POLYMERIC

MATERIALS
Asist. Prof. Dr.
Ezgi EREN BELGİN
[email protected]
 CONTENT

Polymeric Material Market

Usage Areas of Polymeric Materials

Development of Polymer Chemistry

Polymeric Material Market
 Polymer Market
Polymer Market size was valued at USD 629.4 Billion in 2021 and is projected to
reach USD 1,046.15 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 4.69% from 2023 to 2030.
The prominent application areas for the Polymer Market are food and beverages,
also increased use in building and construction sites, as well as in automotive,
medical, and electronic sectors.
This increase in the application indicates that the polymer sector will have a rise in
demand during the forecast period.

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Global Polymer Market Definition
There are three major types of polymers on the market thermoplastics,
thermosets, and elastomers.

Thermoplastics: are long-chain molecules that are held together by

secondary Van der Waals forces as well as linear bonding. They can
be re-melted and reused multiple times.

Thermosets: are materials that, once cured, remain permanently

solid. They do not melt when subjected to extremely high
temperatures.

Elastomers: have viscosity as well as elasticity and therefore are

known as viscoelastic. They held together by weak intermolecular
forces generally, they exhibit high yield strength or high failure strain.
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Polymers are used in a range of industries, including industrial products, food,
petrochemicals, electronics, healthcare, transportation & packaging, automotive, and
furniture, due to their low cost and ease of supply.

The Global Polymer Market is likely to develop at the fastest rate in the healthcare sector.

The polymer industry is 65 years old and is growing exponentially.

Furthermore, end-user industries are increasingly employing polymers to replace glass,

paper, and metals due to their low weight and cost, which is expected to boost the
Global Polymer Market’s growth even more.

Since plastic garbage has been produced in the amount of 6.3 billion metric tons. Only
9% of that waste was recycled, and the rest was burnt. Companies are moving towards
innovation; Plastics produced from plant-based ingredients such as cornstarch, potato
starch, and cellulose are being developed and used all over the world.

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Global Polymer Market: Segmentation Analysis
The Global Polymer Market is Segmented on the basis of Type,
Base Material, Application, And Geography.

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Polymer Market, By Type

Thermoplastics
Thermosets
Elastomers

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 Polymer Market, By Base Material
The increasing use of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-
density polyethylene (LDPE) in food and beverage packaging such
as milk and fruit juices, crates, caps for food packaging, drums, and
• Polyethylene other liquid food packaging, as well as industrial packaging
• Polypropylene applications, drives the market growth.
• Polyvinyl Chloride
The construction and automotive industries are major consumers of
• Polyethylene
polyethylene, which is used form of sheets, plates, films, foils, and
Terephthalate
strips that provide plastic floor protection.
• Polystyrene
• Polyurethane Polyethylene is also used in pipes and fittings, which are essential
components of many industrial processes.
Furthermore, consumer goods such as bowls, buckets, water
bottles, drums, trash cans, and plumbing pipes are examples of
polyethylene products that are used on a daily basis.

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Polymer Market, By Application

The application segment of the polymer industry’s largest category

is packaging.
• Packaging
Greater replacement of traditional materials in the automotive
• Construction
industry is increased.
• Automotive
Along with that, polymers are used in industrial products, the food
• Agriculture
industry, petrochemicals, electronics, healthcare, transportation
• Electrical & and packaging, furniture, and other industries, depending on the
Electronics application.
• Textile The healthcare sector is expected to experience the highest
• Others growth in the Global Polymer Market.

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Usage Areas of Polymeric Materials

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Usage areas of polymers
1. Clothing
Polymers are widely used in synthetic fiber manufacture for textiles, for diverse uses.
Examples of polymers used in clothing are: nylon, aramid, polyester (PET), and PVA.

2. Money
Various countries have moved away from paper currency and now manufacture money
from polymer films, generally polypropylene. This is a growing trend as it makes currency
that serves for longer, stays cleaner, and isn’t implicated in contamination and
poisonings.

3. Personal Protective Equipment

Disposable smocks, shoe covers, and coveralls are generally made from non-woven
polypropylene fabrics. Disposable gloves are made from latex or nitrile rubber. Filter masks
are made from a wide range of polymer fibers and non-woven polymer fabrics. Face
shields are generally made from assorted polymers, with the transparent part being PET.

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Usage areas of polymers

4. Medical Applications
The medical applications for polymers are wide-ranging. Examples are: natural polymers
for drug delivery systems, bioinert synthetic polymers for stents, and single-use devices for
blood collection/diagnostics.

5. Household Items
Polymers of various types are widely used in the typical developed-world home.
Examples are: polyethylene food containers, ABS knife handles, films for food covering,
and heat-resistant seals for oven doors.

6. Car Parts
The automotive sector uses polymers in most areas. Some examples are: brake reservoirs,
suspension bladders, door handles, and bumpers.

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Usage areas of polymers

7. Paints
Many paints are based on polymers. Acrylics are widely used, as are alkyd resins as well
as natural and synthetic resins in varnish.

8. Glues
Glues are one of the earliest broad uses for natural polymers. They are made from hoof
(keratin), fish waste (proteins), and tree sap (pitch). Synthetic substitutes range from
polyvinyl acetate to polyester resins, and cyanoacrylates to polyurethane.

9. Lubricants
Several synthetic polymers have very low surface energy combined with toughness. This
makes them slippery and strong (self-lubricating). PE, nylon, and POM are extensively
used as bearing materials.

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Usage areas of polymers

10. Constructions
Polymers are widely used in construction as adhesives, concrete modifiers, roofing
materials (bitumen), window frames, and seals.

11. Packaging and Containers

Various synthetic polymers are widely used in packaging as rigid and film materials.
Examples are: PET, PP, PS, and paper (cellulose).

12. Electronics
Large numbers of polymers serve a range of purposes in electronics. These include:
dielectrics, component enclosures, coatings, circuit boards, wire insulators, and
structural parts.

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 Applications of polymers
POLYMERS IN
SPACE
POLYMERS IN
OCEAN
POLYMERS IN
AGRICULTURE
POLYMERS IN
ELECTRONICS
POLYMERS IN
MEDICAL
POLYMERS IN
AUTOMOBILE
POLYMERS CIVIL
ENGINEERING
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 Applications of polymers-Space
light weight, high strength and relatively
better mechanical, thermal, electrical
and thermo-optical properties Polybenzimidazole
used as construction material in fiber
aerospace and aircraft
used to construct space craft
components such as body panel ,vision
window, adhesive, instrument parts etc.
NASA is also developing Silicon
Nanocomposite coating for airbags to
be used on the Mars Exploration Rovers.
Because Silicon polymer reduce the
weight of the airbag.
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 Applications of polymers-Aircraft
PAE-TOR and PAE-COR are used for fire
resistance and used in aircraft interior and
electric motor.
Boron-fiber-reinforced polymer composite
are used in military aircraft components
and helicopter rotor blades.
Silicon carbide and aluminum oxide fiber-
reinforced polymers are used in making
rocket nose cones.
Poly acrylene ether is used to resist the
corroding effects of atomic oxygen on
spacecraft in low earth orbit.
High performance polymers such as
polysulfones are used as overhead Airbus A380
passenger service modules on aircraft.
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 Applications of polymers-Ocean
Used as a metal alternative in sea
application because of their excellent
properties such as, light weight, no corrosion,
high strength etc.
These are used in making boat hulls, pass
anger and naval vessels, gas masks, life
boats.
PVC is used for making sea water pipes, also
fresh water.
PMMA used as optical fiber for making
optical glasses which is used under sea.
Neoprene is used in making life saving jacket
which are used in marine life.
Epoxy resin reinforced with kevlar fiber are
Glass/epoxy composite are used for cargo used in making the hull of ship. Because this
line.
composite is light weight and provide high
Nylon and fiber reinforced polymers are used impact strength and tear resistance.
in propeller for ships. 19
Applications of polymers-Agriculture
Improve the physical properties of soil and increase productivity (soil conditioner), prevent soil
erosion, reduce irrigation frequency, Increase water used efficiency, increasing plant
performance especially in drought.
PAM is widely used as a soil conditioner. The liner PAM is used primarily for the prevention of soil
erosion. Cross-linked PAM is used absorb large quantities of water and release it over time.
Gel-forming polymers are used to increase soil water holding capacity and reduce irrigation
frequency. These are also known as water retention granules.
Hydrogels absorb water and release it to the roots of plants therefore increase the amount of
available moisture in the root zone. Thus it reduce the irrigation frequency.
Hydrogels are also helpful reduce fertilizer leaching.
Water-soluble soil conditioner are improve the physico-chemical properties of soil.

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Applications of polymers-Electronics
Polymer have poor electrical conductivity, but new
conducting polymer polymer materials synthesized
a polymer is transformed to its conductive form via chemical
oxidation and reduction called doping.
Organic solar sail produce electricity from sunlight using
polymer.

Conducting polymer are used in making organic light emitting diodes Which
are used in television screen, mobile phone digital camera and watches.
Conducting polymer are used for Rechargeable batteries it is alternative to
lead- acid batteries.
Integrated circuit encapsulation is the design and manufacturing of
protective packages for circuit.
LCPs are used in liquid crystal display on digital watches and television and
other digital displays.
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 Applications of polymers-Medical
Dental Application: In 19th century, gutth-percha was used for filling. In 1909, PMMA was used
as artificial teeth filling. In 1930s, polyamide, polyester, polyethylene were prepared in different
forms (rigid, soft, fibers, adhesives, etc) for several applications (filling, implant, sutures, etc).
Nylon: Sutures, Polyethylene: Disposable syringe, Polypropylene: Heart valves, blood filters
Silicone adhesives: Covering burns and making artificial skin, PMMA: Making dentures because
it can be color matched to the patient teeth, Acrylic hydrogels: Grafting, PVC: Disposable
syringe
PMMA Used in cosmetic surgery for reducing wrinkles and scars, PHEMA Contact lenses
Polyurethane: Artificial heart, Heart valves, blood filters

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Applications of polymers-Automobile
Instrument
Panels - Engine
- Windows -
Tires - Body
Panels…
Good specific
strength and
stiffness, Part
integration,
Easy of
processing,
Low density,
Light weight,
Relatively low
cost, Flexiblity…
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Applications of polymers-Civil engineering
Classical materials: metals, glass, wood, and stone
Construction applications of plastic include: Pipes and
guttering, Windows and doors, Roofing Sealants, Adhesive
Flooring, Building panel…
PVC with stabilizers and additives has been developed for
roller shutters, gutters and fences.
Polystyrene are used extensively, primarily in insulation
applications: Composite materials are being used for load
bearing in construction applications.
Recycled plastic are also being used in a cement matrices.
Polymeric fibers can also used to reinforce cement.
Polymer mortars and concerted are used in applications
such as protective coating.
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Development of Polymer Chemistry

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 Polymers are used for centuries

Polymer Source Application

Cellulose Cotton Paper, clothes
Starch Potato Food stabilizer
Wool Sheep Clothes
Silk Silk worm Clothes
Natural rubber Rubber tree Tires

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Polymers are used for centuries
The first boot was produced 2500
years ago by american indians

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Polymers are used for centuries

Goodyear imagined to produce everything on World

by using rubber
Problem: at low temperatures rubber was cracking,
at high temperatures melting
He found the solution by mixing sulphur, lead and
rubber and pouring it onto a stove, rubber did not
fired it started to chared
At this ‘Eureka’ moment rubber molecules were
crosslinked by using sulphur bridges and formed
polymer…

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Polymers are used for centuries
Process is named as vulcanization
Vulcan: the god of fire (ancient Roman)
Vulcanized Rubber Patent: 1844

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History of Polymers
 Natural rubber, called a rubber because it erased the marks, was vulcanized with
sulfur by Goodyear in the USA in 1839 and made useful.

 In 1868, celluloid, the first product of plastics, the second largest group of polymers,
was produced in America. Cotton cellulose, a natural polymer, was transformed into
celluloid, which is semi-synthetic, by interacting with nitric acid and camphor.
Photographic film, billiard ball, various objects, dentures, etc. have been produced.

 In 1907, the first fully synthetic polymer, phenol-formaldehyde resins, was produced by
the American scientist Leo Hendrick Baekeland. Plastic items such as telephone
handsets were produced from this polymer, known as Bakelite, in the first years.

 The "Macromolecule Hypothesis" proposed by Hermann Staudinger in 1924; He saved

the polymer technology from the trial-and-error approach and won the Nobel Prize
for the researcher.
History of Polymers
 Nylon 6,6, the derivative of nylon, the first synthetic fiber, was produced by DuPont in
1935, and Nylon 6 (Perlon) was produced in 1939.

 Polyacrylonitrile, styrene – acrylonitrile copolymer and polyvinylacetate in 1936,

polyurethane in 1937, polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) in 1938, melamine-
formaldehyde (Formica) resins in 1939, silanes, which are the raw materials of
silicones in 1940, polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate in 1941,
polyacrylonitrile fiber under the trade name orlon in 1942 were produced.

 Synthesis of new polymers continued increasingly in the years after World War II,
epoxy resins were synthesized in 1947 and ABS (Acrylonitrile - Butadiene Styrene
Terpolymer) was synthesized in 1948.

 Polypropylene, synthesized in 1953, won the Nobel Prize for its researchers Ziegler and
Natta.
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