Name:

Course and Year:

Activity No. 2 CELLULAR PHONE AND SMARTPHONE

I. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

1. SCIENCE
A. Who invented cellular phone?
Martin Cooper is an american engineer who is knows as the inventor of cellular
phone.

B. Who invented smart phone?

The first version of what we’d consider a smartphone was invented in 1192 by
IBM’s engineer ( Simon Personal Communicator), Frank Canova.

C. Why does the scientist invneted cellular phone and smartphone?

Martin Cooper wanted people to have freedom to talk on the phone away from
their cars, so in reaction, he invented the cellular phone.
On the other hand, smartphones were invented to allow individuals to
communicate not just via phone calls but also for emailing.

2. TECHNOLOGY
A. State the history of cellular phone.

1850 - This was the first ever idea and prototype of a telephone. This lead many
inventers to be facsinated into the "telephone systems". Innocenzo Manzetti was the first to do
so.
1866 - On this day Alexander Graham Bell found out that you could transmitt
sound waves and be picked up by another. Alexander called this the teleograph. It was the first
of its kind.
1870 - On this date Alexander Graham Bell makes his first telehpone and says
the famous line " come here mr.watson i want to see you". This day went down in history of one
of the electornic greats. This was the first real telephone.
1874 - On this date they have made a protocall of a phone, this one had many
faults, so no one really used this type. This was made as an expeiriment to see different sound
waves they used. This machine was also called the " second" telephone.
1875 - This set off one of the most popular cell phone companies in the United
States. It was producing cell phones at a mass number and bundles. AT&T is one of the "
founding fathers" of the cell phone.
1877 - Within two years of Bell's invention, the "coffin" telephone was
manufactured in the Boston electrical shop of Charles Williams. This phone was the first
"complete" telephone consisting of two wooden receivers (one was for listening and the other for
speaking), a magneto generator, a ringer and a switch. The first generation "coffins" had only
one combination receiver/transmitter. The caller would speak into the instrument and then place
it to his ear while his party was talking.
1878 - The Wall set was the first telephone with a device to talk into and another
one to listen to the speaker. People were happy because this made it easier to talk on the
phone. This is an important step in telephone history.
1885 - This is a receiver that was never pattoned, it was similar to the
teleograph.The
instrument shown was developed by Philipp Reis in the early 1860s and was used as the
receiver for his telephone transmitter. This also was after Alexanders telephone.
1887 - This is the company that Mr.watson and Mr.Bell made. This companyw as
one of the most productive at that time span. There were more than 7 telephone factories
making the telephone.
1919 - AT&T installs the first dial telephones in the Bell System, in Norfolk,
Virginia. The last manual telephones in the system were not converted to dial until 1978 when
the last of the first bell phones were no longer made.
1920s, German company Zugtelephonie AG developed and sold wireless
telephony equipment to train operators. A couple of years later, the service was offered to
first-class travelers on the route between Hamburg and Berlin.
1940 - The concept of cellular phones has been around since the late 1940s.
1946 - This led to the Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) launch in 1946, or the
first-ever wireless telephony system.
1950’s - it wasn’t until the mid-1950s that technology was able to allow the idea
to become a reality. It took a few decades to figure out how to make the technology work for
ordinary routine calls.
1973 - The first handheld mobile phone was invented by Motorola. The first
call was made by Martin Cooper, one of the company’s engineers, on a DynaTAC 8000X.
1979 - Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) launched the world's first cellular
network in Japan.
1981 - simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in
Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden
1983 - the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile
phone.
1984 - the first generational network covered all of Japan, making it the first
country to have 1G service nationwide.
1985 - The Siemens Mobiltelefon C1, which resembled a briefcase, was the
company’s first mobile phone.
1987 - a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between 13 European
countries who agreed to launch a commercial service by 1991. The Mobira Cityman 900,
Nokia’s first mobile phone, was introduced in 1987.
1989 - Motorola innovated once more by introducing the “flip” design to the
market. The name of this model was the “Motorola MicroTAC” and was the smallest and
lightest phone available at the time.
1991 - 2G cellphones launched on the Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) in Finland.
 1992 - the antennas and phone bodies had both shrunk from the days of the
brick phones. The next significant development was the Nokia 1011, the first GSM (2G)
phone to be mass-produced, which was introduced.
1998 - cellphones and similar services accounted for two-thirds of Motorola’s
revenues.
1999 - The Nokia 3210 was a highly popular cellular phone, first launched.
2001 - Deployed for the public in Japan by NTT DoCoMo, 3G focused on
standardizing vendors’ network protocol.
2002 - Blackberry launched its first mobile device, the blackberry 5810.
2009 - it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be
overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications, such as streaming
media.

B. State the history of smartphone.

1992 - smartphones were invented by IBM.
1994 - it was made available for purchase. This is the time where smartphones
arrived.
1996 - vibrating phones, the Motorola StarTAC was the first vibrating phone as
well as the first clamshell phone. The Nokia Communicator 9000, which was first made
available in 1996, included a QWERTY keyboard. It was Nokia’s first smartphone.
1997 - first phone with no external antenna.
1998 - launch of nokia 5110, The Nokia 5110 launched the early 2000s demand
for mobile phones with interchangeable cases. People wanted the ability to change the
color of their phones, without the need to buy a completely new device.
1999 - color comes to mobile phone screens, 3G network launches and first
camera phone, the Kyocera VP-210 VisualPhone, a Japanese phone that had debuted a
year earlier. It has a front-facing camera but just 20 photographs’ worth of memory.
2000- a legend was born, the Nokia 3310 not only become one of the most
recognisable phones ever, but it is still among the top-selling smartphones today.
2001 - cell phones with bluetooth, symbian OS cell phones arrive with an
integrated camera and the first mass-market Symbian OS phone.
2002 - phones with photo display function
2005 - the first water-resistant phone appeared. It was the Casio G’zOne,
capable of withstanding submersion up to one metre deep.
2007 - another legend is born, the iPhone 1.Due to the removal of the majority of
physical hardware buttons in favour of a touch-based interface, the first iPhone, also
known as the iPhone 2G, was released and completely surprised everyone.
2008 - android phone arrives
2009 - 4G were introduced The first in what would become the long-running
Galaxy series, the Samsung Galaxy phone, the GT-I7500, was introduced by Samsung
the same year. First phone with GOGLE MAPS Navigator pre-installed was released
same year.
2010 - first samsung phone without front navigation buttons
2011 - the beginning of Xiaomi’s smartphones
 2012 - A year later, Samsung released the Galaxy S3, a smartphone with its own
personal voice assistant and cutting-edge capabilities like eye-tracking.
2013 - LG introduced the G2, Sony introduced the Xperia Z, and Apple released
the iPhone 5S (their first phone with a fingerprint sensor).
2014 - The OnePlus One was introduced in 2014, and then the South Korean
goliaths Samsung and LG introduced some new technology
2015 - curved display. The Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, the first smartphone with
curved display edges that enabled additional functionality.
2018 - first foldable smartphone
2019 - launch of the 5G network
2020 - First Phone to Feature 5 Cameras – Nokia 9 PureView
2021 - The most notable models was the Apple iPhone 13, 13 Pro and the
Samsung Galaxy S21.
2022 - Apple’s 2022 iPhones feature a notchless display with a hole-punch
camera, A16 chip, flush rear cameras and more.
2023 - different variants of smartphones are available in the market, each with
the best and most improved qualities the market can offer.

3. SOCIETY
A. State the good side of using smartphone.
Smartphones contributed a lot for today’s generation. It enables people to
communicate in the fastest and any way they want. Many qualities of smartphones were and
still being introduced to people, in which people like to experience. Even in the field of
entertainment, smartphones are great help to society.

B. State the bad side of using smartphone.

On the other hand, smartphones contribute to the laziness of an individual, pour
health is also at risk because of too much using to it. Physical activities are also lessen due to
the fact that smartphones can do amost all of the things and errands for us.
Name:
Course and Year:

Activity 4: FIBER OPTICS

I. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

1. SCIENCE
A. Who invented the fiber optics?
The invention of fiber optics is credited to four men: Alexander GrahamBell, John
Tyndall, Narinder Singh Kapany, and Charles Kao. Each of thesescientists and engineers
played a role in the development of fiber optics, andtheir contributions have been recognized by
the scientific community.
B. Why does the scientist invented the fiber optics?
Fiber-optics were first invented in the mid-1800s when scientists andinventors were
curious about using the speed of light to transmit information.

2. TECHNOLOGY
A. State the history of optical fibers
The history of optical fibers is closely intertwined with the development of fiber optics.
Optical fibers are the physical medium that allows for thetransmission of light signals and data
over long distances. Here's a brief history of optical fibers:

1840’s
Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet first demonstrated the guiding of light by
refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, in Paris.
1870
John Tyndall included a demonstration of it in his public lectures in London, 12 years
later.[15] Tyndall also wrote about the property of total internal reflection in an introductory book
about the nature of light.

Early Concepts: The idea of using thin, flexible, and transparent materials to transmit light dates
back to the 19th century when scientists like John Tyndall and Henri Saint-Rene experimented
with the principles of total internal reflection.

1920
Practical applications such as close internal illumination during dentistry followed, early
in the twentieth century. Image transmission through tubes was demonstrated independently by
the radio experimenter Clarence Hansell and the television pioneer John Logie Baird
1930
Heinrich Lamm showed that one could transmit images through a bundle of unclad
optical fibers and used it for internal medical examinations, but his work was largely forgotten.
1950s-1960s:
Physicist and engineer Harold Stephen Taylor, working at Imperial CollegeLondon,
conducted experiments using glass fibers to demonstratetheconcept of total internal reflection,
which forms the basis for optical fiber technology.
Elias Snitzer, a physicist at American Optical Corporation, made significant contributions
to glass and optical fiber technology. He developed low-loss glass fibers, laying the foundation
for practical optical fiber communicationsystems.
1953
Dutch scientist Bram van Heel first demonstrated image transmission through bundles of
optical fibers with a transparent cladding
1956
The first practical fiber optic semi-flexible gastroscope was patented by Basil
Hirschowitz, C. Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss, researchers at the University of
Michigan.
1960s-1970s:
In 1966, Charles Kao, a Chinese-born British physicist, publishedagroundbreaking paper
on the use of optical fibers for long-distance communication. He emphasized the importance of
purer materials for reducing signal loss in optical fibers.
In 1970, Corning Glass Works (now Corning Inc.) produced the first high- quality,
low-loss optical fibers. These optical fibers were a key development in making optical
communication practical.
In 1977, Corning introduced the first low-loss optical fiber, which enabledtheconstruction
of more efficient and long-distance fiber optic communicationsystems.
1980s-1990s:
The development of various types of optical fibers, including single-modeandmulti-mode
fibers, enhanced the performance and versatility of optical communication systems.
Advances in materials, fiber manufacturing processes, and the development of fiber
coatings further improved the durability and efficiency of optical fibers.
The introduction of polarization-maintaining fibers and dispersion-shiftedfibers led to
more specialized applications in optical communication.
Late 1990s-Present:
The use of optical fibers expanded beyond telecommunications into fields like
high-speed internet connectivity, medical imaging, sensors, and fiber- optic-based sensors in
various industries.
Research and development continue to push the boundaries of optical fiber technology,
leading to innovations like bend-insensitive fibers, photoniccrystal fibers, and hollow-core fibers
for various applications.

Today, optical fibers are an integral part of the global telecommunications infrastructure,
providing high-speed data transmission over long distances withminimal signal loss. They have
also found applications in fields such as medicine, industrial sensing, and scientific research,
making them an indispensable technologyin the modern world.
3. SOCIETY
A. Fiver Optics versus Metallic Cable Facilities
A major difference between copper cable and fiber optics lies in their nameitself. A
copper cable is made of copper wire. As against fiber optics is formedbysingle or multiple
strands of glass fiber.
Copper cable facilities sends data in the form of electrical pulses, whereas fiber optics
transfer data in the form of light pulses. This is the key distinctionbetween the two technologies.
Copper is cheaper, but has a slow transmission speed. Its transmission range is also shorter
compared to fiber optics. It is less reliableandhas a shorter lifespan of 5 years. Fiber optics are
more expensive but has a faster speed transmission and longer transmission range. It has a
lifespan 30-50 years.

B. Advantages of Optical Fiber System

1. Greater information capacity - Optical fibers offer several advantages in terms of greater
information capacity compared to traditional copper cables or other transmission mediums.
These advantages are primarily due to the unique properties of optical fibers, which make them
well-suited for high-capacity data transmission. Optical fibers have high bandwidth, low signal
attenuation, greater data transmissionspeed, Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI),
security and dataconfidentiality, long-distance transmission, multiplexing techniques, and
reducedcrosstalk.

2. Immunity to crosstalk - Optical fibers exhibit very low crosstalk, meaning that there is minimal
interference between adjacent fiber strands, which is oftenaproblem in copper cable systems.
These advantages make optical fibers thepreferred choice for high-capacity, long-distance data
transmission in applications such as telecommunications, internet backbone networks, data
centers, andscientific research. Their ability to carry vast amounts of data quickly and reliably
has transformed modern communication and data transfer systems.
3. Immunity to Static Interference - Unlike copper cables, optical fibers are immuneto
electromagnetic interference (EMI) because they use light signals rather thanelectrical signals.
This makes them suitable for environments with high levels of electromagnetic noise, such as
industrial settings and data centers.

4. Environmental immunity - Fiber is also immune to several environmental factors, such as

temperature and electro-magnetic fluctuations, which is not true for copper cabling. Fiber cable
can also be deployed next to industrial equipment without worry. Optical fibers, because they
are dielectric, can be installed in areas withelectromagnetic interference (EMI), including radio
frequency interference (RFI). Areas with high EMI including utility lines, power-carrying lines,
and railroad tracks. Also, like the transatlantic cable connecting the U.S. with Europe and
beyond, fiber can be submerged in water.

5. Safety -Unlike copper, broken or damaged fiber can be detected very quickly. This makes it
easier to diagnose and resolve application issues before performanceis impacted severely.
Additionally, fiber doesn’t short out like copper does, whichcanresult in a fire. These advantages
make fiber the safer choice in fiber optic solutions and applications. Most fiber optic systems
communications do not have sufficient power tocause harm to your eyes and the light coming
out of a fiber is expanding sothefarther you are away from the end of the fiber, the lower the
exposure. Having saidthat, consider yourself warned. In more recent times, some fiber optic
systems arecarrying sufficient power to be dangerous and some fiber optic inspectiontechniques
increase the chance of harm.

6. Security - Fiber optic solutions are much more secure than copper ones. Becausethey are so
secure, they are ideal for a variety of applications where securityis critical, including
jam/hack-proof communications, intrusion detection, cyber security, and more.

7. Longer lasting - After professionally designed and engineered structure design, Barring cable
damage and water ingress, the design life of fiber cables was engineered to be approximately
20 to 25 years.

8. Economies - It enhances the social and economic development of various regions and
communities, especially those that are underserved or remote. Fiber optics canhelp achieve this
by providing more access to information, communication, education, health care, and
entertainment services.

B. Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Systems

1. Interfacing Costs:
To be practical and useful, they must be connected to standard electronicfacilities, which
often require expensive interfaces.
2. Strength:
Optical fibers by themselves have a significantly lower tensile strengththancoaxial cable.
This can be improved by coating the fiber with a protectivejacket of PVC.
3. Remote electrical power:
Occasionally it is necessary to provide electrical power to remote interfaceor
regenerating equipment. This cannot be accomplished with the optical cable, so additional
metallic cables must be included in the cable assembly.
4. Unproven:
Optical fiber systems have been extensively proven and tested for several decades,
making them a highly reliable and established technology for datatransmission. However, like
any technology, there are still some potential disadvantages or challenges associated with
optical fiber systems. Optical fiber cables are more susceptible to losses introduced by bending
thecable: Bending the cable causes irregularities in the cable dimensions, resulting in a loss of
signal power.
5.Specialized tools, equipment and training:
Optical fiber cables require special tools to splice and repair cables andspecial test
equipment to make routine measurements. Sometimes it is difficult to locate faults in optical
cables because there is no electrical continuity.
Name:

Course and Year:

Activity No. 3 : SATELLITE

I. SCIENCE

A. Who invented satellite?

The development of artificial satellites involved contributions from many scientists and
engineers. While there isn't a single inventor of the satellite, notable individuals and teams
played significant roles in its creation. Some key contributors include:

Sergey Korolev , Wernher von Braun, and Arthur C. Clarke

B. Why do scientists invented satellite?

Scientists and engineers developed satellites for scientific research, communication, navigation,
defense, and Earth observation.

II. TECHNOLOGY

A. State the history of satellite.

6th century BCE - Ancient Greek geocentric model Ancient Greek astronomers believe
the Earth is the center of the Universe and that all

14th century - Ibn al-Shatir anticipates Copernicus model bulani escortin Stair lien 817
to Migra cholace the goenie to the later calculations of Copernicus.

1543 - Copernicus's heliocentric model Polish astronomer Copernicus (1473-1543)

proposes that the Sun is stationary in the center of the Universe and that the Earth and
other planets revolve around it. The church suppresses this controversial idea but it
revolutionises astronomy.

1572 - Tycho Brahe's accurate measurements Danish astronomer Tycho (Tyge) Brahe
(1546-1601) designed and built instruments that allowed him to accurately observe
stellar and planetary positions. His records of the motion of Mars were later used by
Kepler. Tycho Brahe rejected the Copernican model. He proposed a model with the Sun
revolving around the Earth and the planets orbiting the Sun.

1609-1610 - Galileo and heliocentrism Italian astronomer Galileo Gali lei's improvements
to the telescope allowed him to observe Venus's phases, the largest satellites of Jupiter,
a supernova, and sunspots. His discoveries prove the Copernican heliocentric system.
The Roman Inquisition finds him guilty of heresy.

1610 - Kepler uses the term 'satellite' German astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
uses the term satellite" to describe the moons orbiting Jupiter. He developed the three
laws of planetary motion, and his accurate astronomical tables provide evidence for the
Copernican heliocentric model. Kepler realized the orbits of the planets could be elliptical
rather than circular Using Brahe's data on the movement of Mars, Kepler developed his
laws of planetary motion.

1687 - Newton and gravity Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) published Principia in which he
states the three laws of motion and describes universal gravity. This lays the foundation
for our understanding of rockets. satellites, and orbits. 1869-1879 - First fictional artificial
satellites The first fictional depictions of satellites being launched into orbit are published
in Edward Everett Hale's short story The Brick Moon (1869) and Jules Verne's The
Begum's Fortune (1879)

1903 - First orbit of Earth calculated Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935)

proposed using rocketry to launch spacecraft. He calculates the orbital speed required
for a minimal orbit around the Earth at 8 km/s and that a multi-stage rocket fuelled by
liquid propellants could be used to achieve this.

1928 - First description of a space station Slovenian Herman Potoenik (1892-1929)

describes geostationary satellites and communication between them and Earth using
radio. He also describes a space station in detail and the use of orbiting spacecraft for
detailed observation of the Earth and scientific experiments.

1945 - Satellite communications system proposed British science fiction writer and
inventor Arthur C Clarke (1917-2008) published an article that shows how geostationary
satellites could be used for worldwide radio and television broadcasts and
communication.

1957 - First artificial satellite launch The Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first artificial
satellite to orbit around the Earth. It has a mass of 83.6 kg and travels in an elliptical orbit
at a height above the Earth between 939 km and 215 km. It travels at 29,000 km/h and
takes 96.2 minutes for each orbit.

1960 - First successful weather satellite NASA launched Tiros-1, the first weather
satellite considered a success. It transmits infrared images of Earth's cloud cover and is
able to detect and chart hurricanes. This begins with the Tiros programme, which is
followed by the Nimbus programme of weather satellites.

1961 - First person to orbit Earth Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968) became
the first person to orbit the Earth in his Vostok spacecraft. After this, he became an
international celebrity and undertook several overseas tours.

1962 - First communications satellite The first live transatlantic telecast is broadcast
using Telstar-1, a low-orbit satellite. Later. an international global satellite consortium
(Intelsat) was formed, which manages a constellation of communications satellites
providing international broadcast services.

1970 - China launches its first satellite China launched its first satellite Dongfanghong 1
into Earth orbit on its Long March rocket, becoming the fifth nation to achieve
independent launch capability. The other nations are the Soviet Union (1957), the USA
(1958), France (1965) and Japan (1970).

1971 - First space station launched The Soviet Union launched the first space station
Salyut 1. It is monolithic - constructed and launched in one piece. When all its supplies
and equipment are used up, it is abandoned. The Sal yut programme continued until
1986.

1972 - Beginning of Landsat programme The Earth Resources Technology Satellite is

launched. This began the longest-running programme of satellite imagery of the Earth,
later renamed Landsat. Landsat instruments acquire millions of images that are used to
evaluate natural and human changes to the Earth. The Landsat program began in 1972
and is the longest-running operation of its kind. This satellite is the ninth in the program
and uses optical and thermal sensors to capture images of the Earth.

1979 - ESA's first launch The European Space Agency (ESA) launched Ariane-1, which
is designed primarily to put two telecommunications satellites into orbit. This begins
ESA's space programme that continues into the present.

1981 - First space shuttle launched The first space shuttle Columbia was launched with
astronauts John W Young and Robert L Crippen. This is the beginning of the American
Space Shuttle programme, which takes astronauts and satellites into orbit around the
Earth. This programme continues for 30 years.

1990 - Hubble Space Telescope The Hubble Space Telescope is carried into orbit by the
Space Shuttle. Its orbit outside the Earth's atmosphere allows it to take sharp images
that lead to breakthroughs in astrophysics, for example, determining the rate of the
Universe's expansion. The galaxy cluster Abell S0740, 463 million light-years away, has
a very bright central galaxy with many other galaxies orbiting it.

1994 - First GPS constellation The first global positioning system constellation becomes
operational. It consists of 24 geosynchronous satellites. GPS is a space-based satellite
navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere
on or near the Earth.

1998 - International Space Station launched The first component of the modular
International Space Station is launched. It is an international collaboration involving
Russia, the USA, the European Union, Japan, and Canada. It serves as a microgravity
and space environment research laboratory. The International Space Station orbits the
Earth at a height of about 360 km. It travels at 28.000 km/h and takes 90 minutes for
each orbit.

2004 - Satellite launched to 'chase comet In March the European Space Agency
launched the Rosetta from French Guiana. The Rosetta, carrying the lander probe
Philae, is destined to rendezvous with Comet 67P in 2014. The Rosetta spacecraft
needed to be able to survive the rigors of launch and extreme temperatures from -200°C
to 300°C. Avionics engineer Warwick Holmes talks about his role in building and testing
the spacecraft for the Rosetta Mission.

2012 - 1000 satellites orbit the Earth More than a thousand active satellites orbit the
Earth. The exact number of operational satellites is difficult to determine for security
reasons. but the UCS (Union of Concered Scientists) satellite database lists 1016 active
satellites.
2014 - Probe lands on comet In August the spacecraft Rosetta was the first to catch up
with a comet and land the probe Philae on the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. 25
May

2017 - World's first private orbital launch site Rocket Lab launches its Electron rocket
from their Mahia Peninsula-based orbital launch site, in New Zealand. Rocket Lab's
Mahia facility is the world's first private orbital launch site and is part of a programme of
work to make launching a satellite more cost-effective in order to open space up to more
organizations. The first Electron rocket launch test, called "It's a test', blasts off into
space on 25 May 2017. The launch made New Zealand the 11th nation to launch a
satellite.

The first space shuttle Columbia was launched with astronauts John W Young and
Robert L Crippen. This is the beginning of the American Space Shuttle programme,
which takes astronauts and satellites into orbit around the Earth. This programme
continues for 30 years.

1990 - Hubble Space Telescope

The Hubble Space Telescope is carried into orbit by the Space Shuttle. Its orbit outside
the Earth's atmosphere allows it to take sharp images that lead to breakthroughs in
astrophysics, for example, determining the rate of the Universe's expansion. The galaxy
cluster Abell S0740, 463 million light-years away, has a very bright central galaxy with
many other galaxies orbiting it.

1994 - First GPS constellation

The first global positioning system constellation becomes operational. It consists of 24

geosynchronous satellites. GPS is a space-based satellite navigation system that
provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth.

1998 - International Space Station launched

The first component of the modular International Space Station is launched. It is an

international collaboration involving Russia, the USA, the European Union, Japan, and
Canada. It serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory. The
International Space Station orbits the Earth at a height of about 360 km. It travels at
28.000 km/h and takes 90 minutes for each orbit.

2004 - Satellite launched to 'chase comet

In March the European Space Agency launched the Rosetta from French Guiana. The
Rosetta, carrying the lander probe Philae, is destined to rendezvous with Comet 67P in
2014. The Rosetta spacecraft needed to be able to survive the rigors of launch and
extreme temperatures from -200°C to 300°C. Avionics engineer Warwick Holmes talks
about his role in building and testing the spacecraft for the Rosetta Mission.

2012 - 1000 satellites orbit the Earth More than a thousand active satellites orbit the
Earth. The exact number of operational satellites is difficult to determine for security
reasons. but the UCS (Union of Concered Scientists) satellite database lists 1016 active
satellites.
 2014 - Probe lands on comet In August the spacecraft Rosetta was the first to catch up
with a comet and land the probe Philae on the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

25 May 2017 - World's first private orbital launch site Rocket Lab launches its Electron
rocket from their Mahia Peninsula-based orbital launch site, in New Zealand. Rocket
Lab's Mahia facility is the world's first private orbital launch site and is part of a
programme of work to make launching a satellite more cost-effective in order to open
space up to more organizations. The first Electron rocket launch test, called "It's a test',
blasts off into space on 25 May 2017. The launch made New Zealand the 11th nation to
launch a satellite.

21 January 2018 - New Zealand's first satellite Rocket Lab successfully deployed 4 small
satellites on their second test launch from Mahia. Three were for US-based corporations
but the fourth 'secret satellite' was a New Zealand effort - the Humanity Star. The
Humanity Star was a geodesic sphere made from carbon fiber with 65 highly reflective
panels. Rocket Lab CEO Peter Beck said he wanted the first New Zealand satellite to be
something special for everyone. "The humanity star is a way of looking beyond our
immediate situation, whatever that may be, and understanding we are all in this together
as one species."

11 November 2018 - First commercial rocket launch from New Zealand Rocket Lab
achieves its first official commercial deployment from Mahia. It's Business Time', took off
at 4.50 pm on Sunday 11 November. It lifted six satellites and a technology demonstrator
into low Earth orbit.

28 June 2022 - testing a return to the Moon

NASA is leading the Artemis programme - aiming to return humans to the Moon. As part
of this. Rocket Lab launched the Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology
Operations and Navigation Experiment (CAPSTONE) spacecraft to test a unique lunar
orbit intended for use by the new lunar space station/outpost that will orbit the Moon.

III. SOCIETY

A. Find the usage of satellite in society.

Satellite has a lot of uses in the society. It has a significant impact on how we are now. I
am very grateful that satellite was invented as it brought a big change to the people and the
planet. It provides a lot of contribution in terms of our well-being, mecting our important needs,
and facing the challenges on Earth. They are useful in many fields, such as television,
telephones, navigation. business and finance, weather, climate and environmental monitoring,
safety, land stewardship. development, and space science.

Television

Satellites send television signals directly to homes, but they also are the backbone of
cable and network TV. These satellites send signals from a central station that generates
programming to smaller stations that send the signals locally via cables or airwaves.
 "At the scene" news broadeasts, whether live reporting on a vote at the Capitol or from
the scene of a traffic accident. is sent from the field to the studio via satellite, too (Union of
Concerned Scientists, 2014).

Telephones

Satellites provide in-flight phone communications on airplanes and are often the main
conduit of voice communication for rural areas and areas where phone lines are damaged after
a disaster. Satellites also provide the primary timing source for cell phones and pagers. In 1998,
a satellite failure demonstrated this dependence: it temporarily silenced 80 percent of the
pagers in the United States, National Public Radio was not able to distribute its broadcasts to
affiliates and broadcasted only via its website, and on the CBS Evening News, the image of Dan
Rather froze while the audio continued (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2014).