Computer

A computer is an electronic data processing machine of device that perform processes Calculation
and operations based on instructions provided by a program

Evolution of computers
The evolution of computers is generally divided in three eras

Mechanical Era(Dark Electro-Mechanical Electronical Era(Modern

Age) Era( Middle Age) Age)
In this era the true computer was
in mechanical era human To develop faster and invented which worked on the
successful to make simple more accurate principal of input store process and
machine that could help Computing machines they output continuous advancement in
performing simple arithmetic were powered by steam electronic engineering increased
operation and electricity efficiency and speed of computer
considerably
a) Napier’s a) Herman a) First generation of
bones(1612ad) Hollerith’s computers91940to1956
tabulating This generation was based on
It was small machine that machine vacuum tube this generation computer
contain ten rods the rod made used machine language (ie 1s and
up of bones bone s was used 1890 machine census o0s)magnetic drums
for multiplication and division data took only six months Computers of this genertatio0n was
to compile which was primly used for scientific and research
very fast as compare as purpose electronic purpose electronic
to previous us census on numerical interrogator and calculator
1880 which took 7 years (ENIAC)universal automatic ca
to be complete computer UNIVAC) are example of
first generation of computer

b) Abacus(3000bc) b) Second generation of

computer(1956to1971)
Abacus is till mused to teach
Second Generation was based on
basic arithmetic operating to
transistor and used are language
the student abacus is
called FORTRAN or magnetic core
considered as first computer
was used as primary internal storage
prototype
these computer were used in the field
of scientific and engineering
ieIMB7094and imb1401
c) Slide c) Third generation of
rule(1622AD) computer(1964to1971)

This was a basically a pair of The third generation was also base on
two moveable rules placed also high level l programing language
side by side these scales were like Cobol were used keyboard
 used for mathematically monitor introduced as a computer
computing component ie IMB360andIMB370
d) Pascaline or d) Fourth generation of
pascals computer(1971to
calculator(1642ad) present)
Fourth generation of computer
He develop thus machine to introduced microprocessor and these
help tax collector can perform computer also used high level
addition and subtraction by language c,c++,java etc.
eight figures
e) Leibniz’s e) Fifth generation of
calculator(1694 computer(present
ad) beyond)
Fifth generation of computer has
Wilhelm Leibniz,s it was also ability of self-learning they act like AI
called stepped Reckonoer it robot and understand human
was a first calculator that language
could perform all four basic
arithmetic operations addition
subtraction multiplication and
division
f) Babbage’s
difference and
analytical
engines(1822
and1837 )
He was known as father of
computer the proposed design
included an ALU with basic
programming flow control

According to technology
This type of technology or type of data they handle computer are classified in to
three type

1. Analog computer
Analog computer can process analog data
Eg speedo meter of a car, voltmeter
 They are used to process information with quantities using the
information using binary number (0s and 1s) digital computers are used in home educational system
business medical etc

Hybrid computer
Hybrid computer are combination of digital and analog computer
A hybrid computer use to convert analog to digital and digital in to analog

2: According to size
Computer are also divided in to four groups

Super computer
Super computer is the most powerful fastest and large computer these
computers are widely used in scientific application such as aerodynamic simulation processing of geo
logical data weather forecasting and nuclear research

Mainframe
They can process huge amount of calculation at very high speed they are
use in bank and many large business organization were several user can work at simultaneously

Mini computer
These are similar than main frame computer but it is very power full than
microcomputer DECVAX and IMB AS/400 are the good example of computers

Micro computer
Micro computer is also called personal computer (pc)the use of
microprocessor made computer cheaper yet faster and more reliable these are the smallest computer
design to be individuals now computer are also used for communication and socialization

3: According to purpose
According to purpose computer are used for either general purpose and special purpose

General purpose computer

These computer can perform variety of task and store
execute different program in their memory therefore various task like word processing (typing
and editing )payrolls, inventory, account control manipulating facts in a data base marketing
scientific calculation and statistical data analysis and controlling security system of any
organization are achieve by this computer desktop, laptop, and smart phone are the example
of general purpose machine

Special purpose computer

 Special purpose computer repeatedly perform single job more efficiently these computer
are use full in traffic light control system navigational system aviation weather forecasting
satellite tracking and ATM

Career in it fields
There are many fields in it but some are as follows

1: Software engineer
Software engineer is a person who use different language to make
different software products like game learning software entertainment software and etc

2: Network administrator
Network administrator is a it expert person who manage network
organization responsible for installing and updating Amy software or hardware required to
efficiency to run a computer
3: Data base administrator
Data base administrator is a skilled professional person who secure a data
base environment in an office business or organization

4: web designer
Web designer are people who build website

5: graphic designer
Graphic designer are make all type of layout broachers magazine and
other type of publisher administrator and document they do various type of graphic software

Information security analyst

These people protect network and plain and carry out
security measures and ensure to no lose data and information occurs

Computer science or it teachers

Another very rewarding for computer science graduates and post
graduates is teaching in school College and university

Computer hardware
Computer consist hardware or software .software is a
program that run in computer hardware is a physical part of the computer that run in program
and application and hardware can been seen and touch while software cannot. computer
hardware is a collection of all physical part of component of computer .it include the computer
casing ,the cpu or central processing unit computer memory vga graphic card sound card and
the mother board
 System unit
A system unit is a part of computer that contain the primary devices

1: mother board
Mother board is a main board that connect the different part of computer it
includes the following general components microprocessor (cpu), slots, port, buses, ram, rom
and other electronic components for example resistor capacitors diodes transistors and
jumpers etc just like nervous system that allows communication between all parts of computer
we can find cpu memory slots expansions slots and a number of chip slots in a mother board

2: microprocessor cpu
CPU or microprocessor is the brain of computer. The m i c r o p r o c e s s
o r i s a c h i p containing millions of tiny transistors. These transistors manipulate data. Microprocessor
performs all the calculations necessary to make the computer work. These calculations are performed
at very high speed and accuracy. Microprocessor is made up of silicon. The microprocessor fetches,
decodes, executes and stores all the instructions given by the user or any other device. The speed of
computer mainly depends upon the speed of microprocessor. A microprocessor that has faster clock
speed (measured in GHz) and more cores and cache works faster. There are typically five components
of a microprocessor.

A: Arithmetic logical (ALU)

Alu perform al type of calculation like arithmetic operations
and logical comparison arithmetic operation include addition subtraction multiplication and division
while logical compression include comparing selection and matching of data

B: Control unit
Control unit is a responsible for controlling and transfer the data instruction
among other components of computer this unit control the operations of all parts of the computer but
does not carry out any actual data

C: Clock
Clocks generates pulses and instruction existed on the basic of pulses clock measured in GHZ
and MHZ

D: registers
It is a temporary storage area that holds the data that has been processed it is
also known as programing model which may be of 8bits 16bits 32bits and 64bits

E: Cache
 Cache is an intermediate storage area, which is available inside microprocessor. The
immediate processed information is stored in cache. The cache inside the microprocessor is called internal
cache and outside is called external cache.

3: Buses
In computer, Buses are the electric paths on which data is sent and received by different
components. They are just like roads. As roads connect different places, buses connect all the parts of the
computer to each other. They also connect all internal components on the motherboard. There are three
types of buses; control bus, data bus and address bus.

Control Bus carries command between different components to control all activities in a
computer.

Data Bus carries data between the processor, memory unit and other components.
Address Bus carries the address of the data (but not the data).The address bus is used to specify
memory location to be used by microprocess for specific operation.

Input Devices
Input devices are used to enter data into computers. These devices can be categorized
into Text Entering, Pointing and Image Scanning Devices.

Text entering devices

1: Keyboard: It is the most common text entering device and used to enter data
usually in text format or to perform other controlling functions. When a key is pressed,
keyboard controller chip sends its corresponding code in keyboard buffer called scan code,
which is then processed by CPU.

2: pointing devices (mouse and its varous)

Pointing devices are those
devices that are used for quick movement of cursor on screen usually needed in graphic mode
it includes joy stick, joy ball and track pad

3: image scanner
Image scanner is a device that convert electronic format and
understandable by computer thought lightening sensing and also work on optical recognition and occur when
a device scan a clear print surface and translates the image into machine-readable formats that a computer
understands. Image scanners include Optical Mark Recognition (OMR), Optical Barcode Reader (OBR) and
Optical Character Recognition (OCR).
 4: Other types of input devices
There are also input devices for example microphone are
used to accept sound input and convert into digital audio format touch screen is also used for input it accept
input directly on monitor by touching figures and any object on the screen magnetic ink character Recognition
(MICR) and Magnetic Strip Reader are also used for input

5: output devices
A hardware device that sent data from a computer (cpu) to another
devices or user the most common example of input devices are monitor or printer they are two types of
output devices

1: soft copy
It is screen display or voice output. It is volatile output and lost when other output is
shown or computer is turned off. Following are some of the devices used to give output in soft form.
Monitor
It is TV like device that displays data by small bright dots called pixels. Monitors are of two types.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Flat Panel Display (FDP)

Data projectors
Data projectors are used to show colorful slides and images directly from
computer disk on a wall or large screen through an optical lens. They are also called digital light
projectors and video projectors.
Speakers
Speakers give output in form of sound. They are good for people with visual disabilities or
where display is not easy

3: hardcopy
It is out put on paper it is nonvolatile output that is relatively stable and
permanent from hardcopy devices are

(a)Printers
They usually give output on paper and can print both text and graphics. There are two types of
printers Impact Non-Impact
(b) Plotters Like printer it gives images on paper but typically used to print large format images
such as maps, construction drawing, advertising hoardings etc

Storage device
A storage device refers to a hardware used to store information. There are two types of storage
device Primary and Secondary
1: Primary storage devices
They are quite smaller in storage capacity most primary storage
devices are found in computer and they have fastest access to primary devices include ram rom
Rom
It is read only memory it is permanent memory rom is quite small in capacity it stores
the major setting of computer permanently
Ram
Is Random Access Memory. RAM is volatile, means it loses its content as the power
supply is disconnected. This is used to store data and instructions temporarily
Secondry storage device
Secondary storage devices have a larger storage capacity and can
store data permanently. Users save their data on secondary storage devices. Hard Disk, CD and
DVD, SD Card and USB flash disk are the examples of secondary storage devices .
Basic operation of computers
A computer is a machine that act according to the
instruction given by the user computer process four basic operation in put, processing output
and storage

Input Computer
input has many forms. It can be from a command entered using a keyboard or a
mouse. It can be data sent from another computer on a network.

Processing
Processing is done inside the computer by CPU. Processing is the conversion of
input into output. After processing, data is turned into meaningful information. This is
carried out with the help of arithmetic and logical operations.

Storage
Storage refers to the holding or saving data. RAM, ROM and Hard Disk are the devices
that are used for storage

Output
Output is the result of a computer processing. Output may be viewed on a monitor
screen, heard through speakers or printed on paper. Here, monitor screen, speakers and
printer are called output devices.
Computer of software
Software I a set of computer that a computer use to perform a
task there are two main software system software and application software

System software
System software is a computer program that coordinate all activates and function of
computer it also control all the operation of the computer and hardware it includes operating system device
drivers utility programs and language translators

Operating system
Operating system is the master control program that manage all the system resources
window and Linux are commonly used in operating system

Device driver
Device driver are computer program that control a particular device when it is
connected to a computer any hardware that we have in our computer must have a device
driver to communicate with operating system .operating system have drivers pre install in them
this gave rise to the concept of plug and play