INSTITUTO ARAGONÉS DE EMPLEO

Plan de formación para el empleo de Aragón

Inglés empresarial

Módulo 1

El lenguaje empresarial
Organizado por:
1.1-Uso de diferentes registros para las relaciones: Empresa-
empresa; Empresa –Cliente; Empresa-Proveedor

The three main important points of this item are the following:

A) Situations in context: In company

B) Situations in context: Company-Client
C) Situations in context: Company-Supplier
D) Grammar reference: Modal verbs

EMPRESA-EMPRESA

SITUATION IN CONTEXT: IN COMPANY

Workplace Etiquette consists of the good manners at work.
Good manners are necessary in general in our lives. They’re the base for successful and
respectful relations of human beings. We all know that the essence of good manners
and etiquette is to be respectful.
But what about the workplace, what’s expected of us? There are two kinds of rules that
belong to the “company culture”:
Written rules: We can find written rules in policy manuals and guidebooks.
Unwritten rules: We can observe the behaviours of people around us for clues, and
most of the times, the unwritten rules for workplace etiquette come from common
sense.
We are going to give you some tips to face different situations in the workplace:
1) Introducing someone new to your workmates
2) Informal conversations
3) Meetings
1) Introducing someone new to your workmates
Useful Expressions

 I’m pleased to introduce you: Estoy encantado de presentaros

 To deal with: tratar con
 Client’s complaints: Quejas del cliente
 Sales Department: Departamento de ventas
 She is our new workmate: ella es nuestra nueva compañera de trabajo.
 Nice to meet you: encantada/o de conocerte/os.
  I’m pleased to be here and be part of this team: Encantada/o de estar aquí y
formar parte de este equipo.

2) Informal conversation
Useful Expressions

 Are you up to next week? ¿Estás preparado para la semana que viene?
 Reports: Informes
 All that stuff: todo eso
 Step by step: Poco a poco
 Understandable: Comprensible
 I found it kind of hard to follow: La encontré difícil de seguir. Quizás
desorganizada.
 Clarify my doubts: Aclarar mis dudas.

3) Meetings
Participating in a meeting in a foreign language can be a little bit difficult for many
reasons:

 People may speak very quickly.

 They can use words that you don’t know.
 The different accents in English are an added difficulty.
 You can feel non confident when talking in English.
All theses factors can make it difficult but if you follow our pieces of advise you will sure
cope with it successfully!

 Prepare the meeting.

 Look for specific required vocabulary.
 Look for topics that can be discussed.
 Make sure that everyone has the agenda of the meeting and stick to it. Try to
keep the discussion on track.
Useful tips for being polite in a meeting
Next tips will help you to know how to behave in a polite way in a meeting:

1. Use “would” to make suggestions

This is really important. In Spain we are used to speak very directly and in other countries
this is not well received. It is more polite to use the conditional:
Examples:

 I would repeat the report in a more accurate way.

 I would phone him again.
  I would like if you could phone him again.

2. Use “I think” or “I feel” to soften what we are saying

These have the effect of softening what we are saying, by presenting our ideas as
opinions, not orders or instructions.
Examples:

 I don’t think we’re responsible.

 I feel that we’ll find a solution.

3. Show acceptance to people

It's important to acknowledge the other people in the meeting, by using their names, or
words like 'you', 'we', 'everybody', 'my colleagues', etc.
Examples:

 As you can see, my colleages, the sales rate has increased.

 We all know that next year will be complicated.
 Everybody has thought about it.

4. Say “Sorry” or “I’m afraid” to soften what you say

Saying "Sorry" or "I'm afraid" is always a good way to be polite introducing a not
completely possitive or difficult situation.
Example:

 Sorry but I have to end the meeting

5. Use “Just”

To show that you are not asking to deal with something difficult, that it is not going to
be a problem.
Examples:

 I just wanted to express my point of view about sales.

 Can I just ask you something about the report?

6. Interrupting or disagreeing in a polite way

It’s when it’s more necessary to be polite. You need not to sound confrontational.
  You can use: “can” or “could” or “sorry”
o Could I point out that if we consider the figures we can’t be so positive?
o Could you please explain the reasons to me?
o Sorry to interrupt you but….
o Could you please follow the order?
 You can use “would like”
o I’d like to have a look at the figures please.

Reading exercise:

Please read the next example of a meeting at work

Meeting Conductor/Chairman: Good morning. We have called you to come to this

meeting because there are some urgent issues we should discuss. Have you all
received a copy of today's agenda? If you don't mind, I'd like to skip item 1 to 3 and
start on item 4: Opening new markets in France. Tom has kindly prepared a report
on this issue.
Tom: Before I begin the report, it could be useful to get some ideas from you all.
How do you feel about sales? I suggest we go round the table first to get all of your
input.
Mary: In my opinion, we have been focusing too much on trying to get to
international markets and we have neglected our national market. In my opinion,
we need to return to our national base by developing a campaign to focus on their
particular needs.
Barry: I'm afraid I can't agree with you. I think the international market can give us
plenty of opportunities and the national market is already a mature market.
Peter: Excuse me, I didn't catch that. /I don't quite follow you. What exactly do you
mean? Could you repeat that, please?
Mary: I just stated that we need to give our national sales team accurate
information about customer needs and focus on this market.
Tom: Would you like to add anything, Mary?
Lisa: I must admit I never thought about national sales that way before. I have to
agree with Mary, but at the same time we should consider to focus on a particular
country from the international market.
Tom: Well, let me begin with this Power Point presentation. As you can see, we are
developing new methods to reach out the French customers.
Tom: I suggest we break up into groups and discuss the ideas we've seen presented.
Meeting Conductor/Chairman: Unfortunately, we're running short of time. Before
we close, let me just summarize the main points:
 National customers need a different approach.
  Our sales teams need more accurate information on our customers.
 A survey will be completed to collect data from our national market and the
French market.
 We have to fix the procedure to reach out the French customers.

Useful Expressions from the reading

Stick to the agenda: Sigue el orden del día sin desviarte

Urgent issues: Asuntos urgentes

Today’s agenda: El orden del día.

To skip item 1 to 3: Saltar del punto 1 al 3.

How do you feel about….? ¿Qué piensas/pensáis acerca de…?

In my opinion: En mi opinión

I suggest we go round the table: Sugiero hacer una ronda de turno de palabra

I’m afraid I can’t agree with you: Me temo que no estoy de acuerdo contigo.

I completely agree with you: Estoy totalmente de acuerdo contigo.

What exactly do you mean? ¿Qué quieres decir exactamente?

To focus on…: Centrarse en…

We have been focusing too much on…: Nos hemos centrado mucho en…

I just stated that…: Solo afirmé que…

I didn’t catch that/I don’t quite follow you: No lo he cogido (la idea)

Let me begin with…: Permítanme empezar con….

Customer needs: Las necesidades del cliente

A different approach: Un enfoque diferente

To reach out the French market: Llegar al mercado francés.

Break up into groups: Dividirnos en grupos

We’re running short of time: Vamos justos de tiempo.

Let me summarize the main points: Permitidme resumir los puntos principales

EMPRESA-CLIENTE
SITUATION IN CONTEXT: COMPANY-CLIENT

In this point we are going to give you:

1) Some tips to face situations with clients: How to start a conversation in English? How
to show interest in your client in English? How to express your opinion in English?.... and
some others.
2) Some tips to make succesful presentations in English to clients

1) Some tips to face situations with clients: How to start a conversation in English?
How to show interest in your client in English? How to express your opinion in
English?.... and some others.

To start the conversation/Para comenzar la conversación

1) First, we greet our client/ En primer lugar, saludamos a nuestro cliente.

 Good morning. Pleased to meet you. Buenos días. Encantado de conocerle.

 Good morning. Pleased to see you again. Buenos días. Encantado de verle de
nuevo.

 Please have a seat. Por favor tome asiento.

 Can I offer you a coffee or a soft drink? ¿Puedo ofrecerle un café o un refresco?
 Can I offer you something to drink? ¿Puedo ofrecerle algo de beber?

2) We break the ice and show interest in our client/Rompemos el hielo y mostramos

interés por nuestro cliente.

 Was it difficult to find us? ¿Le resultó difícil encontrarnos?

 Thanks for coming. Gracias por venir.

 We are pleased to receive you in our facilities. Estamos encantados de recibirle
en nuestras instalaciones.
 Thanks for agreeing to meet with me. Gracias por acceder a tener una reunión
conmigo.

Comenzar a expresar tu opinión/Begin to express your opinion

 As I can see the problem comes from your sales department. Como puedo ver,

el problema proviene de su departamento de ventas.

 Personally I believe that the problem comes from your sales department.
Personalmente creo que el problema proviene de su departamento de ventas.
 In my opinion the problem comes from your sales department. En mi opinión
el problema proviene de su departamento de ventas.
 From my point of view the problem comes from your sales department. Desde
mi punto de vista el problema proviene de su departamento de ventas.

How to ask for the opinions of others/Cómo preguntar por la opinión de otros

 What’s your idea? ¿Cuál es tu idea?

 What do you think about it? ¿Qué piensa sobre eso?
 What’s your opinion? ¿Cuál es su opinión?
 Do you have anything to say about this? ¿Tiene algo que decir sobre esto?
 Do you agree? ¿Está de acuerdo?

How to show agreement/Como expresar su acuerdo

 That’s just what I was thinking. Eso es justo lo que estaba pensando.

 I completely agree with you. Estoy totalmente de acuerdo.

 You’re right. Tiene razón.

How to show disagreement/ cómo expresar desacuerdo

 I’m afraid I disagree. Me temo que no estoy de acuerdo.

 I’m afraid I don’t agree. Me temo que no estoy de acuerdo.

 I don’t think so. Yo no lo creo.

 I’m not so sure about that. No, no estoy tan seguro de eso.

How to Apologize/Cómo disculparse

 I’d like to apologize for doing….

 I didn’t do it on purpose. No lo hice a propósito.
 Please, accept my apologies for…. Por favor, acepte mis disculpas por…

 I’m terribly sorry. Lo siento mucho.

 Sorry. It was all my fault. Lo siento. Fue culpa mía.

Giving solution to a problem/Dar una solución a un problema

 Never mind.I’ll deal with it. No importa. Yo me encargo de ello.

 Never mind. I’ll see what I can do. No importa. Veré lo que puedo hacer.

 Never mind. I’ll do my best. No importa. Lo haré lo mejor que pueda.

Interrupting a conversation/Interrumpir una conversación

 I’m sorry to interrupt, but… Siento interrumpir, pero …

 Can I say something more here? ¿Puedo agregar algo?

 That’s an importat point, but let me tell you that….. Ese es un punto importante,
pero permítame decirle que…

Stressing a point

 I must mention that (the fact) Debo mencionar que (el hecho)
 I’ll emphasize that (the fact) Haré hincapié en (el hecho)
 I’d like to draw your attention about Me gustaría llamar su atención sobre..
Request of clarifying something

 Could you please repeat that idea? ¿Puede repetir esa idea?
 So that, you mean that…..
 So, what you have previously said is that…..

Request of clarifying something in a more polite way

 I would/I’d appreciate if ….. (Le agradecería si….)

I would/I’d appreciate if we could approve the terms.
 I would/I’d be grateful if ….(Le agradecería si….)
I would/I’d be grateful if you could process the order.
 I would/I’d thankful if you ……(Le agradecería si….)
I would/I’d thankful if you we could consider a further review.

Ending conversation/Fin de la conversación

 Excuse me, but I’m afraid I have to leave. Perdone, pero me tengo que ir.

 Well, I don’t want to keep you. We can contact by email later. Bien no quiero
retenerle más. Podemos contactar por email más tarde.

 I have really enjoyed our meeting. Realmente he disfrutado de nuestra reunión.

Useful expressions

 Good morning. Pleased to meet you. Buenos días. Encantado de conocerle.

 Was it difficult to find us? ¿Le resultó difícil encontrarnos?
 As I can see … Como puedo ver…
 What’s your idea? ¿Cuál es tu idea?
 That’s just what I was thinking. Eso es justo lo que estaba pensando.
 I’m afraid I disagree. Me temo que no estoy de acuerdo.
 I’d like to apologize for doing… Me gustaría disculparme por haber hecho...
 Never mind. I’ll deal with it. No importa. Yo me encargo de ello.
 I’m sorry to interrupt, but… Siento interrumpir, pero …
 I must mention that… Debo mencionar que (el hecho)
 Could you please repeat that idea? ¿Puede repetir esa idea?
 I would/I’d appreciate if we could approve the terms. → Le agradecería si
pudiéramos aprobar los términos.

GRAMMAR NOTICE

“Would” is a modal auxilary verb: We use “would” for many functions, such as:
expressing desire, polite requests and questions, opinion or hope, wish and regret.

The basic structure of a sentence with would is next:

Subject + would + verb in infinitive

Example: I would like to design a new agreement.

To express condition when you are making a request in a polite way we use the next
structure:

Subject + would + verb in infinitive + if + subject + verb in past simple

 I would/I’d appreciate if + subject + verb in past simple

 I would/I’d be grateful if + subject + verb in past simple
 I would/I’d thankful if you if + subject + verb in past simple

Example:

I would be grateful if you could send me the brochure ASAP (as soon as
possible).
I’d appreciate if you wrote me an email.

Here is some interesting vocabulary from the text.

 So let’s go down to business: Hablemos de negocios
 You have showed interest in: Usted/tú ha mostrado interés en
 The first order: El primer pedido
 The quotation: Presupuesto
 Goods: Mercancías
 The payment should be done: El pago debería ser efectuado
 The expedition: El envío
 It’s a safe way to make payments: Es un modo seguro de realizar pagos
  This deal: Este acuerdo
 Is there any discount? ¿Hay algún descuento?
 It’s our best price: Es nuestro mejor precio.
 We have considered it very carefully: Lo hemos considerado cuidadosamente
 Let me think about it: Permítame/permíteme pensarlo.

2) Some tips to make successful presentations in English

We are going to give you some pieces of advice which can help you to make successful
presentations in English. The different parts in a presentation are the next:
1 Start the presentation
2 Introduce the presentation
3 Specify the points to be treated
4 We start to talk about the first point
5 We close a point
6 We start the next point
7 Conclusion and summarize
8 Giving thanks

Let’s go through them!

1 Start the presentation: We have to welcome the audience./ Al comienzo de la

presentación saludamos y damos la bienvenida a la audiencia.

 Good morning and welcome to today’s presentation. I’m Megan from the Sales
Department and….Buenos días y bienvenidos a la presentación de hoy. Soy Sam
del departamento de ventas y…
 Thank you all very much for coming today. I’m Sam from the Sales Department
and….Muchas gracias a todos por venir hoy. Soy Sam del departamento de ventas
y…

2 Introduce the presentation: /Introducimos nuestra presentación.

 The purpose of today’s presentation is to… El propósito de la presentación de
hoy es …
 In today’s presentation I’d like to explain to you how… En la presentación de hoy
me gustaría explicarles a usted cómo …

3 Specify the points to be treated: We give the audience a clear vision of what they

can expect from the presentation/ Damos a la audiencia una visión clara de lo que

puede esperar.

 In today’s presentation we will cover three points: En la presentación de hoy

trataremos tres puntos…
 Firstly, … , after that we will look at … ,and finally… . En primer lugar, …, después
de eso vamos a ver …, y al final ….

4 We start to talk about the first point/Comenzamos la presentación por el primer

punto

 Let’s start by going through Vamos a empezar por ver

 I’d like to start by looking at Me gustaría empezar por ver

5 We close a point/ Cerramos un punto.

 So, that concludes that… Por lo tanto, llegamos a la conclusión de que …

 So, that’s an overview of… Por lo tanto, esta es una visión general de …

6 We start the next point/Abrimos la siguiente parte de la presentación

 Now let’s move on to… Ahora vamos a pasar a …

 Now let’s take a look at… Ahora vamos a echar un vistazo a …
 Now I’d like to take a look at… Ahora me gustaría echar un vistazo a …

7 Conclusion and summarize/Llegamos a la conclusión y resumen de la presentación.

 Well, that brings us to the end. Now, let me summarize by… Bueno, eso nos lleva
al final. Ahora, permítame hacer un resumen …
 That concludes my presentation. Now, let’s summarise the main points…. Con
esto concluye mi presentación. Ahora, permítame hacer un resumen de los puntos
principales…..

8 Giving thanks/Terminamos la presentación y agradecemos

 Thank you for your attention. Gracias por su atención.

 Finally, I’d like to finish by thanking you all for your attention. Por último, me
gustaría terminar por darles a todos ustedes las gracias por su atención.

Vocabulary

 Sales rate: Tasa de ventas

 To Increase: Incrementar
 Well-positioned: Bien posicionados
 Network of distributors: Red de distribuidores
 Meet the requirements: Cumple los requisitos
 Delivery service: Servicio de reparto y entrega
EMPRESA-PROVEEDOR

SITUATION IN CONTEXT: COMPANY-SUPPLIER

Maintaining strong relationships with suppliers is essential for companies. Solid

agreements and fluent relations are the keys for success.
Let’s see a very frequent situation that takes place in daily life in professional life.

Reading exercise:

Supplier: Good morning. What can I do for you?

Company: Good morning. I wanted to tell you something about your last deliveries. I'm
concerned about the delays we're experiencing in the last weeks.

Supplier: Well, I’m perfectly aware of that. Unfortunately, we have had some problems
with stocks but we're doing everything to get back on schedule.

Company: Could you give me an approximate timeline?

Supplier: We are doing our best to get the delivery service of your last order perfectly
restored.

Company: That's good news! The delays affect production creating bottlenecks. We
can't make excuses to our clients.

Supplier: I understand. I think we have sorted it out.

Company: Great! So I hope everything will be all right for our last order as you have
said before. Hope to talk to you next week. Bye

Supplier: Nice to talk to you. Bye.

Here is some interesting vocabulary from the text.

 Deliveries- Entregas/Repartos
 I'm concerned_Estoy preocupado
 Delays we're experiencing- Retrasos que estamos experimentado
 I’m perfectly aware of that_Soy perfectamente consciente de ello
 Get back on schedule_ Volver a lo programado
 Could you give me? Podrías/a darme….?
 Timeline_plazo
 We are doing our best_Estamos haciendo todo lo que podemos
 Creating bottlenecks_ creando cuellos de botella
  Delays_Retrasos

Grammar Reference
Modal Verbs
The review of some Modal Verbs is advisable in this point. You have seen we are using
them very frequently speaking in professional English. We can use them taking the
right form to be polite.

The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will and would.
They are used to talk about ability, giving instructions, making suggestions, asking
permission, and so on.
Let’s have a look at some of them!

Talking about skills or general ability:

We use can to talk about someone’s skills or general abilities:
She can write properly.
They can’t say a word of that issue.
We use could to talk about past time:
She could speak for hours

Asking for permission:

We use can to ask for permission to do something:
Can I take your pen, please?
Can I ask you a question?
could or may are more formal and polite than can:
Could I take your pen, please?
Could I ask you a question?
May I take your pen, please?
May I ask you a question?
Giving Instructions or making requests:
Polite ways of telling or asking someone to do something:
Could you finish the report please?
Would you take the message for me please?

Suggestions and advice:

We use should to give advice:
You should begin to make a survey.

We use could to make suggestions:

You could begin to make a survey.

Expressing obligation
We use must to express obligation:
You must look for new clients.
We must stand aside this business.

GRAMMAR NOTICE
Los verbos modales NUNCA van seguidos de “to”

SUMMARY
Here are the useful expressions and vocabulary learnt in this item.
IN COMPANY

 I’m pleased to introduce you: Estoy encantado de presentaros

 To deal with: tratar con
 Client’s complaints: Quejas del cliente
 Sales Department: Departamento de ventas
 She is our new workmate: ella es nuestra nueva compañera de trabajo.
 Nice to meet you: encantada/o de conocerte/os.
 I’m pleased to be here and be part of this team: Encantada/o de estar aquí y
formar parte de este equipo.
 Are you up to next week?: ¿Estás preparado para la semana que viene?
 Reports: Informes
 All that stuff: todo eso
 Step by step: Poco a poco
 Understandable: Comprensible
 I found it kind of hard to follow….: La encontré difícil de seguir. Quizás
desorganizada.
 Clarify my doubts: Aclarar mis dudas.
 I would repeat the report in a more accurate way.
 I would phone him again.
  I would like if you could phone him again.
 I don’t think we’re responsible.
 I feel that we’ll find a solution.
 As you can see, my colleagues, the sales rate has increased.
 We all know that next year will be complicated.
 Everybody has thought about it.
 Sorry but I have to end the meeting
 I just wanted to express my point of view about sales.
 Can I just ask you something about the report?
o Could I point out that if we consider the figures we can’t be so positive?
o Could you please explain the reasons to me?
o Sorry to interrupt you but….
o Could you please follow the order?
 I’d like to have a look at the figures please.
 Stick to the agenda: Sigue el orden del día sin desviarte
 Urgent issues: Asuntos urgentes
 Today’s agenda: El orden del día.
 To skip item 1 to 3: Saltar del punto 1 al 3.
 How do you feel about….?: ¿Qué piensas/pensáis acerca de…?
 In my opinion: En mi opinión
 I suggest we go round the table: Sugiero hacer una ronda de turno de palabra
 I’m afraid I can’t agree with you: Me temo que no estoy de acuerdo contigo.
 I completely agree with you: Estoy totalmente de acuerdo contigo.
 What exactly do you mean?: ¿Qué quieres decir exactamente?
 To focus on…: Centrarse en…
 We have been focusing too much on…: Nos hemos centrado mucho en…
 I just stated that…: Solo afirmé que…
 I didn’t catch that/I don’t quite follow you: No lo he cogido (la idea)
 Let me begin with…: Permítanme empezar con….
 Customer needs: Las necesidades del cliente
 A different approach: Un enfoque diferente
 To reach out the French market: Llegar al mercado francés.
 Break up into groups: Dividirnos en grupos
 We’re running short of time: Vamos justos de tiempo.
 Let me summarize the main points: Permitidme resumir los puntos principales

COMPANY -CLIENT

 Please have a seat. Por favor tome asiento.

 Thanks for coming. Gracias por venir.
 We are pleased to receive you in our facilities. Estamos encantados de recibirle
en nuestras instalaciones.
 Thanks for agreeing to meet with me
 As I can see the problem comes from your sales department. Como puedo ver,
el problema proviene de su departamento de ventas.
 Personally I believe that the problem comes from your sales department.
Personalmente creo que el problema proviene de su departamento de ventas.
 In my opinion the problem comes from your sales department. En mi opinión el
problema proviene de su departamento de ventas.
 From my point of view the problem comes from your sales department. Desde
mi punto de vista el problema proviene de su departamento de ventas.
 What’s your idea? ¿Cuál es tu idea?
 What do you think about it? Qué piensa sobre eso?
 What’s your opinion? ¿Cuál es su opinión?
 Do you have anything to say about this? ¿Tiene algo que decir sobre esto?
 Do you agree? ¿Está de acuerdo?
 That’s just what I was thinking. Eso es justo lo que estaba pensando.
 I completely agree with you. Estoy totalmente de acuerdo.
 You’re right. Tiene razón
 I’m afraid I disagree. Me temo que no estoy de acuerdo.
 I’m afraid I don’t agree. Me temo que no estoy de acuerdo.
 I don’t think so. Creo que no..
 I’m not so sure about that. No, no estoy tan seguro de eso.
 I’d like to apologize for doing….
 I didn’t do it on purpose. No lo hice a propósito.
 Please, accept my apologies for…. Por favor, acepte mis disculpas por…
 I’m terribly sorry. Lo siento mucho.
 Sorry. It was all my fault. Lo siento. Fue culpa mía.
 Never mind.I’ll deal with it. No importa. Yo me encargo de ello.
 Never mind. I’ll see what I can do. Veré lo que puedo hacer.
 Never mind. I’ll do my best. Lo haré lo mejor que pueda.
 Can I say something more here? ¿Puedo agregar algo?
 That’s an importat point. Ese es un punto importante,

Presentations

 In today’s presentation we will cover three points: En la presentación de hoy

trataremos tres puntos…
 Firstly, …, after that we will look at …, and finally I’ll … . En primer lugar, …,
después de eso vamos a ver …, y al final ….
 Let’s start by going through Vamos a empezar por ver
 I’d like to start by looking at Me gustaría empezar por ver
 So, that concludes that… Por lo tanto, llegamos a la conclusión de que …
 So, that’s an overview of… Por lo tanto, esta es una visión general de
 Now let’s move on to… Ahora vamos a pasar a …
  Now let’s take a look at… Ahora vamos a echar un vistazo a …
 Now I’d like to take a look at… Ahora me gustaría echar un vistazo a …
 Well, that brings us to the end. Now, let me summarize by… Bueno, eso nos lleva
al final. Ahora, permítame hacer un resumen …
 That concludes my presentation. Now, let’s summarise the main points…. Con
esto concluye mi presentación. Ahora, permítame hacer un resumen de los
puntos
 Thank you for your attention. Gracias por su atención.
 Finally, I’d like to finish by thanking you all for your attention. Por último, me
gustaría terminar dándoles a todos ustedes las gracias por su atención.

COMPANY - SUPPLIER

 Big deal!: ¡Gran logro!

 Sales rate: Tasa de ventas
 To Increase: Incrementar
 Well-positioned: Bien posicionados
 Network of distributors: Red de distribuidores
 Meet the requirements: Cumple los requisitos
 Delivery service: Servicio de reparto y entrega
 Deliveries- Entregas/Repartos
 I'm concerned_Estoy preocupado
 Delays we're experiencing- Retrasos que estamos experimentado
 I’m perfectly aware of that_Soy perfectamente consciente de ello
 Get back on schedule_ Volver a estar en lo programado
 Could you give me?_Podría/s darme….?
 Timeline_Plazo
 We are doing our best_Estamos haciendo todo lo que podemos
 Creating bottlenecks_ creando cuellos de botella
 Delays_Retrasos
1.2-Uso de diferentes registros para las siguientes áreas de
negocio: Formar Sociedades; Fusiones; Uniones Temporales de
Empresa; Acordar entregas; Formas de pago; Establecer plazos.

The legal language can be a little bit difficult because of its formalities and specific
vocabulary, and it becomes still more difficult for us when we have to use English as the
working language.
But never mind, we are going to study the main vocabulary and structures that will allow
you to handle it easily.
A) Firstly we are going to study:

1. The specific language, vocabulary and expressions, needed to incorporate the

main different types of business entities in Spain.
2. The specific language, vocabulary and expressions needed to incorporate
Mergers.
3. The specific language, vocabulary and expressions language needed to
incorporate Temporary Joint Ventures of Companies.

B) In second place we are going to study the specific language, vocabulary and
expressions, needed to deal with agreements of deliveries, means of payment and
deadlines.
C) Grammar Reference: Time prepositions

A) Diferent types of business entities in Spain, Mergers and Temporary Joint Ventures
of Companies
1) The specific language, vocabulary and expressions, needed to incorporate the
main different types of business entities in Spain

The main types of business entities in Spain: Diferentes tipos de entidades jurídicas en
España para los negocios.
The best way to start is to define the main different types of business entities you can
incorporate in Spain to set up a business depending on your specific circumstances.
What does it mean “incorporate”? Crear, establecer, más específicamente “constituir”
What does it mean “set up a business”? Crear una empresa, un negocio.
Let’s take the information collected from ICEX (Instituto de Comercio Exterior) about the
main different types of business entitites in Spain and learn from it.
 Main types of
Corporation Limited Liability
(S.A.)
business entities in Company (S.L.)
Spain

The Limited Liability entrepreneur (E.R.L)

Corporation (S.A.) (Sociedad Anónima)

Reading exercise: Please, read carefully the next description of Corporation.

This type of company is a form of business which requires high amounts of capital. The
minimum capital required to incorporate a corporation is €60,000. The capital stock
must be fully subscribed. No minimum number of shareholders is needed to
incorporate an S.A. The shareholders’ meeting is the ultimate managing body of an
S.A., with authority to appoint and remove its directors. The executive managing body
of an S.A. is made up of one or more directors, who need not be shareholders or
Spanish nationals.

The shares can be transferred without restrictions.

Useful Expressions
Corporation
Incorporate
Type of company
Corporation
Requires high amount of capital
Minimum capital required
Set up a business
Capital stock
Fully subscribed

Shareholders

Shareholders’ meeting

The shares can be trasferred without restrictions

Appoint and remove its directors.

Limited Liability Company (S.L.) (Sociedad Limitada)

Reading exercise: Please, read carefully the next description of Limited Liability
Company:

Flexibility is one of the main hallmarks of this kind of Company. It gives the
shareholders considerable leeway to define the S.L.'s internal rules of governance in
the bylaws.

The minimum capital is €3,000 and must be fully paid in at the time of formation. The
capital must be divided into shares (known as "participaciones"). In general, its shares
cannot be transferred (unless to other shareholders, ascendants, descendants, or
companies of the same group) unless otherwise provided in the bylaws.

The shareholders' meeting is the ultimate managing body and has authority to appoint
and remove the directors of the S.L. The executive management body of an S.L. is
made up of one or more directors, who need not be shareholders or Spanish nationals.

Useful Expressions
Limited Liability Company
Bylaws
Executive management body
Fully paid in at the time of formation
The shares can not be transferred
It gives the shareholders considerable leeway
Unless otherwise provided in the bylaws
The Limited Liability entrepreneur (E.R.L.) (Emprendedor de responsabilidad
Limitada)

Reading exercise: Please, read carefully the next description of the Limited Liability
entrepreneur

Limited Liability Entrepreneur status can be taken on by an individual entrepreneur,

regardless of their business or professional activity, to limit their liability for the debt
deriving from the conduct of their business which will prevent any such debt from
affecting their principal residence under certain conditions. It makes an exception to
the limited liability regime for any public law debts acquired by the Limited Liability
Entrepreneur.

The “Limited Liability Entrepreneur” is an optional legal status for a “self-employed”.

Useful Expressions

Limited Liability Entrepreneur

Individual entrepreneur

Regardless of their business or professional activity

Debt

Liability for the debt

Prevent any such debt

Under certain conditions

Self-employed
Let’s go through the legal formalities to incorporate a Corporation (S.A.):

The legal formalities are the steps that you have to follow to incorporate the business
entity.

We can divide them in five steps:

1) General steps
2) Procedure with Tax authorities
3) Procedure with Social Security Authorities
4) Procedure with Municipal council
5) Procedure with Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

Please, read carefully the explanations below of each of the legal formalities. We
know that there is difficult vocabulary but we will help you along the way. Come
on!

1) General steps

 The new corporation will have to appoint an individual with a Spanish national
identity card number DNI or NIE as its representative.

Remember: Identity Card Number or ID (DNI)

To appoint an individual: Tiene que designarse una persona individual.

 Register with a clear name in the Central Trade Registry.

Remember:
Register: Inscribirse
Trade Registry: Registro Mercantil

 Execution by the future shareholders of an agreement to set up the new

company.

Remember:
Agrement to set up the new Company: Un acuerdo de constitución de la nueva
empresa.
  Obtain a Tax Identification Number (CIF).

Remember: Tax Identification Number (CIF)

 Open of a bank account.

Remember:

Open a bank account: abrir una cuenta bancaria

 Obtain a certificate of deposit of initial capital.

Remember:

Certificate of deposit: certificado de depósito

Initial capital: capital inicial

 Determination of the administration body.

Remember:
The administration body: el consejo de administración

 Draft the S.A.'s bylaws.

Remember:
“Draft” es un borrador.
Draft the S.A.'s bylaws: Hacer un borrador de los estatutos.

 Identification of the economic activity code.

Remember:

The economic activity code: Es el código de actividad económica.

 Sign the public deed of incorporation before a notary.

Remember:

“Deed” means “escritura”

Before a notary: ante notario

Useful Expressions

Identity Card Number

 To appoint an individual
Register
Trade Registry
Agrement to set up the new Company
Tax Identification Number
Open of a bank account
Certificate of deposit
Initial capital
Draft
The economic activity code
“Deed”
Before a notary

2) Procedure with tax authorities:

Who are the tax authorities? El ministerio de Hacienda.

The “taxes” son los impuestos.

• Register for the tax on business activities (IAE).

• Register for value added tax purposes (VAT).

Remember:

Register es registrarse/inscribirse

VAT es el IVA

Tax on business activities es el IAE

3) Procedure with social security authorities:

Who are the social security authorities? Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social.
• Register as an employer for social security and for occupational accident insurance
purposes.

Remember:
The employer es el “empleador”/el empresario.
“Occupational Insurance” significa Seguro de Accidentes profesionales

4) Procedure with the Municipal Council:

You have to obtain an “opening license” if the “premises” are going to be opened.

Obtener una licencia de apertura.

What’s the meaning of “premises”? Un local o establecimiento (siempre en plural en

inglés)

5) Procedure with the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs:

•Notify opening of workplace.

•Obtain and legalize employee registration book and labor inspection visits book.

Remember:

Notify opening of workplace: Notificar la apertura del centro de trabajo

Registration book: Libro de registro/inscripción

Procedure to incorporate a Limited Liability Company (S.L.) (Sociedad Limitada)

Similar to an S.A. However, there are abbreviated procedures for the formation of
limited liability companies by telematic means, which reduce the costs, the needed
documentation and the registration period at the Commercial Registry.

Remember:
  Abbreviated procedures are “procedimientos abreviados”
 “Telematic means”: medios telemáticos

Procedure for the Limited Liability entrepreneur (E.R.L.) (Emprendedor de

responsabilidadLimitada)

As you will see the procedure is completely different.

1. Registration of ERL status at the Commercial Registry.

2. State the Value of the principal residence of the enterpreneur.

3. Disclosure of ERL status.

What does “disclosure” mean? Declaración.

4. Registration at the Property Registry.

Remember:

 “Property Registry” es el Registro de la Propiedad.

 “Disclosure of ERL status” es “declaración del status de Emprendedor de
responsabilidad Limitada”.

2) The specific language, vocabulary and expressions, needed to incorporate

Mergers

What’s a merger?

A “merger” means “una fusión”.

In business we are talk about “mergers of different companies”.

Useful Expressions

Duly registered: Debidamente registrada

Trade Register: Registro Mercantil

 subjected to : sujeta a

subjected to the Spanish law

Come together: se unen

Is carried out: se lleva adelante

Issues: emite

issues an offer

The bidding company: La empresa que hace la oferta

Through a transfer en bloc: a través de una transferencia en bloque

Assets. Activos

Are credited: Se les acredita, se les hace titulares de

The resulting company: la empresa resultante

Reading exercise:

Please, read carefully the next text about how mergers can be created.

The main types of mergers in Spain are next:

a) A merger by incorporation: Fusión por incorporación

The bidding company is a new company diferent from the one that is going to be merged

b) A merger by absorption: Fusión por absorción.

The bidding company is a partner of the one that is going to be merged.

3) The specific language, vocabulary and expressions, needed to incorporate

Temporary Joint Ventures of Companies or Temporary Business Association
(Unión Temporal de Empresas: UTE)

What’s a Joint Venture of Companies?

Reading exercise: Please, read carefully the next text about how Temporary Joint
Ventures can be created.
There are 3 different steps to incorporate a Temporary Joint Venture:

1. They are formed by notarial deed and are registered in the Special Register of
temporary joint ventures.
2. Opening a company bank account.
3. Registration of the Company's public deed of incorporation before a Spanish
notary public.

B) ACORDAR ENTREGAS. FORMAS DE PAGO. ESTABLECER PLAZOS

In this part of the item we are going to talk about the the specific language,
vocabulary and expressions, needed to deal with agreements of deliveries, means of
payment and deadlines.

Reading exercise:
Please, read carefully the next definition of “delivery agreement”.

A delivery agreement is a legally binding contract between the supplier and the client
for service/s o product/s The agreement shall continue for a period of time unless
otherwise is cancelled by either party.

This agreement should contain some important points that have to be respected by
the client and the suplier (the parties). This points are at least:

 Deliveries terms (place, deadlines and periodicity)

 Quotation of Prices
 Means of payment

Useful Expressions
delivery agreement
binding contract
deadlines
supplier
for a period of time
cancelled
 The parties
The points have to be respected
Delivery terms
Quotation of prices
Means of payment

The process of an agreement of delivery

1) The customer makes an enquiry

2) The supplier receives enquiries
3) The supplier sends brochures and and offer including quotation, delivery terms,
means of payment, time estimated for delivery.
4) The customer receives brochures and quotations
5) The customer asks for discounts or any other question that can be customized
6) The supplier sends a new offer
7) The customer places an order
8) The supplier receives the order
9) The supplier dispatches the goods
10) The customer receives the goods so the delivery has been made

Remember: The means of payment

Letter of credit Credit Card

Bill of Exchage Means of payment Cheque

Bank transfer
Remember: Setting deadlines

In a week time Long term

In 5 days time Short term

C) Grammar Reference

Time prepositions

A short review to time prepositions is advisable in this item. Let’s have a look!

AT

Specific time

They have a meeting at 4 o’clock.

They have lunch at midday.

Holiday period

The Company closes at Chistmas.

ON

Days of the week

She usually contacts with her clients on Tuesday.

IN

Months

He writes the reports in January.

Years

The business was set up in 2005.

Seasons

The Company closes in summer.

PARTS OF THE DAY

IN the morning

IN the afternoon

IN the evening

AT night

ON + DAY + PART OF THE DAY

We will meet the manager on Monday morning.

SUMMARY
Here are the useful expressions and vocabulary learnt in this item.

Corporation

 incorporate
 type of company
 Corporation
 requires high amount of capital
 minimum capital required
 set up a business
  capital stock
 fully subscribed
 shareholders
 shareholders’ meeting
 The shares can be transferred without restrictions
 Appoint and remove its directors.
 Limited Liability Company
 Bylaws
 executive management body
 fully paid in at the time of formation
 The shares can not be transferred
 It gives the shareholders considerable leeway
 unless otherwise provided in the bylaws

Limited Liability Entrepreneur

 individual entrepreneur
 regardless of their business or professional activity
 debt
 liability for the debt
 prevent any such debt
 under certain conditions
 self-employed”

The legal formalities

 Procedure with Tax authorities

 Procedure with Social Security Authorities
 Procedure with Municipal council
 Procedure with Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs
 Identity Card Number
 ID
 To appoint an individual
 Register
 Trade Registry
 Agrement to set up the new Company
 Tax Identification Number
 Open of a bank account
 Certificate of deposit
 Initial capital
 Draft
 Draft the S.A.'s bylaws
 The economic activity code
 Deed
 Before a notary: ante notario
 VAT
 Tax on business activities: IAE
 The employer
 Occupational Insurance
 Opening license.
 Premises
 Notify opening of workplace
 Registration book
 Abbreviated procedures
 Telematic means
 Property Registry
 Disclosure of ERL status
Mergers

 Duly registered: Debidamente registrada

 Trade Register: Registro Mercantil
 subjected to : sujeta a
 Come together: se unen
 Is carried out: se lleva Adelante
 the merger, is carried out through a transfer
 Issues: emite
 issues an offer
 The bidding company: La empresa que hace la oferta
 Through a transfer en bloc: a través de ujna transferencia en bloque
 Assets. Activos
 Are credited: Se les acredita , se les hace titulares de
 The resulting company : la empresa resultante
 A merger by incorporation
 A merger by absorption

Temporary Joint Ventures of Companies

 Notarial deed
 Special Register of temporary joint venture
 Registration
 Opening a company bank account.
 The Company's public deed of incorporation

Agreements of deliveries, means of payment and deadlines.

 delivery agreement
 binding contract
 deadlines
 supplier
 for a period of time
 cancelled
 The parties
 The points have to be respected
 Delivery terms
 Quotation of prices
 Means of payment
 Placing an order
 Delivery terms
 Sign up the contract
 Quantity discount
 The goods
 Available
 Deferred payment
 Dispatch and delivery
 In 5 days time
 Pay by bank transfer
 Pay by credit card
 Pay by cheque
 Pay by bill of exchange
 Pay by letter of credit
 Extra cost
 A long term agreement
 A short term agreement
1.3-Uso de diferentes registros para las relaciones: Empresa-
empresa; Empresa –Cliente; Empresa-Proveedor

Companies use to develop different types of answers to current or potential

requirements of clients. So that, companies take action in different fronts (market
segments):

 offering different types of products

 in different clients’ scenarios (men, women, young, adults…)
 different geographical scenarios (countries, regions, neighbourhoods…)
 Others

That means different approaches to meet those requirements: different specifications

of product, features, design, technology, prices, knowlege, etc. As a result of that the
different “business areas” are focused in a specific product, or in giving answer to the
special requirements of a type of client, or of a geographical scenario, etc.
In this item:
1) Firstly we are going to see the different steps to develop a business area using a
business plan.
2) Secondly we are going to go through different situations of development of business
areas depending on:
A. Different types of products
B. Different greographical scenarios
C. Different types of clients

In this second point we’ll practise the “Present Simple Tense”, “Present Perfect Tense”,
“Imperative Tense” related to different business situations.

Grammar Notice:
“Depend” + preposition “on”
“Focused” + preposition “in” or “on”

1) The different steps to develop a business area.

Reading exercise:
It’s important to follow some steps to set a business plan for a business area. Here are
the most outstanding ones:
  To bear in mind the mission and vision of the company
 To search for development opportunities
o Assessment of competitors
o Being a step ahead of the market
 To set up objectives
 To set up the appropriate resources to get the objectives
 To set up the strategies to get the objectives

(translation)
 Tener en cuenta la misión y visión de la empresa
 Buscar oportunidades de desarrollo:
o Análisis de la competencia y de la evolución del mercado
o Ir por delante del mercado
 Establecer objetivos
 Establecer los recursos necesarios para alcanzar los objetivos
 Definir estrategias para alcanzar dichos objetivos.

Steps to develop
a business area

Mision and vision Search for

of the company development Set up objectives
opportunities

Set up
appropriate Set up strategies
resources

Useful Expressions
To bear in mind
Development opportunities
Being a step ahead of the market
Resources
Strategies
Assessment of competitors
 To set up the objectives

To get the objectives

2) Different situations of development of business areas depending on:

A. Different types of products

B. Different geographical scenarios
C. Different types of clients

A. Development of businesss areas depending on different types of products

Reading exercise:

Please, read carefully the next example of a company and its portfolio of different
products.
Nestlé’s general strategy: “Nutrition plays a profound role in everyone’s life. Our strategy
focuses on delivering distinct benefits to people through the food and beverages, products and
services we provide. Over 150 years we have built a successful business by understanding and
anticipating the needs of society, and continuously adapting ourselves to seize the opportunities
presented to us.”

The portfolio of the company “Nestlé” in 2017 includes a wide range of products, as for
example next:

 Nestlé Nespresso
 Nestle Waters
 Health care nutrition
 Skin health
 Pet care
 Cereal partners world wide

Each of them represents a “business area” and therefore works as independent unit with specific
strategies for development.

Useful Expressions
Our strategy focuses on

Delivering distinct benefits to people

The portfolio of the company includes

We provide products and services
We are contiuously adapting ourselves
Grammar notice:
“By + gerund”: Es una expresión verbal que indica que algo se realiza a través de la acción
que indica el verbo en gerundio. Por ejemplo: “further growth by meeting diverse
consumer tastes”: se logra un crecimiento a través de/por medio de satisfacer los
diferentes gustos de los consumidores.

Grammar Reference:
The “present simple tense” is used to talk about things in general.
It expresses that an action or something happens repeatedly. It does not mean that the
action is happening at the time of speaking. Examples:

 Nutrition plays a profound role in everyone’s life

 Our strategy focuses on delivering distinct benefits to people
 I get up at 7:30 in the morning.

We use the present simple when we say how often we do things. Examples:

 How often do you meet with the director? I meet him once a week.

We use it when we make suggestions.

 Why don’t you call him later?

To make questions and negative sentences in present simple we use do or does (third person).

 Does nutrition play a profound role in everyone’s life?

 Do you get up at 7:30?

To make negative sentences in present simple we use don’t or doesn’t (third person).

B. Development of businesss areas depending on different geographical

scenarios

Reading exercise:
Please, read carefully the next conversation about a business plan for different
geographical scenarios.
Jack: As we all know, if you have read the marketing report, the sales figures in our
national market are not increasing any more in last year. Therefore, we have to set a
strategy to get a better result in our sales department. What do you think about it?
Susan: You’re right. I feel that a new strategy is absolutely neccessary and, though we
have been reluctant to move out from our country I feel that the time for getting to
international markets has already arrived.
Megan: I get your point! That’s exactly the way I feel. Why don’t we start to set a
business plan for getting to the market of the countries that are close to us? It should
be easier and less complicated.
Jack: I see what you mean. What do you think about this proposal Susan?

Susan: I completely agree with Megan. We have been absolutely focused in national
market and we need to make some reseach of the different international territories
which could be more convenient to start. Maybe the ones that are near are the best to
start but we shoud make a marketing research before.
Megan: The marketing department has made some research last month and sure it
would be advisable to have a look at it.
Jack: That’s a good idea. After that, we’ll need to set a business plan for this new
international markets including:

 Assessment of competitors
 Objectives
 The appropriate resources to get the objectives
 The specific strategies to get the objectives

So, come on. We are running short of time and I’m afraid we should conclude now. Let’s
go through it ASAP (as soon as posible).

Useful Expressions
The sales figures
Increasing
To get a better result
We have been reluctant
To get to international markets
I get your point
To make some research
It would be advisable
A marketing research
We’re running short of time

GRAMMAR NOTICE
Move out + preposition from
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
PRESENT PERFECT tense is formed with the present tense of “have” and the past
participle (ended in –ed if regular or the form on the third column if irregular):
I have worked in London
She has bought a new car

This tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It always implies a
strong connexion with the present and is chiefly used in conversations, letters,
newspapers and television, and radio reports.
This tense used with “just” stands for a recently completed action:
He has just gone out

The present perfect used for past actions whose time is not definite
It’s also used for recent actions when the time is not mentioned:
 I have read the instructions but I don’t understand anything
Recent actions in the present perfect often have results in the present:
 The computer has broken down
Actions expressed by the present perfect + yet usually have results in the present:
 He hasn’t come yet (so we are still waiting for him)
It can also be used for actions which occur further back in the past, provided the
connexion with the present is still maintained, that is because the action could be
repeated in the present:
 I have seen opportunities in that country (it is still possible to see them)

The present perfect for actions occurring in an incomplete period

May be indicated by today, this morning, this week, this year…:
 I haven’t seen the secretary this afternoon
That implies that the action happened/didn’t happen at some undefined time during
this period:
 Have you seen him today?
 Has the postman come yet/this morning?
Lately and recently used with the present perfect also indicate an incomplete period of
time:
 Has he been here lately?
 He has had a lot of bad luck recently
The present perfect can be used similarly with ever, never, always, occasionally, often,
several times and since:
 Have you ever been in a business meeting before?
 Has he written since he left home?
 This is the best book I have ever read
The present perfect can be used for habitual actions:
 I have never been late for wok
Sometimes these appear to be continual rather than repeated actions:
 Since my accident I have written with my left hand
We can then use for as an alternative to since:
 I have used my left hand for a month ago
 I have worn glasses for ten years

The present perfect used for an action which lasts throughout an incomplete period
Including for, since, all day-night-week, all my life-time, always, lately, never and
recently.
The action usually begins in the past and continues past the time of speaking in the
present:

 He has been in the Sales Department for two years (he’s still in the Sales
Department)
 He has lived here all his life (he’s still lives here)
Sometimes, however, the action finishes at the time of speaking:
 The marketing research hasn’t been done for years
The present perfect used with for and since
For is used with a period of time and denotes this time extending into the present:
 We haven’t diversified for two years
It’s not used before expressions beginning with all:
 They have worked all night
Since is used from that point in the time to the time of speaking:
 We haven’t diversified since 2015
Note that there is a difference between last and the last:
 I have been here since last week (a point in time about seven days ago)
 I have been here for the last week (the period of seven days just completed)
We can also use since with a clause:
 I have worked here since I left school

Grammar notice:
Después de “after” y “for” va un verbo en gerundio.
After + gerund
For + gerund
Example: After having/ For meeting

GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Imperative tense
Let’s review the use of the Imperative Tense. We use it very frequently in the context
of the developing of business areas.
The second person imperative.- this has the same form as the bare infinitive:
 Hurry!
 Wait!
 Shut up!
For the negative we write do not (don’t) before the verb:
 Don’t speak up!
There is another way to express the negative: using no + -ing form usually if they are
notices in public places:
 No smoking (in the workplace...)
 No parking (in this parking space...)
The person addressed is very often not mentioned, but can be expressed by a noun
placed at the end of the phrase:
 Read the reports, mates
 Be quite, Paul
These nouns can be placed before the verb, but this is much less usual.

The pronoun you is rarely used unless the speaker wishes to be rude or wishes to
make a distinction, as in:
 You go on; I’ll wait
Do can be placed before the affirmative imperative:
 Do hurry up
 Do be quite
This do could be persuasive, but could also express irritation
The first person imperative.- let us (let’s) + bare infinitive:
 Let’s stand together in this emergency
For the negative we normally put not before the infinite:
 Let’s not be alarmed by rumours
But it is possible in colloquial English to put don’t before let’s:
 Don’t let’s be alarmed by rumours
By let us (let’s) the speaker can urge his hearers to act in a certain way, or express a
decision which they are expected to accept, or express a suggestion.
The third person imperative.- let him / her / it / them + bare infinitive:
 Let them go by train
This is not a very common construction in modern English. It would be more usual to
say:
 They are to go / must go by train

The negative imperative (let him / her / them + negative infinitive) is not used in
modern English. Instead, we would use must not or is/are not to:
  They must not/are not to go by air

SUMMARY

Here are the useful expressions and vocabulary learnt in this item.

The different steps to develop a business area.

 To bear in mind
 Development opportunities
 Being a step ahead of the market
 Resources
 Strategies
 Assessment of competitors
 To set up the objectives
 To get the objectives

Different situations of development of business areas

 Our strategy focuses on

 Delivering distinct benefits to people
 The portfolio of the company
 We provide products and services
 We are contiuously adapting ourselves
 The sales figures
 Increasing
 To get a better result
 We have been reluctant
 To get to international markets
 I get your point
 I see what you mean
 To make some reseach
 It would be advisable
 A marketing research
 We’re running short of time
 Market research report
 Approach
 Target
 I’m determined to
 Marketing tool
 Product
 Price
 Place
 Promotion
 Go for it!