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Hafta.

The document discusses momentum analysis of fluid flow systems. It defines linear and angular momentum, describes forces and torques on control volumes, and presents the linear and angular momentum equations. Examples of steady and unsteady flow are provided.

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10 views39 pages

Hafta.

The document discusses momentum analysis of fluid flow systems. It defines linear and angular momentum, describes forces and torques on control volumes, and presents the linear and angular momentum equations. Examples of steady and unsteady flow are provided.

Uploaded by

badurlar890
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of Turkey

Aydın Adnan Menderes University


Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa ASKER


Objectives
• Identify the various kinds of forces and moments acting
on a control volume
• Use control volume analysis to determine the forces
associated with fluid flow
Newton’s second law

is the net force acting on the body

is the acceleration of the body

Newton’s second law is also expressed as the


rate of change of the momentum of a body is
equal to the net force acting on it.
Conservation of momentum principle: The momentum of a system remains
constant only when the net force acting on it is zero.

Linear momentum or just the momentum of the body:


The product of the mass and the velocity of a body.

Newton’s second law is usually referred to as the


linear momentum equation.

Linear momentum is the product of


mass and velocity, and its direction is
the direction of velocity.
Angular momentum equation:

Angular momentum about x- axis

The conservation of angular momentum Principle:


The total angular momentum of a rotating body
remains constant when the net torque acting on it is
zero, and thus the angular momentum of such
systems is conserved.

The rate of change of the angular momentum of a body is


equal to the net torque acting on it.
CHOOSING A CONTROL VOLUME
A control volume can be selected as any arbitrary region in space through which fluid
flows, and its bounding control surface can be fixed, moving, and even deforming
during flow

Examples of (a) fixed, (b) moving and (c) deforming control volumes.
FORCES ACTING ON A CONTROL VOLUME

Total force acting on control volume:

Body forces (gravity, electric, and magnetic forces)

Surface forces (pressure and viscous forces and


reaction forces at points of contact).
The total force acting on a control volume is
composed of body forces and surface forces
✓ Only external forces are considered in the analysis. body force is shown on a differential volume
element, and surface force is shown on a
differential surface element.
Body Force
The most common body force is that of gravity, which exerts a downward force on
every differential element of the control volume.

Gravitational force acting on a fluid element:

Total body force acting on control volume:


Surface Force
consist of both normal and tangential components.

Normal force : Pressure


Example :
Tangential force : Shear stress

In general
Momentum equation (second law of motion)

The linear momentum equation states that


The net flow rate of
The sum of all external The time rate of change
linear momentum
moments acting of the linear momentum
out of the control
on a CV of the contents of the CV
surface by mass flow
THE LINEAR MOMENTUM EQUATION

Scalor form of the linear momentum equation for Cartesian Coordinates :

Velocity

Force

x- momentum equation

y- momentum equation
Derivation of Momentum Equation from Reynolds Transport Theorem

Let B represent any of these 1or other2 fluid parameters and b represent the amount of that parameter per unit mass

B is termed an extensive property


b is termed an intensive property.

B Momentum 𝑩 = 𝒎𝑽
Momentum equation
(second law of motion)
Main Steps in Solving Linear Momentum Equation

1- Indicate the coordinate system


2- Select the control volume
3- Show the forces on a free body diagram
4- Apply Continuity or Bernoulli Equations, if needed
5-Apply Momentum Equation
Some Tips In Selecting Control Volume.

Atmospheric pressure acts in all Select appropriate control volume


directions, and thus it can be ignored to obtain result in an easy way
when performing force balances since
its effect cancels out in every direction.
The momentum equation is commonly used to
calculate the forces (usually on support systems
or connectors) induced by the flow.
Special Cases
Steady flow

Mass flow rate across an inlet or outlet

Momentum flow rate across a uniform inlet or outlet:

In a typical engineering problem, the control


volume may contain many inlets and outlets; at
each inlet or outlet we define the mass flow rate
and the average velocity.
6–5 ■ REVIEW OF ROTATIONAL MOTION AND
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Rotational motion: A motion during which all points
in the body move in circles about the axis of rotation.
Rotational motion is described with angular
quantities such as the angular distance , angular
velocity , and angular acceleration .
Angular velocity: The angular distance traveled per
unit time.
Angular acceleration: The rate of change of
angular velocity.

The relations between angular distance ,


angular velocity  , and linear velocity V.
Special Cases
During steady flow, the amount of angular momentum within the control volume remains constant, and
thus the time rate of change of angular momentum of the contents of the control volume is zero.

The net torque acting on the control volume during steady flow is equal to the
difference between the outgoing and incoming angular momentum flow rates.

scalar form of angular momentum equation


𝑷 𝑽𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏
+ +𝒛= + + 𝒛𝟏
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝒎ሶ 𝟏 = 𝒎ሶ 𝟐 continuity equation
P1 A1

ሶ
෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒎𝒖 𝒐𝒖𝒕 ሶ
− 𝒎𝒖 𝒊𝒏

P2 A2
𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐 − 𝑹𝒚 = − 𝒗𝟐 × 𝝆𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 × 𝝆𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝑨𝟏

𝑹𝒚 = 𝒎ሶ 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒗𝟏 + 𝑷𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 𝑨𝟐

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