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12th Computer Chapter 8 Notes

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2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes CHAPTER 8 OBJECTS AND CLASSES WWW.USMANWEB.COM 1 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dere WY. Ig aePILy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes After completing this lesson, you will be able to: + Define class and object + Know the members of class + Understand and access specifies + Know the concept of data hiding Define constructor and destructor * Declare objects to access ‘* Understand the concept of the following with daily life examples 8.1 INTRODUCTION B.COM Ldh. wnat is the main purpose of C++ Programming? s: Zhe main purpose of C++ programming is to add object orientation to the C++ instance of a class is called object Q Members and Members Functions Oe variables inside class definition are called as data members and the functions are lled member functions. A class consists of both attributes of real world objects and Obici Functions perform operations on these attributes. The attributes are called 1a members and the operations are called members functions mat of Class Zibe general format of class is Loos class_name ‘ccess_specifier1; — //Body of the class. Membert cess_specifier_2; Berner = Here class_name is a valid identifier for the class, which is followed by the body of the class that is enclosed in pair of braces. Body of the Class LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes The body of the class consist of 1. Data members 2. Member functions Access Specifier Data members and member functions are used within the access specifiers Types of Access Specifier 1) Private oO 2) Public oO 3) Protected one" Ligonsider the following example to understand the concept of class Bows declaration example Bass CRectangle DPivate //deciaration of data members Axy a oid set_values (int a, int b) //declaration of member function = area () //declaration of member function ee The above statements declare a class named CRectangle. This class contains four members 1. Two data members of type int (member x and member y) with private access LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu gabe TIL y bee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes 2. Two member functions with public access set_values () and area () Q3. Explain the concept of Object in C++ Ans: Object ce are instances of class which holds the data variables declared in class and the ember functions work on these class objects. In other words, a variable of type class is Qries object CDstance of a class (10) C++ when we deciare a variable of type class we call it instantiating the class and Lite variable setts called an instance or object of that class Tovotance of object in OOP ject is of great importance in OOP, because a class cannot be used without gt” ting its object Sn to create an Object CSF general syntax for creating an object of a ciassis given below ca) Class_name Object_name; Xample a class CRectangle the object can be created as follows Ss Rectangle R1; //R1is the object of class CRectangle je can also create more than one object in a single statement like CRectaangle R1, R2, R3 Here R1, R2, R3 are the objects of the same class CRectangle that share the same data member a member functions. The definition of a class does not occupy any memory. It LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes only defines what the class looks like in user to use a class a variable of that class type must be declared. When an object is created then memory is on aside for all the data members and member functions of that class. Program Consider the following program to implement the class CRectangle: // Object creation in Class SSictude Orevse Cdjass rectangle a LEjivate: By Droie oid set_vaiues (int a, int b) = D« : S area () a <<"area of the rectangle="<<(X"Y) } }: LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes CRectangle R1: R1. Set_values (44, 22) // call to set_values function R1.area (); // call to area function Geteh() Return 0: ) = this program, the member function set-values and area are accessed by set_values (44, 22) and Rarea() Cdutput of the Program Oe of the rectangle = 968 LU 8.1.2 MEMBER OF A CLASS = ZA. Describe the members of a class Loser Dasshas wo members i Data members fi, | Member function = 1. Data member The attributes of a class are called data members. Mostly, data members are declared under the private access Specifier to make them private to the class in = which they are used Data members can also be used under public access specifier. Explanation LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes The following lines of code are taken from the program discussed above to explain data members. For each objet of a class, a separate copy of the data members is created in memory WWW.USMANWEB.COM Class CRectangle { Private; Intx Int y: Public; b 2. Member function The functions declared or defined inside the body of the class are called member functions. These member functions are usually written under the public access specifier to operate on the data members of the class. Member functions can also be written in the private area of the class but the practice is to write them in the public area Program // example of a class with its members #include #include Class date { Public Int Month: Int day: Int Year LE Boi Bee eA OrZe bet K ge Be PIL Ly eee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes Void SetDate (int nDay, int nMonth, int nYear) { Day= nDay Month = nMonth: Year = nYear } Void showDate () { Cout<<"Day of birth:* revs Class date { Private 10 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes Int Day: Int Month: Int Year: Public Void SetDate (int nDay, int nMonth, int nYear) Day = nDay: jonth = nMonth ar = nYear Zout<<"Today’s date is’ < #include Class PublicTest = Qoie: Ox- 10 // Public data member OPpia showPublic () // public data member Lid za < = main () o Poic Test PTT // P11 is an object to class PublicTest =z x // access private data members a ShowPubiic () = 0 Return 0 } Explanation LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes In the above program, the class Public Test is defined that comprise of one data members X and one member function showPublic in its public part. The data member "X’ is accessed within the member function showPublic and outside the class ie. in main() function, without generating any error message. Similarly the member function showPublic is also accessed in main() Program e is an example of a Class that uses alll access specifiers private and public access specifier program include include lass Access = A // private by default Be Get AQ // private by default Ba am a private member accessible only through public member function” saya B // public Sou Gets). { Get A) Cout<<"! am B in public”< of Hiding Members of a Class fie lowing table shows the level of hiding members of a class Access Public Protected Private Access of Yes Yes Yes members (data, functions) in the same class Access of Yes Yes No members (data, WWW.USM functions) in the derived class Access of Yes No No members (data, 15 Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes functions) from outside the class 8.1.5 CONSTRUCTOR AND DESTRUCTOR Constructors and Destructors Donsiructors and destructors are special member functions within the class with the Qr name as that of the class. oO od’: Explain the term “constructor” with the help of program. Lis Lonstuctor Zz constructor is a special type of member function that initializes an object tomatically when it is created. Compiler identified a given member function Is a instructor by its name and the return type. oy for Naming Constructors TTpiike functions constructors have specific rulers/features for how they must be named 1) Constructors have the same name as that of the class = 2) Constructors have no return type (not even void) = 3) Constructor is always public rogram Consider the following simple program to explain the concept of constructor in classes //Constructor Example 1 #include 16 Liss A teed i Erde ed Fig aetiL yoo All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes #include Class contest { Public: ConstTest () //Constructor { ou << “lam constructor Q. main () OQonstrest ct 77 ctis an object to the class ConstTest deren O Sun 0: Zz Jutput of the program Im constructor lanation Im the above example, a class ConstTest is defined which having the constructor onstlest () in its public part. In main () program there is no explicit call to this, a and it is automatically called when the object CT of this class is created, fogram ‘onsider another program to implement the class CRectangle including a constructor //Constructor Example 2 #include LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes #include Class CRectangle { Int width , height ; Public: CRectangle (int a, int b) //Constructor hate: feight=6 a Ut, area ()\ = Zaectangle 11 (13, 14) Rectangle 12 (15, 16) ‘out < < “Area of Rectangle 1:" < <1. Area () << end1 ‘out < < “Area of Rectangle 2:"< <2. Area () < < end; Getch () turn 0: s Jutput of the program Area of rectangle 1:182 Area of rectangle 2:240 pt Boi Soe eA SOE el ga PIL wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes Q8. Explain the type of constructor with the help of program Ans: Types of constructors Following are the two types of constructors 1) Default constructor/ implicit constructor 2) User-defined constructor/ explicit constructor Oo 1. Default constructor A constructor without any arguments or with default values for every argument is * treated as default/implicit constructor. If we do not declare any constructions in a class definition. The computer assumes the class to have a default constructor with no arguments. Therefore, after declaring a class kes //default/fimplicit constructor Z. class DConstructor Int a, b,c; ‘s Void multiply (int n, int m) { C=a"b) LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes The compiler assumes that the class DConstructor has a default constructor, so the ‘object of this class can be declared by specifying no arguments as given below DConstructor DC Here DC Is an object to the class DConstructor with no arguments. Default constructors are also called implicit constructors. => 2. User-defined constructor/explicit constructor oO When user defines constructors in class for their own purpose especially for oO * constructors, When constructors is declared for a class, the compiler no longer itialization of variables then such types of constructions are called user defined provides an implicit default constructor. So the object should be declared according LLY to the constructor prototypes that have been defined for the class Z. ihe following program defines user-defined constructor << //user-defined constructor example = #include #include US ‘» Class CExample { Public ; Inta, b,c: WWW Cexample (int n, int m) { Asn: LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes Int muttiply () { C=a’b Return c Int main () ‘Example CObj (60, 10): Int result CObj. Multiply (); Cout < < *Multiplication Results is :"< < result Getch () Return 0 * Output of the program Multiplication result is 500 Explanation Here a constructor CExample with two parameters of type int has been declared WWW.USMANWEB.COM that initializes private variables a, and b. the object declaration is done as follows CExample CObj (5,10): 21 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes Q9. What is meant by constructor overloading? Describe with the help of program Ans: Constructor Overloading Using more than one constructor in the same class is called constructor overloading. Explanation ike any other function, a constructor can be also be overloaded with more than => ‘one function that have the same name but different types or number of parameters. For an overloaded function, the compiler calls the function whose parameter(s) match the arguments used in the function call. In the case of constructor + overloading the constructor is executed whose parameter(s) match(es) the 0D arguments passed on their object declaration LU program Consider the following program Z siconstruction overloading << #include #include Class CRectangle { Int width, length: Public WW.USM CRectangle () WwW { Width=5' Length=15 22 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes } CRectangle (int a, int b) { Width=a Length=b: } = Int area () { / Retum (width*length) a, LU; = Int main () Zz ‘Rectangle r1 (5,14) ‘Rectangle 12: Cout < < “Area of first rectangle :"< 24 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes #include Class A { Public AQ) //constructor function Cout < <"lam constructor “< < end1 Oo -A() destructor function O { 0D) cout < <*1am destructor" LU, S) Zz Int main () { Aal Getch (); * Return 0 W.USMA ) = Output of the program lam constructor lam destructor Explanation LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ga PIL wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes In this example ~A() is a destructor when the program runs and the object a1 is created. Constructor A() is called displaying the message ‘Iam constructor’ But when the control goes out of the program and the object is destroyed by -A(). A message ‘I am destructor’ is displayed to verify that the destructor is executed. 8.1.6 DECLARATION OF OBJECTS FOR ACCESSING MEMBERS OF A CLASS Oo Q11. Describe the method of declaration of objects O Ans: * Normally, the execution of each program written in C++ program language starts 1D rom the main () function. As we know that class is one of the main building blocks of OOP languages. These classes are written outside the main () body, therefore they must be brought into the scope of main program. For the purpose objects are Z Ceciared by the help of which class members are executed x Program } ihe following shows how objects are dectared YZ) ic1ass objects declaration > Ainciude #include = Class B { = Public: Private: } Int main () 26 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes Bb1,b2,b3; —_//objects declaration Getch () Return 0 } 012. Describe the method to access data members. Ans: © Accessing data members / To access members of an object, whether data members or members functions dot ma ‘operator (.) is used with the member name as shown here under LU Objectmember_name Z Consider the following program LO saccessing ciass data members #include #include Class B { WWW.USM Private Intx, //defines private data member Public Inty, //defines public data member if 27 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes Int main Q { BbI //01.x; (invalid: private members are not accessible outside the class) B1y: //access public data member Getch () = Return 0: ) / Explanation (0 the above program access the public data member y using the statement b1y. LL] where b1 is the object of the class 8 Z Q13. Describe the method of accessing members of a class L ans: = Accessing member function Member functions of a class can be accessed by the same way as data members are accessed |e by the use of dot operator (.) in concatenation with the member = function name as given below Object. member function_name; = Consider the following program //Accessing class data members #include #include 28 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu gabe TIL y bee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes Class B { Private: Intx, //defines private data member Public Inty, J/defines public data member = Void member function () //defines member function { oO Int x=10, OD inty-20 Cout < <"Sum of x and y in member function is: “< < (x+y): Int main 0) Tc USMANWE * b1.member function () //access member function = Getch () Return 0: } Www Output of the program Sum of x and y in member function is 30 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Va ga PIL wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes 8.1.7 INHERITANCE AND POLYMORPHSM 14. Introduce the concept of inheritance and polymorphism in C++ Ans: ‘Object Oriented Program (OOP) languages have the features of code reusability and polymorphism. Code reusability is the key feature among all other features of Ss OP which can be achieved by the use of inheritance. Similarly, C++ has the ability to use same thing for multiple tasks. * 15. Explain the concept of inheritance in C++ with the help of program Ans: Inheritance Akey feature of C++ classes in which new classes are created from existing classes is called inheritance, Inheritance uses the concept of parent and child class. ANWEB.CO Parent class/base class A parent class is the class from which others classes are derived. It is also called base class. USM * Child class/sub class A sub class is a Class which inherits features from the base class. A sub-class is also called child class or derived class Www = Examples of inheritance A few examples of inheritance from daily life are given below 1. Consider polygon as base class which has a series of child classes that describe polygons i.e square and pentagon. They have certain common properties, such as both can be described by means of only two sides and angles LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes “dis Figure 8.1: Inheritance uf Polygon Class 2. We can also represent patient class into indoor and outdoor patients in which both have some common feature like name, father name, age, address and disease but indoor patient have ward no and bed no as its unique features and the outdoor patient have next date of visi as its unique feature. It can be represented as follows Name Fatrername Age Paven Aauress Dseare on é x trcoo Otco0r Figure &.2: Inheritance of Patient Class hadNe 6 Newt ate: ‘Syntax of using inheritance in classes Jisyntax of using inheritance in classes Class A //oase class Class B: public A _//class Bis derived from class A WWW.USMANWEB.COM Program - inheritance of classes Acomplete C++ program for the above sketch is given here under //inheritance of classes 31 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu gabe TIL y bee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes #include #include Class A //base class { Public Void showa () Cout < < “lam in base class A" < < end1 Class B public A //class B is derived from class A. Public Void showb() Cout < < “lam in derived class B*< < end1 Int main () WWW.USMANWEB.COM B b1, //object of the derived class B1.showa() //object of B inheriting function of base class b1 B1.showb( ) pt Boi Soe eA SOE el ga PIL wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes Getch(): Return 0 } Output of the program lam in base class A lam in derived class B = Explanation © In this example we have two classes A and B. Class Bis publically derived from Class A and has therefore right to access the member function of Class A. In main () we ) have created only object b1 for class B and have called the member functions showa() of base class A and showb() of class B that have produced the output as shown above Note: in inheritance, sometimes a Class is derived from more than one parent class the phenomenon is called multiple inheritance. 16. Explain the concept of polymorphism. Explain the methods of polymorphism in C++ with the help of programs. Ans: Polymorphism Polymorphism is the ability to use an operator or function in multiple ways. Polymorphism gives different meanings or functionality to the operators or functions. WWW.USMANWEB Poly refers to many signifies that there are many uses of these operators and functions, It is the use of a single function or operator in many ways. Methods to perform polymorphism In C++ one of the following concepts can be achieve polymorphism 33 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered We. ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM WWW.USMANWEB.COM LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes 1. Function name overloading . Operator overloading 3. Virtual functions . Function overloading Function overloading is the concept of using same function name for related but slightly different purposes in a single program Examples Consider the following simple examples to understand the concept of polymorphism with respect to operator overloading 6+10; The above statement refers to integer addition with the help of + operator. The same + operator can also be used for addition of two floating point numbers or two strings (concentration) as shown here under 7.15+3.78 “Computer *+"Training" Polymorphism is a powerful feature of every OOP language especially on C++ . Operator Overloading A single operator behaves differently in different contexts such as integer and float addition and strings concatenator. This concept is known as operator overloading . Virtual Function A virtual function or virtual method is a function or method whose behavior can be overridden within an inheriting class by a function with the same signature. This concept is a very important part of the polymorphism portion of Object Oriented Program OOP. All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM WWW.USMANWEB.COM LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Pu ge Be PIL, wee 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes DAILY LIFE EXAMPLES OF INHERITANCE AND POLYMORPHISM Q17. Describe the daily life examples of inheritance and polymorphism. Ans: Inheritance Acquiring some of the common qualities from parents (for instance eyes lke mother, hair like father etc) is called inheritance. Anew model car having some inherited features from the old model like break system and navigation system etc Polymorphism It means multiple possible states for a single property. For example, a person can be a student as well asa friend to another person. Also a person can be an engineer as well as a teacher Key Points = Aclass consists of attributes called data members and function called member function * A variable of type class is called object. In C++ when variables of type class are declared they creates objects The attributes of a real world objects are called data members «The functions declared or defined inside the body of the class are called member function * Access specifiers determine that which member of a class is accessible by which member of the class/program + Private access specifiers tells the compiler that the members defined in a class by preceding this specifier are accessible only within the class and its friend function 35 All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes * Public members are accessible from anywhere where the object is visible + Data hiding is the concept in which the members of a class are protected against illegal access from the outside the class * Aconstructor is a special kind of class member function that is executed when an object of the class is instantiated * Destructors are special member functions having the same name as that of the class with a title symbol ~ and executed when an object is destroyed * Toaccess members of a class dot operator (.) is used with the member name * The phenomenon of creating new classes from existing classes is called inheritance «Polymorphism is the ability to use an operator or function in multiple ways WWW.USMANWEB.COM 36 LE Boi Soe eA GEa dered Va ge ae tiLy wee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM 2nd Year Computer Chapter 08 Notes All Classes Chapter Wise Notes Punjab Boards | Sindh Boards | KPK Boards| Balochistan Boards AJK Boards | Federal Boards LLM oS tee bbl LF det ge BSIL CE SI IMSS SIL Ii LUT NF Fe Bite Oth Class ee S31 JIB Th Be 10th Class Sia ENO ent WWW.USMANWEB.COM WWwW.USMANWEB.COM 11th Class fi 12th Class POC | CSTE a ay WWW.USMANWEB.COM Ig BP IQ LI BE nes I be ALES fra 0306-8475285 Lb Sj She ade OrEr dre tl Paige IL, yee All Classes Chapter Wise Notes, Past Papers Free Download In PDF WWW.USMANWEB.COM

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