A P P E N D I X

About
A
Graphs and Matrices
in Mathcad
CHANGING NUMBERS IN A FILE AND PLOTTING A
GRAPH

x : 1, 2 . . . 10 a : 3 b : 4 f (x) : a · x + b

2D GRAPH

λ : 0.5 A : 1 T ≡1 δ1 ≡ 1 t1 ≡ 0.1
Specification of the number of x and t1 values
N : 15 i : 0 . . . N j : 0 . . . N
Specification of the range
xi : −.4 + .025 · i t1j : −.4+, 025 · j

435
436 APPENDIX A. ABOUT GRAPHS AND MATRICES IN MATHCAD

In the specification of the function only x and t1 are used

uc(x, t1)
         2
δ1 x t1 δ1
: 2 · A · cos 2 · π · cos 2 · π · − −2·π .
2·λ λ T 2·λ
In the plotting function one needs the i and j notation
Mi,j : uc(xi , t1j ).
Call on “Surface plot” and type at the place holder just M and push “F9.”

Go with the mouse on the graph and change the angle of the “point of view.”
Click twice on the graph and get “3D-Plot Format” for “graph options.” Switch
to contour plot.

MATRICES

Go to “Insert” and “Matrix” and select 2 by 2

 

Type M 
Indicate the matrix and insert
 
M : to get M :
 APPENDIX A. ABOUT GRAPHS AND MATRICES IN MATHCAD 437

The manipulation of matrices can easily be seen from files containing matrices.
Here we give an example of a matrix composed of functions and how to access
the matrix elements after a multiplication has been done.
Fill in functions of x directly and call M now M(x) x : 0, .1 . . . 5
 
cos(x) − sin(x)
M(x) :
+ sin(x) cos(x)
One can access the matrix elements separately. Note that in Mathcad one starts
with 0. For the 0, 1 and 1, 1 elements one has
M(x)0,1  M(x)1,1 
0 1
-0.1 0.995
-0.199 0.98
-0.296 0.955
-0.389 0.921
-0.479 0.878

Consider the matrix product M1(x)  M(x)3 . After multiplication one can again
access the matrix elements
M1(x) : M(x)3 one gets for the 0, 1 element
M1(x)0,1 
0
-0.296
-0.565
-0.783
-0.932
-0.997
 A P P E N D I X

Formulas
B
CONSTANTS

100µm ⇒ 3000 GHz

100µm ⇒ 100 cm−1
10µm ⇒ 1000 cm−1
1 meV  103 eV  1.6 × 10−16 joule ⇒ 8.07 cm−1
100 nm  1000 Å
10000 Å  1µ
1 Å  10−8 cm  10−10 m

FORMULAS

√
−1  i i 2  −1
z  a + ib  r(cos φ + i sin φ)  reiφ
ix
eix+e eix − eix
cos x  sin x 
2 2i
x2 x3 x3 x2
ex  1 + x + + + ···, sin x  x − + ···, cos x  1 − + ···
2! 3! 3! 2!
qn − 1
sn  a + aq + aq 2 + · · · · · · + aq n−1  a
q −1
a
if |q| < 1, N → ∞ s∞ 
1−q

439
440 APPENDIX B. FORMULAS

" 
a a 2
x + ax + b  0
2
x1,2  − ± −b
2 2
(1 ± x)n ∼ 1 ± nx |x| << 1
     
a1 b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 + b1 c2 a1 d1 + b1 d2
× 
a2 b2 c2 d2 a2 c1 + b2 c2 a2 d1 + b2 d2
 
 a1 b1 c1       
  b2 c2   b1 c1   b1 c1 
       
 a2 b2 c2   a1  − a2  + a3 
  b3 c3  b3 c3  b2 c2 
 a3 b3 c3 
 
 b1 c1 
 
 b c   b1 c2 − b2 c1
2 2

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS

0 30◦ 45◦ 60◦ 90◦ 180◦ 270◦ 360◦

√ √
sin 0 1
2
1
2
2 1
2
3 1 0 −1 0
√ √
cos 1 1
2
3 1
2
2 1
2
0 −1 0 1
√ √
tan 0 1
3
3 1 3 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
√ √
cot ∞ 3 1 1
3
3 0 ∞ 0 ∞

sin α cos α
sin2 α + cos2 α  1  tan α  cot α
cos α sin α
1 1 tan α
tan α   1 + tan2 α sin α  √
cos α cos2 α 1 + tan2 α
1
cos α  √
1 + tan2 α

sin(90◦ ± α)  + cos α sin(180◦ ± α)  ∓ sin α

cos(90◦ ± α)  ∓ sin α cos(180◦ ± α)  − cos α
tan(90◦ ± α)  ∓ cot α tan(180◦ ± α)  ± tan α
cot(90◦ ± α)  ∓ tan α cot(180◦ ± α)  ± cot α

sin(−α)  − sin α sin(α ± β)  sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

cos(−α)  + cos α cos(α ± β)  cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β
tan α ± tan β
tan(−α)  − tan α tan(+α ± β) 
1 ∓ tan α · tan β
cot α · β ∓ 1
cot(−α)  − cot α cot(α ± β) 
cot β ± cot α
 APPENDIX B. FORMULAS 441

sin 2α  2 sin α cos α

cos 2α  cos2 α − sin2 α  1 − 2 sin2 α  2 cos2 α − 1

2 tan α 1 − tan2 α
sin 2α  cos 2α 
1 + tan2 α 1 + tan2 α

2 tan α 2 cot2 α − 1 1
tan2 α   , cot 2α   (cot α − tan α)
1 − tan α
2 cot α − tan α 2 cot α 2
α α
1 + cos α  2 cos2 , 1 − cos α  2 sin2
2 2
"
1 − cos 2α sin 2 1 − cos 2α 2 tan α2
tan α    
1 + cos 2α 1 + cos 2α sin 2α 1 − tan2 α
2

α+β α−β sin α + sin β α+β

sin α + sin β  2 sin · cos  tan
2 2 cos α + cos β 2
α+β α−β
sin α − sin β  2 cos · sin
2 2
α+β α−β sin α − sin β a−β
cos α + cos β  2 cos · cos  tan
2 2 cos α + cos β 2
α+β α−β
cos α − cos β  −2 sin · sin
2 2
tan α + tan β
 tan α · tan β
cot α + cot β
sin(α ± β) 1 + tan α
tan α + tan β   (tan 45◦ + α)
cos α cos β 1 − tan α
± sin(α ± β) cot α + 1
cot α ± cot β   cot(45◦ − α)
sin α sin β cot α − 1
√ √
cos α + sin α  2 sin(45◦ + α)  2 cos(45◦ − α)
√ √
cos α − sin α  2 cos(45◦ + α  2 sin(45◦ − α)
2
cot α + tan α  cot α − tan α  2 cot 2α
sin 2α
442 APPENDIX B. FORMULAS

DIFFERENTIATION

(u · ν)
 uν
+ u
ν
 u
u
ν − ν
u

ν ν2


(sin x)  cos x (ex )
 ex
1
(cos x)
 − sin x (ln x)

x
1 1
(tan x)
 (arcsin x)
 √
cos2 x 1 − x2
−1 1
(cot x)
 (arccos x)
 − √
sin2 x 1 − x2

INTEGRATION



udν  uν − ν du






x n+1 dx
dx  x x dx  (n  −1)  ln x

n+1
x
sin xdx  − cos x cos xdx  sin x



dx
cot xdx  ln sin x  − cot x

sin2 x
dx
 tan x
cos2 x

"
dx 1+x
 ln

1−x 1−x
2


dx dx
√  arcsin x  + arctan x
1 − x2 1 + x2




ax dx
e dx  e
x x
a x dx   ln(x ± a)
ln a x±a
References
M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 2nd ed. Pergamon Press, New York,
1964.
M. Cagnet, M. Francon, and J. C. Thrierr, Atlas of Optical Phenomena, Springer-
Verlag, Heidelberg, 1962.
P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands, The Feynman Lecture on Physics,
6th ed. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts,
1977.
J. W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York,
1988.
J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, NewYork,
1975.
F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White, Fundamentals of Optics, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill
Inc., New York, 1976.
C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1967.
H. Kogelnik and T. Li, Appl. Opt. Vol 5, p. 1550 (1966).
G. P. Parrent and B. J. Thompson, Physical Optics Notebook, Society of Photo-
Optical Engineers, Redondo Beach, California, 1969.
F. K. Kneubühl and M. W. Sigrist, Laser, B. G. Teubner, Stuttgart, 1988.
E. D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II, Academic Press, Inc.,
New York, 1991.
R. W. Pohl, Einführung in die Optik, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1948.

443
Index
Aberration, 415 apodization, 366, 367
achromatic doublet, 432 Arago, 135
aplanatic lens, 425 array of source points, 121
astigmatism of single surface, 428 nonperiodic, 126
astigmatism of a thin lens, 429 periodic, 121
chromatic aberration, 430 astigmatic difference ASD, 427, 428, 429
coma, 423 astigmatism of a single spherical surface,
π-6 equation, 420 427
spherical of single surface, 415 astigmatism of a single surface, 429
spherical of thin lens, 418 astigmatism of a thin lens, 428, 429
absorption, 319 asymmetric Fourier transform, 370
achromatic doublet, 430 atomic emission, 273
achromatic doublet with separated lenses, atomic energy states, 284
432 exited states, 286
active medium, 295 occupation rule, 283
Airy disc, 149 atomic polarizability, 317, 318
Airy function, 116
alternating high and low refractive indices, Babinet’s theorem, 166, 168
258 background spectrum, 372
amplitude division, 96 bandpass filter, 364
amplitude grating, 152, 158, 170 bandwidth, 285, 288
amplitude reflection coefficients, 321 doppler, 291
angle of deviation, 7 homogeneous, 288
angular magnification, 40 Lorentzian, 293
angular momentum quantum number, 282, mechanical, 291
283 natural, 291
angular quantum number, 283 quantum, 291
antireflection coating, 252, 256 beamsplitter, 104
aperture function α(η), 385 Bessel function, 149, 165, 166, 389, 390
aperture plane, 382 Bessel function J 1(q), 151
aperture in random arrangement, 169 Bessel function as transfer function, 394
aplanatic lens, 425, 427 birefringent, 231
446 INDEX

Blackbody radiation, 203, 273, 274 complex dielectric constant, 315

Boltzmann’s, Wien’s law, 281 complex Fourier transformation, 345, 346,
depending on frequency, 279 349, 370
depending on wavelength, 279 complex notation, 87
Radiance, Area, solid angle, 281 complex refractive index, 315, 321, 326,
blackening curves, 376, 377 327
blocking function, 402 concave mirror, 71
Bohr’s model, 282 concave spherical mirror, 70
buildup principle, 283 condition for laser action, 293
K-shell, 284 confocal cavity, 297
L-shell, 284 beam parameters, 297
M-shell, 284 beam waist, 299–301
boundary conditions, 254 wavelength at center, 299
Brewster angle, 216, 321, 322 wavefront at mirror, 300
wavefront of beam and mirror, 299
C-ray, 15, 36 confocal resonator, 304, 309
calcite, 232, 236 conjugate points, 9
cavity constructive interference, 91, 93, 94, 98,
concentric, 77 99, 104, 113, 116
condition for stability, 76 convex single refracting surface, 12, 14
confocal, 77, 297, 299, 300, 303, 307 convex spherical mirror, 72
matrix for eigenvalue problem, 73 convex spherical surfaces, 9, 14, 19
rectangular shaped mirrors, 303 convex-plane lens, 67
stability relation, 74 convolution
with round mirrors, 307 integral 350, 387
changing numbers, 435 product of two functions, 350
charge density, 206, 316 spread function, 397
chromatic aberrations, 430, 431, 432 convolution with the spread function, 397
negative, 430 coordinates for the derivation of Fresnel’s
circular aperture, 148 formulas, 212
circular mirrors, 308, 309 Cornu’s spiral, 182
circular polarized light, 237, 240 critical angle
Clausius–Mossotti equation, 320 phase shift, 219
coherence, 185 reflected and transmitted intensity, 223
condition, 189 total reflection, 227
extended source, 191 crossed polarizers, 238, 239, 245, 246
intensity fringe pattern, 187 current density, 326, 327
interval, 195 current density vector, 206, 316
length, 204 curvature of the wavefront, 299
two source points, 185 cylindrical coordinates, 311
visibility, 194 cylindrical lens, 388
Young’s experiment, 186
coherent light, 398 Damping term, 318
coma denominator, 123
negative coma, 424 dense medium, 216, 219, 319
positive coma, 424 density of the oscillators, 319
commercial microscopes, 44 dependence on θ, 109
complementary screens, 166, 168 destructive interference, 91, 93, 94,
complex cfft, 380 98–100, 105
 INDEX 447

dielectric circular waveguide, 268 energy density per frequency, 274

dielectric constant, 318 energy levels, 284
dielectrics, 316 energy state, 284
differentiation, 442 transitions between states, 286
differentiation “space”, 208 evanescent wave 228, 229
differentiation “time” ∂/∂t, 208 attenuation factor, 229
differentiation operation, 208 penetration depth, 229, 331
diffraction and index of refraction, 232
amplitude grating, 155 excited state, 286
circular aperture, 148 extended source, 191, 196
circular opening, 133 extinction index, 318
circular stop, 135 extraordinary indices of refraction, 231
echelette grating, 159 eye, 2
on an edge, 176
factor, 153 Fabry–Perot, 77, 115–117, 249
far field, 138 cavity, 294
Fraunhofer, 138 etalon, 115
generated wavelets, 131 plates, 249
grating, 152 spectrometer and resolution, 118
incident light under an angle, 158 transmission depending on D, 117
Kirchhoff-Fresnel Integral, 131 far field approximation, 136
losses, 302 Fast Fourier transformation, 341, 342
on slit, 140–142, 144, 172, 174 Fermat’s principle, 2, 5
3-D graph of rectangular aperture, 147 law of refraction, 5
3-D graph of round aperture, 151 optimum path, 3
discrete Fourier transform, 366 optimum time, 6
discrete length coordinates, 356 velocity for travel, 4
dispersion of light, 7 Fiber optics waveguide, 266
Doppler broading, 393 Bessel function solution, 267
line shape, 290 determination of k, 268
line width, 296 periodic exponential solution, 266
double slit, 157 Fizeau fringes, 106
double-sided step function, 344, 346, 347 focal length, 34
drift velocity, 326 folding of the Fourier transform spectrum,
Drude model, 326 359
folding of the spectrum, 360
Echelette grating, 159, 161 formula for summation, 122
eigenvalue problem, 73 formula for the summation process, 112
Einstein coefficient, 289 formulas, 439
coefficient of stimulated absorption, Fourier integrals, 339
292 Fourier series, 378
probability coefficient, 276 Fourier transform integral, 372
electrical field vector, 206, 316 Fourier transform spectrometer, 203
electrical polarizability, 316 Fourier transform spectroscopy, 339, 354,
electromagnetic theory, 205 355
ellipsometry, 335 apodization, 368
elliptically polarized light, 237, 240, 241, folded spectrums, 364
334 high resolution, 365
emission of light from 86 Kr, 202 large optical path difference, 363
448 INDEX

Fourier transform spectroscopy (cont.) graphical constructions, 25, 30, 36

Michelson interferometer, 355 graphical method, 70
Fourier transformation, 144, 339, 350, graphs and matrices in Mathcad, 435
376, 392 grating, 152
asymmetric, 370 number of lines N, 155
discrete length and frequency openings d, 155
coordinates, 358 periodicity constant, 159
fast, 343 resolution, 154
functions 1/(1 + x 2 ) and π e−2π ν , 341 side maxima, 154
gauss function, 340 side minima, 152, 156
general, 351 Green’s function, 132
numerical, 341 guided waves, 259
real, 352, 349, 366
sample interval, 358, 365 Half-wave plate, 233, 238, 245
two transformations, 382 phase shift φ, 233
Fourier transformation using analytical harmonic waves
functions, 340 phase factor, 80
Fraunhofer diffraction, 138, 139 superposition, 82, 206
Fraunhofer observation, 136 two depending on space and time
frequency coordinates, 356 coordinates, 82
frequency domain, 401 Heidinger interference fringes, 103, 106,
frequency spectrum, 367 107, 108
Fresnel, 95, 138 high frequency region, 328
Fresnel diffraction 136, 172 high resolution spectroscopy, 363
on an edge, 175 Holography, 403
integrals, 174 different waves, 405
on a slit, 173 hologram, 404
Fresnel number, 302 product of real image, 405
Fresnel’s double mirror experiment, 93 real image, 404
Fresnel’s formulas, 80, 211, 320 recovery, 404, 405
as function of angle, 215, 217 size of hologram, 406
parallel case 211, 321 transmission curve, 404
perpendicular case, 214 under an angle, 405
transmission coefficient, 218 virtual image, 404, 405
Fresnel’s mirror, 95 homogeneous equation, 327
fringe pattern, 89 Huygens’ principle, 129, 131
fundamental mode, 299, 308 Huygens’ wavelets, 129, 375
fused quartz, 325
Image of
Gain of the beam, 294 one bar, 388
Galilean telescope, 46, 48 one round object, 389
Gauss function, 340, 350, 351 two round objects, 390, 397
Gaussian beam, 297 two bars, 388
Gaussian line shape, 290 Image formation using wave theory, 375
generated wavelet, 131 amplitude function, 385
Geometrical construction, 18 aperture function, 385
geometrical construction, 15, 17, 18, 29, circular lens, 389–391
31, 70, 72 convolution, 387
geometrical optics, 1 image formation, 386, 398
 INDEX 449

image forming process, 382 isotropic medium, 81

impulse response, 387 isotropic nonconducting medium, 210
one bar, two bars as object, 389
one round, two round as object, 389, Jones matrices, 244, 245
390 Jones vectors, 244
pair of Fourier transformations, 385
resolution, 399 Kepler telescope, 45, 46, 48
spread function, 386 Kirchhoff–Fresnel integral, 131, 132, 139,
summation process, 383, 384 376
transfer function, 401 Kramer–Kroning model, 325
imaginary part, 318
imaging with coherent light, 400 Labels for energy levels, 283
impulse response, 387 laser beam expander, 48
incident intensity, 113 lasers, 273
incident light under an angle ψ, 158 active medium, 295
incoherent light, 386 amplification factor, 293, 294
induced absorption, 275 gain of the beam, 294
induced dipoles, 316 spontaneous transition, 292
induced emission, 275 stimulated emission, 291, 292, 293
inhomogeneous equation, 327 stimulated transition, 293
intensity, 87, 126 two-level systems, 292
complex notation, 87 lateral magnification, 17
normalization, 88 lateral spherical aberration, 418, 420
time average, 87 law of reflection, 2
intensity fringe patterns, 187 law of refraction, 1, 2, 5, 222, 320
intensity pattern, 387 left polarized light, 237
interference, 78 (minima) length of wavetrains, 202
air gaps, 100, 101 length units, 12
factor, 153 Lens
fringes, 113 negative f , 31
maxima, minima, 83 plane-convex, 67
pattern generated by two sources, 83 lenses, 1
pattern of N sources, 124 less dense medium, 229, 317
interferogram function S(y), 356 life-time, 286
interferograms, 353 lifetime τ , 286, 288
interferometry, 89 linear polarized light, 240
amplitude dividing, 96 Lloyd’s mirror, 92, 95, 96
Fresnel double mirror, 93 longitudinal modes, 295
Lloyd, 92 longitudinal spherical aberration, 415,
Michelson, 103 417, 419
model, 89 Lorentz correction, 320
Newton’s Rings, 101 Lorentzian line shape, 286, 288, 290
plane parallel plate, 99 Lorentzian line width, 295
wavefront dividing, 89 lossless dielectrics, 336
wedge shaped, 99 low frequency region, 327
Young, 90
internally reflected components, 244 Magnetic field vector, 206, 316
inverse transformation, 342, 344, 346, 347 magnetic quantum number and
inverted image, 2 degeneracy, 282
450 INDEX

magnification, 17, 18, 25, 36, 37, 43, 44, number of nodes, 250
46, 69 propagation, 249, 261
magnifier, 37, 47 rectangular box, 251
angular magnification, 40 restrictive conditions, 261
magnifying power, 40 (TE) modes or s-polarization, 215, 262,
virtual image at infinity, 39, 41 265
virtual image nearpoint, 39 (TM) modes or p-polarization, 214, 262
magnifying power, 40, 43 modes in a dielectric waveguide, 266
many electron atoms, 282 modes of the rectangular box, 251
Mathcad monochromatic light, 200
plotting a graph, 435 M Wilson observatory, 198
matrices, 436 multiple layer filters, 258
matrix elements, 53 multiple lens system, 49
matrix method, 49 mutual orthogonal triad, 209
application to two-and three-lens
systems, 47 Natural emission line width, 289
glass sphere, 58 negative chromatic aberration, 430
hemispherical lens, 58 negative coma, 424
principal planes, 51 negative crystal, 232, 236
refraction matrix, 49 negative lens, 33
thick lens, 55 Newton, 7
translation matrix, 49 Newton’s rings, 101, 102
two lenses in air, 59 Newton’s work, 79
two thick lenses, 62 node lines, 250
maxima, but only N − 2, 125 noncommutation of matrices, 65
Maxwell’s equations, 205, 315, 326 nonconductive medium, 210
meridional (vertical) plane, 428 normal and anomalous dispersion, 319
Michelson interferometer, 106 number of nodes, 250
dependence on θ, 109
nonnormal incidence, 106 Object amplitude function h(y), 385
nonnormal incident light, 106 object focus, 12, 16, 24, 32
normal incident light, 103 object point, 10
superposition of two cosine waves, 352 object positions, 37
Michelson’s stellar interferometer, 197, occupation rule, 283
198, 199 one electron atom, 282
two patterns, 197 one oscillator, 322
microscope, 42, 47, 48 one round object, 389
magnification 43 optical axis, 232
magnifying power, 43 optical axis is the fast axis, 232
near point configuration 41–43 optical constants, 315, 316, 326, 338, 372
slides, 100 optical constants of metals, 328
virtual image at infinity, 43 high frequency region, 330
minimum deviation, 8 low frequency region, 329
mirror equation, 68 skin depth, 332
mirrors, 1 optical constants n and K, 370
mirrors for laser cavities, 252 optical instruments, 1, 35
mode optical materials, 231
in a dielectric waveguide, 266 optical path difference
formation, 262 Fresnel’s double mirror, 94
 INDEX 451

Lloyd’s mirror, 93 plasma frequency, 318, 328

Newton’s rings, 103 Poisson spot, 135
Michelson interferometer, 104 polarization, 316
plane parallel plate, 98 polarized light, 230
wedge, 99 linear circular elliptical, 240
Young’s experiment, 91 population inversion, 291, 292
optically denser medium, 80 positive chromatic aberration, 430
order of interference, 83 positive coma, 424
ordinary index n0 , 232 positive crystal, 232, 234, 236
oscillator expressions, 322 positive lens, 25, 28, 30
oscillator model, 317, 318 Poynting vector S, 222
damping term, 317 Poynting vector in vacuum, 209
principal angle, 321
Pair of Fourier transform integrals, 356 principal axis transformation, 243
pair of Fourier transformation, 385 principal planes, 56, 60, 62, 63, 67
paraxial approximation, 15 principal quantum number, 282, 283
paraxial theory, 1, 10 prism, 7
paraxial wave equation, 297 angle of deviation, 7
Pauli principle, 283
periodic arrangement, 74 Quality factor, 288
periodic array, 126, 171 quantum emission, 273
periodic set of slits, 152 quantum mechanical model, 289
permittivity, 206, 316, 317 quarter-wave plate, 239, 246
perpendicular case, 214 quartz, 232, 234, 236
PF-ray, 15, 36 quasimonochromatic light, 200
phase difference , 111
phase factor, 80 Radius of curvature, 69, 71, 300, 417
phase jump, 80 radius of curvature ρ, 417
phase velocity, 210 Raleigh–Jean law, 275
phase velocity in vacuum, 81 random arrangement, 169
planar waveguide, 259, 263 random arrangement of source points
Planck, 273 array, 125
Planck’s radiation law, 275, 280, 292 grating, 169
plane mirror, 67 random array, 170, 172
virtual image, 67 random phase angles, 126
plane parallel plate, 97, 110, 113, 114 randomly distributed, 126
normal incidence, 114 rate equations, 292
phase difference, δ, 111 ratio rs /rp , 322, 335
summation of the reflected amplitude, Rayleigh criterion, 164, 395
111 Rayleigh distance, 165, 395
transmission, 113 Rayleigh–Jeans law, 274, 276, 280
transmitted amplitudes, 111 Real Fourier transformation, 349
transmitted intensity, 114, 116 real image, 29, 404
plane plate waveguide, 270 real object, 16, 29, 32
characteristic determinant, 271 real object function, 380
traveling waves, 259 real object point, 11
plane wave, 206 real objects, 15, 20
depending on space and time recording of the interferogram, 403
coordinates, 82 recovery of image, 404
452 INDEX

rectangular aperture, 145, 147 sine function and apodization, 367

rectangular-shaped mirrors, 303 single refracting surface, 415
references, 443 single surface, 416
reflectance R, 226 single-sided step function, 343, 346
reflected intensity, 114, 116 size of hologram, 406
reflecting cavity, 73 skin depth, 331, 333
reflection, 113 slow axis, 232
amplitude, 111 small angle approximation, 10, 16, 137,
intensity, 114, 116, 224, 227 154
power, 51 solution of the eigenvalue problem, 243
reflected and transmitted, 274 spatial coherence, 185
reflection coefficients, 217, 220, 320 frequencies, 376
reflection coefficients with absorption, 333 wavelength, 378
reflection in a mirror cavity, 74 waves, 376
reflection measurements, 322 spherical aberration, 415, 416, 418, 421,
refracting powers, 51 422
refraction, 49 spherical mirrors, 68
refraction matrix, 50 concave spherical mirror, 70
refractive index, 2, 4, 316 convex spherical mirror, 72
relaxation time τ , 327 graphical method, 70
resolution magnification, 69
coherent light, 399 virtual image, 73
grating, 162 spherical surfaces, 1, 9, 11, 15
incoherent light„ 394 conjugate points, 9
resolving power, 119, 164 geometrical construction, 16
resonance image focus, 12
condition, 304, 308 image forming equation, 11
mode, 116 image point, 10
wave numbers, 323 magnification, 16, 18
resonance of vibrations, 323 real object, 16
resonator parameters, 74 sign convention, 11
restricting, 284 virtual image, 16, 18, 19
right polarized light, 237 virtual object, 17, 18, 19
rotation, 65 spherical thick lens, 58
rotation of the coordinate system, 243 spherical wave, 80, 131
round aperture, 149 spin states, 283
round object, 390 spontaneous emission A21 , 275, 289, 293
round objects, 391 spread function, 386, 392, 398
standing wave conditions, 249
Sagittal (horizontal) plane, 428 static conductivity, 327
sagittal coma CS , 423, 425 gold, 330
sampling interval, 359 lead, 330
scalar wave equation, 79, 131 nickel, 330
Schawlow and Townes, 295 silver, 330
selection rules, 284 Stefan–Boltzmann law, 277, 278
Sellmeier formula, 324 step function, 340
shape factor, 421 step grating, 178
sign convention, 11, 69 stratified media, 252
simulations of interferograms, 358 antireflection coating, 258
 INDEX 453

plate of thickness d  λ/2n2 , 257 three lens system, 42

two interfaces at distance d, 253 three-level laser, 296
superposition threshold condition, 294–296
of two cosine waves, 84 time average, 87
of two double slit patterns, 188 time-dependent, 88
of wavetrains, 201 TM modes, 265
principle, 80, 208 total internal reflection, 259, 263
susceptibility χ , 317 total reflection, 226, 228, 229
transmission coefficient, 221
Tangential coma CT , 424, 425 transfer function, 392, 401
TE modes, 262, 270 function for (Bess/arg), 402
telescope, 44 function for (sin x/x), 402
Galilean, 46 translation matrices, 49, 51
Kepler’s, 44 transmission intensity, 225, 227
temporal coherence, 200 transmittance T , 223
length of wavetrains, 202 transposed matrix, 65
quasimonochromatic light, 200 trigonometric formulas, 440
superposition, 200 two lens system, 36
wavetrains, 200 two lenses in air, 59
Theory of Color, 7 two round apertures, 391, 395
thick lens, 51, 54 two-level system, 292
concentration lens, 67
focal length, 54 Uniaxial crystals, 231
matrix, 51 unit matrix, 65
two hemispherical 62, 63
two thick lenses, 61, 63 Velocity for travel, 4
virtual image, 67 vertex of the spherical surfaces, 56
thin lens, 24, 33, 53, 54, 418, 422 violet catastrophe, 275
different media, 34 virtual image, 16, 29, 32, 68, 404, 405
equation, 23, 30 virtual object, 30, 32
image focus, 24 visibility, 194–196
magnification, 25 visibility for two point sources, 194
matrix, 52
model, 1 Water waves, 83
negative lens, 31 wave equation, 242, 317
object focus, 24 wavefront division, 89
positive lens, 26 wavelength, 279, λ, 142
transformation to principal planes, 54 wavetrains, 200, 287
two different media, 33 wedge shaped air gap, 99
two thin lenses, 36 Wien’s displacement law, 278
two thin lenses in air, 59
virtual image, 29, 32 Young’s experiment, 90, 91, 96
virtual object, 29, 32 Young, Thomas, 79

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