURR
9) > 0, 0) a0
= lim bt (a? + ° =0.
t30 bee (a? + 6%)?
Now consider the path along y =x”, we obtain
Es (x? +24)
lim fend Jim fe, x %) = lim
yx) >, 0) x30 x4 (eh 4 af)?
lex?
2
= lim
x30 14+(1+2
Hence lim _f(x,y) #0.
ay, f %970,0
s 4 / Example 8. Show that
lim no.
9) 90,0) x? +y?
[Jabalpur 1994; Ravishankar 2008]
S
Solution. Consider the path of approach along x-axis, then substituting Y=
in the function f(x, y), we obtain
lim fx,y)= lim = oe)
9) 200,00 9)= Hin, Ait, 0) = Eras
If we consider the path of approach along y-axis, then x = 0 and
2
Jim = tim 2
(&,y) > 0, 0) x+y? yoo y* sinuity of Functions of Two Variables
y antl Cont 263
i ider th
eit jfwe consider the path of approach along the straight line y = mx, where
20, then 2 3
Him Se im
a a im Re
NAO X 4Y x50 224m sy Lame
the limit of the given function is zero al
ain origin. But this is not enough. We mus
one ven; then we must show that there is a § >
0
ng any straight line passing
st rely on our definition. Let
obe gi O such that if 0 < Vx? + y? <5,
F
on 2
. Ife 9)~ 0} =| 5 ol 1,2) @,y¥) > 1,2)
lim = x?=1. and lim y?=4
@NIC12) C12)
lim @+y%)
lm | 2+ _ wy 26149
31,2) x2 4+y? lim (x? +9?)
&N>E12
lim fix, y)
i fey) _ > 090
}im = times see)
2, Tim g(x,y)
(x, 9) > @o» Yo) sey) 9) Gy Fo)
provided lim g(x,y) #0
(PCY) 264
Advan
; : Cea Cay,
y
fy) 12) __ eyo C2)
limo x?+ lim’
(9) > (- 1,2) @NACL 2)
cy lim (fe, 9) +a, y))
(2,9) o %o)
= lim fey)+ lim
x) 9 Bo Io) ans G34) lx, 3)
~ri+8_7
1+4
Gi) Since lim x? +97
(9) > 0, 0)
= 0, and so here we cannot use quotient form,
of limit. First of all we show that
lim or
9) > @,0) x+y’ wl)
Lete > 0 and 8=¢. If 0< Vx? +9? <6, then | x | = Vx? < Vx? +5? <9, Thus
2
x 7
si] < Ix] 1 (Yo) (&Y) > Gy ¥0) GY) > yy)
=0+0=0. {using (1) and (2)
oa“ l iy
Gi) im Si 2
= = Tim 0 where t= xy -2
9,1) tan”! (8xy— 6) ¢-50 tané!3¢
_ VVi=e 4
slim AF 1
t30 3/(1+90?) 3
Note. There is also a version of Substitution Theorem for functions of
several variables. For the two-variables case we suppose that
lim fy) =L
9) > G96)
and that g is a function of a single variable which is continuous at L. Then
lim 8x, y) = g(L).
9) > GI)
Example 10. Find lim log .
@N-eEn
Solution. First we let
fx, ) =f and g(t) = log t. ea
t cominuity of Functions of Two Variables
nd e
ait : aa
a by the quotiont, formula for limits
gh lim x
lim fix, 9)=-8N>@)
wx) Tim a)
tinvond a6 1 9) > (e, 1)
ce fis continu e and ge) = 1, j Rees
sine a i velthaorent hat it follows from the substitution formula,
in
ven lim log== lim
IPOD Fey ar te, 1 CHM Be) = 1.
gxample 11. Use polar co-ordinates to show that lim = B¥Y_
2 2
gatution. Since r > 0.8 (&, 9) —> (0,0), it follows ie
a Sey, = lim 5(" cos? (6) r sin 0)
ero THF 790 r
= lim (6r cos? @ sin @)
r30
=(5 cos” @sin 6). lim r=0.
roo
7] ITERATED LIMITS
Let the function z = f(x, y) be denoted in some neighbourhood of (xo, yo). Then
im ftx,9) is a function of x, say $(x) provided it exists. If then lim 4(x) exists
x0
19% : res
vis equal to 2, a finite value or infinite one with a fixed sign, then we write
lim) lim fte,y) =2
2%) IIo
hich is called the iterated limit of fix, y) at point (xo yo), where the limit for
voypis taken first and then afterwards for x > xo.
Similarly, if we change the order of taking the limits, we get the other iterated
imit
lim lim f(,y)=1 (say).
2%) YI
Here first x — 9 and then y > yo
These two limits may or may not be equal.
Remark. For a function (x, y), it is possible that
lim. lim ftx,y)= lim lim fix,y)
XIX PI YP XX
but it is not necessary that lim Sf, y) should exists.
: Gy) > Go Yo),
3 .
For example, lim lim —2*;= lim 2-0
x0y0 2+ y% x90 x +0
3 ty
and lim lim 2 = lim 9-97 =0,
yoo xs0 x+y yr0 OF
a —
But lim xy" does not exists, because on considering the path of
© +, 0) x? +y%
a , y
"proach along y = mx, we get 266
3 a2
a Ean gtr eet
im = tim ME = im
Him) Bay aad B+(may® z00 1+mey
(x,y) + (0,0) + Yo x 3 “
: =, we g
Also, if (x, y) > (0, 0) along ay cae ee 1
xy’ li a he ae 7
lim yx) ;
fixed value of y, lim flx,y) exists in nbd of yy and also for each fired value of
xox
A
x, lim f(x,y) exists ina nbd Of xq, then
YY
lim lim f(x,y) = lim lim fx, y) =L.
Xx) ¥ 99 YI rx
Proof. Since lim tx, ») exists in a nbd of y = yp of each value of y, so let
29%
Tim f(x, 9) = (9,9) -(l)
xox
where (xo, 9) may or may not be equal to f(x, y).
Now from equation (1) for any given e > 0, 3.4 51 > 0 such that for each y which
is in the nbd of yo,
ly-9o | <8, and 2-29 | <8,
= | $00.9) - fx, 9) | 0 such that
9) > Gy 90)
I 2-4 | <8, | y-y9 | <8,
= | fe -L | ,
=> lim
tim fx, 9)= 1 [From equation (0
I x44
Similarly, we can show that
lim lim fx y)=L,
Fy yyy
Hence lim KY) = lim
©) > Guy)
lim fix, y) = 1 is
B55 yay, OY) oss wim ft Continuity of Functions of Two Variables 267
—
a I ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES I
gs gople Ls Show that the iterated limit lim x sin (1/y) exists and is
} 9) > (0, 0)
| ce but ‘the single limit dims 1 sin (1/y) (x #0) does not exists.
(of!
[Ravishankar 2001]
jon. To see that lim x sin (1/; i . .
golution 9) 5 0:0) (17y) exists, let © > 0 by given. Then
we see that
o<| x1 <5 O<|y] <8
| xsin (179) -0 | ©, 0)
ed (i
roore fel rel) - 220
9
» x=0
[Rewa 1991; Bhopal 95; Ravishankar 2004]
Solution. Here pea fx,y), raed fix,y) do not exist and therefore
lim lim f(y); lim inn fe, y) do oxist [See Ex. 1 above].
x90 yO yO x30
Again, |esin 3+ ysin3| s y sin 3 ssin}|
sid sol
sty 1 |sin2] sy x1 [sind] sty ede
fs lend <1and |sin 2 4 <3]
s2GPeyhl@ 0 such that
|x-0] <8, |y-0] <8
i A
x sins +y sin:
fim > fe winpiay cin [Bhopal 2003)
9) > @, 0) y x
— | Advan
268 C4 Calg
Example 3. Show that for f(x, ¥)=
lim __flx,y) does not exist where as
(9) 30, 0)
lim lim flx,y)= pes tim fx, 9).
x30 90 :
[Ravishankar oe mie) 2007, 2003, 90; Sagar 90; Bilaspur 9
9, 95)
Solution. Let (x, y) approaches to (0, 0) along the path y =x, then
lim fy) = im 2422
te, y) = oy
90,0) De eo tea? 2 ,
Again if (x, y) approaches to (0, 0) along the path x= 2, then
3
lim fl,y)= lim Bae lim —*—=0. |
9) 30,0) yoo 0%) yoo 41
Since the limit depends upon the path along which (x,y) (0,0) g
lim _ ft, y) does not exist.
(,y) > 0, 0) 0
But lim lim |= lim 2-0,
230 30 2249? 250 2240
and lim lim = lim oy. =0.
yr0 x ay? y70 O+y?
limits can be commute.
Example 4. Let ftx,y)= Fey t? ¥>0. Then discuss the existence of the
iterated and double limits at the point (0, 0).
ae
Solution. Here lim lim 2=2~< jim
F390 y30 249 ging Xt
and lim lim 2=2~ jj O-¥
YRO xO XtFY yyy Oy
lim Jim 2=2 4 jim lim 222.
FIO yO EF yyy xy
Again, let (x, y) approaches to (0, 0) along the path y = mz, then
lim f@,y)= lim 2=™mx_1-m
5 90,0) gg tmx Lam?
which depends upon m,
x
Hence double limit lim
zy
9) 310, 0) Fry 8088 ot exist.
the point (0, 0).
[Sagar 2007; Bhopal 2000)
lim [ lim re) lim Gs)
Solution. Here lim lim fle, 5) =
x30 y30 x30 a
ys0 ¥- 2x
slim {-2)__2
= fim, 2-3
30 at cont) of Functions of Two Variables
pa 269
lim lim ft,y)= tim |
sad ier ae eto tim ()- lim 1=1.
pence the iterated limits exist and yy ya
lim lim witha’
dim, Jin, Mamas Tim tim fte,y)=1.
. y90 x90
Again talking the path of approach along y = mx, we have
lim f,y)= lim 242
Pan x
970 Ono
ysmx
te x+mx _l+m .,.
y wim a= 28 = mg Which depends upon m.
ence the limit of fx, 9) at the point (0, 0) does not exists,
xPy?
pxample 6. Let f(x, y) = zB
PP +a Then discuss the existence of iterated
and double limits at (0, 0). ee
2
Solution. Here lim lim ett “tm [20
je 5 0| Peay py Os ODF 0
2,2
ae es : .
d lim lim lt = lim |———, |= 0.
_ x230y30 [x’y?+(x-y)?} xs0L0+(x- 0)
For the evaluation of double limit
2s 2
lim 32 33
9) 0, 0 Lx°9" + @ 9
let (x, ) approaches to (0, 0) along the path y =x, we then have
2.2
lim fx,y) = lim ai] =1
7 0,0) 90) (27-2? + (2)
which is different from the common value of the two iterated limits.
‘Thus lim _ f(x,y) does not exist.
9) > ©, 0) 7
Example 7. Show that the iterated limits exist at the origin and are equal but
the simultaneous limits does not exist,
1, ifsy#0,
fa =49 7° Geaye0.
ifx+0,
Solution. Here lim ren={h uae
yo ,
lim lim ftx,y)=1.
x30 y30
Similarly lim lim flx,»)=1.
ps y0240 :
nce the iterated limit exist and are equal. cepa
__ Again since there are points arbitrary close to (0, 0) at which fis equal a Oand
*eints arbitrary close to (0, 0) at which fis equal to + therefore for any £>0,
| fle) £0, 0) | = | Fed 1 EE 270 Advance
‘d
Cateyy
For all points in any nbd of (0, 0). x
Hence lim (x, y) does not exist.
&y) > 0,0)
§ 7.6. | [| CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES
Now we shall study the important property of the functions of be
variables, i.e., continuity. Here we shall give both the definitions, limit definjg
well as neighbourhood definition. ag
Definition. [Jiwaji 1991; Indore 99, 98, 97; Sagar 99; Bilaspur 99, Rewa 24,
< 03)
Let fix, ») be the function of two variables defined in open region D of p2 .
Polo, ¥o) be the point of D. Then fis said to be continuous at Po(xo,y) ig Mt
1. fis defined at (xo, ¥);
2. lim lz, y) exists, and
©) G90)
3. lim fix, y) =flao, ¥0)-
©) Gx)
It terms of neighbourhood the definition reads follows.
A function f(x, y) is continuous at (x9, Yo) iff,
1. fis defined at (xo, yo);
2. Corresponding to nbd N, of f(xp, yo) in R, 3a nbd N of Po(xp, yo) in R2 such
that for every point P(x, y) of N for which f(x, y) is defined
fx, 9) € Np
In terms of circular neighbourhoods.
A fanetion f(x, y) is said to be continuous at (xo, ¥9) if for every £>0,3.4
> 0 such that
0— Vee ~ 29)? + = 90)? <8
= | fe, 9) - Reo, yo) | 0,3a8>0such that
I-29 1<83, | ¥-y0 | <8
= | Ax, 9) — fix, ¥0) | 0, 3a 5, > 0 such that
dP, Po) <8, = | AP)-APo) | 0,3.a8)>0 such that
dP, Po) < 52 = | g(P)-g(Po) | , 2)
Thus the function is discontinuous at (1, 2). :
buy) camble 2. (a) Show that the function fix,y)=x—y is continuous for all
i 5 te i [Jabalpur 1999, 94; Bhopal 97; Vikram 2002]
me iOB- Let i 0 be given. Then we have to find
850 such ae (xq, yo) be any point and e> 0 be gi
d(x, 9), (9, ¥0)) <8 => | fe 9) — Mew Yo) | 0, we have to fing
Indore:
Solution, Let (x9, yo) be any point of R2
8>O such that
A, 9), (20.99) | 27-79 |
9) is continuous everywhere in R.
fey ={E8iF 5 when (2,9) #(0,0)
0”, when (x,9)= (0,0)
4s continuous at origin (0, 0). (Ravishankar 1995; Jiwaji 2002; Bilaspur 2004]
Solution. Lot for any given e>0,8=e. Then for the nbd O<| x1 <5
O<|y¥[
