SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES

Lab

Name: Aryan Chaturvedi

Reg. No: 21BEE0321

Course: Power Electronics & Drives Lab

Slot: L31+L32
 1-PWM Inverter
Aim –

Modelling and simulation of PWM Inverter with following configuration:

1. Unipolar
2. Bipolar

Apparatus Required:
Sr.No. Items Quantity
1 Thyristors 04
2 Sine wave generator 02
3 Rectangle wave generator 02
4 DC Source 01
5 Series RLC Branch 01
6 Voltage Measurement 01
7 Current Measurement 01
8 Relational Operator 02
9 Scope 01
10 PowerGUI 01

Theory:

1. The fundamental magnitude of the output voltage from an inverter can be controlled
to be constant by exercising control within the inverter itself that is no external control
circuitry is required.
2. The most efficient method of doing this is by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control
used within the inverter. In this scheme the inverter is fed by a fixed input voltage and
a controlled ac voltage is obtained by adjusting the on and the off periods of the
inverter components.
3. The advantages of the PWM control scheme are:
a. The output voltage control can be obtained without addition of any external
components.
b. PWM minimizes the lower order harmonics, while the higher order harmonics
can be eliminated using a filter.
4. The disadvantage possessed by this scheme is that the switching devices used in the
inverter are expensive as they must possess low turn on and turn off times,
nevertheless PWM operated are very popular in all industrial equipments.
5. PWM techniques are characterized by constant amplitude pulses with different duty
cycles for each period.
6. The width of these pulses is modulated to obtain inverter output voltage control and to
reduce its harmonic content.
7. There are different PWM techniques which essentially differ in the harmonic content
of their respective output voltages, thus the choice of a particular PWM technique
depends on the permissible harmonic content in the inverter output voltage.

2
Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM):

1. The sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) method also known as the triangulation, sub harmonic,
or sub oscillation method, is very popular in industrial applications.
2. For realizing SPWM, a high-frequency triangular carrier wave is compared with a
sinusoidal reference of the desired frequency.
3. The intersection of and waves determines the switching instants and commutation of
the modulated pulse.in which v is the peak value of triangular carrier wave and v that
of the reference, or modulating signal.
4. It shows the triangle and modulation signal with some arbitrary frequency and
magnitude, switches and are controlled based on the comparison of control signal and
the triangular wave which are mixed in a comparator.
5. When sinusoidal wave has magnitude higher than the triangular wave the comparator
output is high, otherwise it is low.

Formulas Used during the experiment:

×
1+cos() 2 𝑜 ≤ 90; = −1
×
a) =
b) 𝑜 ≥ 90; = 180 − −1 ×

Where,
V
m = maximum or peak phase voltage in volts =
√2
Vs
= Supply phase voltage in volts
α = Firing angle

Procedure:
1. Open MATLAB and create a new Simulink model.

2. Drag and drop the required components onto the Simulink canvas. For a single
PWM inverter.

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3. Connect the components appropriately to model the circuit. Typically, you'll connect
the voltage source to the inverter, which is then connected to the load.

4. Double-click on each component to configure its parameters. For instance:

- Voltage source: Set the voltage value.
- PWM Generator: Set the PWM frequency, duty cycle, etc.

5. Define the simulation parameters such as simulation time, solver options, and sample time.

6. Run the simulation to observe the behavior of the single PWM inverter system.

7. After the simulation completes, analyze the results. You can visualize waveforms,
check for harmonics, and observe the behavior of the inverter under different load
conditions or input voltages.

Circuit diagram, output waveform and Result tabulation :

Attached at the end of the document.

S. No
Vref (V) Vc (V) Modulation Index Vo (V)

1. 0.9 1 0.9 207

2. 0.8 1 0.8 184
3. 0.7 1 0.7 161
4. 0.6 1 0.6 138
5. 0.5 1 0.5 115
6. 0.4 1 0.4 92
7. 0.3 1 0.3 69
8. 0.2 1 0.2 46
9. 0.1 1 0.1 23

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Verification Signature:

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Results:
1. The experiment has been modelled and the outcomes have been verified. It was
observed that the firing angle (α) grows in tandem with the output voltage
(Vout

2. This pattern is caused by the fact that the average output voltage (Vo(avg)) rises
in tandem with the firing angle.

3. This observation can be explained by the circuit's variable resistance, which raises
the voltage supply and, in turn, causes the alpha values to climb. Furthermore, the
capacitor turns conductive as soon as it is fully charged.
Step – Down Cycloconverters
Aim –

Modelling and simulation of step – down cycloconverter.

Apparatus Required:
Sr.No. Items Quantity
1 Power Diode 04
2 DC Source 01
3 MOSFET
4 Scope 01
5 Series RLC Branch 03
6 Voltage Measurement 03
7 Current Measurement 02
8 display 01
9 mean 01
10 PowerGUI 01

Theory:
A circuit which produces output frequency (fo) less than input frequency (fin) is called step
down cycloconverter. By using the above two configurations mid – point and bridge type
topologies step down operation is possible. The circuit uses Power Diode (SCR’s) which
should be triggered with required time delay to produce output a frequency of 50Hz, 25Hz,
16.6Hz, 12.5Hz, etc.

Procedure:

1. Initiate MATLAB by double-clicking on its icon.Within MATLAB, access the Simulink

environment by navigating to the "Simulink" tab.

2. From the "File" menu, select "New" and then "Model." This creates a new blank Simulink
model file.
3. Access the Simulink Library by clicking on the "Simulink" tab.Locate and drag the
following components from the "Simscape Electrical" library into the model workspace: *
One (1) "AC Voltage Source" block (representing the fixed frequency input). * Four (4)
"Power Diode" blocks (SCR - Silicon Controlled Rectifier). * Three (3) "Resistor" blocks (for
a balanced load).
* Three (3) "Scope" blocks.
4. Double-click on the "AC Voltage Source" block. Set the desired AC voltage (input
voltage) and frequency values. Connect the output terminal of the "AC Voltage Source" to a
common
point in the circuit. Connect the negative terminal of the "AC Voltage Source" to a grounding
point. Configure the Power Diode blocks for appropriate gating signals to control the
switching behaviour. This will involve defining the firing angles for each Power
Diode.Connect the common point from the AC source to one terminal of each Power Diode.
Connect the remaining terminals of the power diode in a bridge configuration, as given in the
diagram, Connect the remaining terminal of each resistor to a common point, representing the
neutral point of the system.Connect the neutral point and the negative terminal of the "AC
Voltage Source" to the grounding point.
5. Click the "Run" button on the Simulink toolbar to initiate the simulation. The software will
execute the model, simulating the behaviour of the step-down cycloconverter circuit.

Amplitude – 1V, Period – 40e-3, pulse % - 50%, delay – 0,

For PG – 1 AND PG – 2 same only difference is for PG – 2 it will be 20 millisecond.

6. Utilize the measurement tools within each "Scope" block to record the following values: *
Firing angles for each Power Diode (obtained from their configuration settings). * Input AC
voltage and frequency (set in the "AC Voltage Source" block). * RMS values of each phase
voltage displayed in the respective scopes. * RMS value of the load current (if displayed in a
scope).

Circuit diagram, output waveform

Attached at the end of the
document.
Verification Signature:
Results:

The simulation confirmed the expected behaviour of a half-wave-controlled rectifier. We

observed characteristic waveforms for both load and Power Diode voltages. Analyzing these
waveforms provides valuable insights into the rectifier's operation and efficiency. This
knowledge is crucial for designing and improving power electronic systems.